Lecture1 Power Point

8/2/2019 Lecture1 Power Point

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Invitation to Biology

Chapter 1


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animation

Click to view

animation.
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Lifes Levels of Organization

The world of life shows levels of organization,from the simple to the complex, which extendthrough:

cells populations

communities

ecosystems

the biosphere
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atom

cell tissue organ organ systemmolecule

Fig. 1-1, p.4

Stepped Art
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communitymulticelledorganism

population ecosystem

the biosphere

Fig. 1-1, p.4

Stepped Art
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Unity of Life

All organisms:

Are composed of the same substances Engage in metabolism

Sense and respond to the environment

Have the capacity to reproduce based on

instructions in DNA
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Molecules of Life

All things are made up of the same units of

matter:

atoms, molecules

Living things are made of up of a certain subset of

molecules:

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids


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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

The signature

molecule of life

Molecule of

inheritance

Directs assembly of

amino acids
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Mutation: Source of Variation

Mutation = change in structure of DNA

Basis for the variation in heritable traits

Most are harmful


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Heritability of DNA

Inheritance

Acquisition of traits by way of transmissionof DNA from parent to offspring

Reproduction

Mechanisms by which an organismproduces offspring

Governed by instructions in DNA


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DNA Guides Development

Development

Transformation from fertilized egg to adult

Series of stages

Instructions for each stage in DNA
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Sensing and Responding

Organisms sense changes in their environment

and make responses to them

Receptors detect specific forms of energy

The form of energy detected by a receptor is a

stimulus
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Fig. 1-5, p.7


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Energy Is the Basis

of Metabolism

Energy = Capacity to do work

Metabolism = Reactions by whichcells acquire and use energy togrow, survive, and reproduce
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energy input (mainly sunlight)

producers(plants and other self-feeding organisms;

they make their own food from simple raw materials)

nutrientcycling

consumers, decomposers(animals, most fungi, many protists,many bacteria that cant make their own food)

energy output (mainly metabolic heat)
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Homeostasis

Maintenance of internal environment within

range suitable for cell activities

Pancreas maintains level of sugar in blood by

secreting hormones


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Diversity of Life

Millions of living species

Additional millions of species nowextinct

Classification scheme attempts to

organize this diversity


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Scientific Names

Two-part naming system devised by Carolus

Linnaeus

First name is genus (plural, genera)

Homo sapiens - genus is Homo

Second name is species within genus
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Organisms are grouped together based ondescent from a shared ancestor

Three domains exist:

Eubacteria(Bacteria)

Archaebacteria(Archaea)

Eukaryotes(Eukarya)

Stepped Art

Fig. 1-6, p.8
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Lifes Diversity
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Prokaryotes

Archaea and Bacteria

Single-celled

No nucleus or organelles

Include producers, consumers,

decomposers


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Fig. 1-7f, p.8


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p.9h


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Eukaryotes

Eukarya (plants, fungi, animals, protists)

DNA is inside a nucleus

Most are larger and more complex than the

prokaryotes


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Fig. 1-7b, p.8


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Fig. 1-7c, p.8


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Fig. 1-7d, p.8


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Plants

All are multicelled

Most are photosynthetic

producers

Make up the food base for

communities, especially onland


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p.9a


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Fungi

Most are multicelled

Consumers and decomposers

Extracellular digestion and

absorption


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p.9e


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Animals

Multicelled consumers

Herbivores

Carnivores

Parasites

Scavengers

Move about during at least

some stage of their life
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p.9f


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p.11


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Asking Questions

Scientists still ask questions that challenge

widely held beliefs

The external world, not internal conviction, is

the testing ground for scientific beliefs


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Observations, Hypotheses, and Tests

Observe phenomenon

Develop hypotheses Make predictions

Devise test of predictions

Carry out test and analyze results


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Role of Experiments

Procedures used to study a phenomenonunder known conditions

Allows you to predict what will happen if ahypothesis is not wrong

Can never prove a hypothesis 100% correct


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Experimental Design

Control group

A standard for comparison

Identical to experimental group except for variablebeing studied

Sampling error

Non-representative sample skews results

Minimize by using large samples

Make Prediction
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CONTROL GROUPGets regularpotato chips

EXPERIMENTAL GROUPGets Olestrapotato chips

Make Prediction

Eat potato chips Eat potato chipsAnalyze Results

Draw ConclusionEating Olestra potato chips

does not cause intestinal distress

If Olestrapotato chips causeintestinal distress then peoplewho eat them will get cramps

Perform Experiment

93 of 529 people (17.6%)suffer from cramps later

89 of 563 people (15.8%)suffer from cramps later

About the same number of people in each group get cramps
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Fig. 1-10a, p.13


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Control Group34 H. cydnoindividuals

with yellow markings

ExperimentalGroup

46 H. cydnoindividuals

with white markings

Experiment

Both yellow and white formsof H. cydnobutterflies areintroduced into isolatedrain forest habitat of yellowH. eleuchiabutterflies.Numbers of individualsresighted recorded on adaily basis for two weeks.

ResultsExperimental group (H. cydnoindividualswithout yellow wing markings) is selectedagainst. 37 of the original group of 46

white butterflies disappear (80%), comparedwith 20 of the 34 yellow controls (58%).

one of the agentsof selection

Fig. 1-10c, p.13
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Field Experiment

Control Group34 H. cydnoindividuals

with yellow markings

ExperimentalGroup

46 H. cydnoindividuals

with white markings

ExperimentBoth yellow and white forms

of H. cydnobutterflies areintroduced into isolatedrain forest habitat of yellowH. eleuchiabutterflies.Numbers of individualsresighted recorded on adaily basis for two weeks.

ResultsExperimental group (H. cydnoindividualswithout yellow wing markings) is selectedagainst. 37 of the original group of 46white butterflies disappear (80%), compared

with 20 of the 34 yellow controls (58%).

Study of Heliconiusbutterflies
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Scientific Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested for its

predictive power many times and has not yet

been found incorrect

Has wide-ranging explanatory power

Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection


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Limits of Science

Scientific approach cannot provide answers to

subjective questions

Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, or

philosophical standards


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Science and the Supernatural

Science has run up against religious belief

systems

Copernicus suggested that sun, not the Earth, was

center of universe

Darwin suggested that life was shaped by

evolution, not a single creation event


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Evolution

Genetically based change in a line of

descent over time

Population changes, not individuals
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Adaptive Trait

A trait that gives the individual an advantage in

survival or reproduction, under a given set of

circumstances
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p.15


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Artificial Selection

Breeders favor some form of traits over others

Individuals exhibiting favored traits are bred

Favored traits increase in the population


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Stepped Art

Fig. 1-8b, p.10
http://d/Media/PowerPoint_Figures/chapter1/animations/ch01_bp.htmlhttp://d/Media/PowerPoint_Figures/chapter1/animations/ch01_bp.htmlhttp://d/Media/PowerPoint_Figures/chapter1/animations/ch01_bp.html


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Natural Selection

The outcome of differences in survival and

reproduction among individuals that vary in

details of heritable traits

This process helps explain evolution - changes

in a line of descent over generations


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Documents

Lecture1 Power Point