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BY
SANIRA L ASANTHA
ICBT KANDY CAMPUS
Introduction to Microprocessor
Based SystemsP R I N C I P L E S A N D A P P L I C A T I O N S O F M I C R O C O N T R O L L E R S
L E C T U R E # 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DR. MALITHA WIJESUNDARA
DEAN ACADEMI C AFFAIRS
S L I I T
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AimsUnderstanding of the applications of microcontroller based systems
Developing skills required to design, write and test software and
interface such systems.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Analyse a system's requirements specification and selectappropriate computer systems and interfaces for subsequentimplementation.
2. Demonstrate a structured, modular, top-down approach tosoftware development in a hardware oriented environment.
3. Design, implement and test systems, written in a high levelprogramming language such as 'C' using appropriateprogrammable interface devices from an initial specificationthrough to validation.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Analyse a system's requirements specification and selectappropriate computer systems and interfaces for subsequentimplementation.
2. Demonstrate a structured, modular, top-down approach tosoftware development in a hardware oriented environment.
3. Design, implement and test systems, written in a high levelprogramming language such as 'C' using appropriateprogrammable interface devices from an initial specificationthrough to validation.
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Delivery & AssessmentTotal Contact Hours :15 Theory sessions 3Hrs x 15 = 45 Hrs.
5 practical sessions -- 3Hrs x 5 = 15 Hrs.
Assessment Criteria
2 Take home assignments
Practical reports
(detailed report should be submitted for each and every practical)
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Text Book(s)Primary TextbookTitle: Quintessential PIC Microcontroller,TheAuthor:Sid Katzen (University of Ulster, United Kingdom)ISBN: 185233942XFormat: Paperback
Release: Date:08/30/2005Pages: 567Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York IncDistributor(s): Springer-Verlag New York Inc
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Text Book(s)Secondary TextbookTitle:
Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers: Principlesand Applications
Author: Tim Wilmshurst (University of Derby, UK)ISBN: 0750667559Format: Paperback
Release: November 27, 2006Pages: 584Publisher: Newnes
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What is an embeddedsystem?An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed toperform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computingconstraints.
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Embedded SystemA system whose principal function is not computational, but which iscontrolled by a computer embedded within it.
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Refrigerator example
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Refrigerator example ContIt needs to maintain a moderately stable, lowtemperature within it.
It does this by sensing its internal temperature andcomparing that with the temperature required.
It lowers the temperature by switching on a compressor.
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Microprocessor vsMicrocontroller Microprocessor requires additional circuitry tofunction which are connected via the buses. (Ex: Asoundcard connected to the PCI slot must be used tooutput sound)
Microcontroller - Basic circuitry is built to the unit it selfhence it can function on its own. (Ex: To output sound, amicrocontroller has a DAC is built in.)
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Block diagram of a Computer
e ompu er u sys ems
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e ompu er u sys ems -Memory
The memory unit is necessary for the storage of program instructionsand data.
Memory appears as an array of cells, each holding a bit pattern which
defines the program.
0x45 a=1
0x67 a++
0x23 display a
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Memory ContIn order for the CPU to execute the program stored memory it shouldfetch it.
Hence each memory cell should have a address.
The address of the cell is generated by a decoding network.
0x01 0x45 a=1
0x67 a++
0x23 display a
0x02
0x03
Address Contains
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The Computer Subsystems ALU
& CUALU: The Arithmetic and Logical Unit is where calculations and logicaloperations are performed electronically.
CU: The Control Unit regulates and synchronizes operations of thecomputer. It consists of Programmable Registers and other electronics.The combination of the ALU + the Control Unit is often referred to as theCentral Processing Unit (CPU).
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ALU
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The Computer SubsystemsI/O & Clock generator
Input / Output Units: These units provide the interfaces to the outsideworld. Information enters the computer via the input unit, and results ofthe calculations are directed to the outside world via the output units.
Clock Generator: All operations within the computer are synchronizedto one master clock.
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Bus Architecture
Electronic signals travel through wires, and there aremany connections between various components of thecomputer, particularly between the CPU and the rest.
To minimize the number of connections, the wires ("datapaths") are shared among many devices and signals can
propagate between selected devices and then theselection change.
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Von Neumann ComputerArchitecture
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Von Neumann ComputerArchitecture Cont
In essence, the von Neumann architecture comprises a Central ProcessingUnit (CPU), a memory and a common connecting highway carrying databack and forth.
Both the program and data share the memory of the system.
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Internal Architectureof a Von Neumann computer
ADDRESS BUS
INPUTDEVICE
OUTPUTDEVICE
I/OPORTS
CENTRALPROCESSINGUNIT (CPU)
MEMORY(RAM/ROM)
CONTROLBUS
CONTROLBUS
DATA BUS
Memory
CPU
I/O
Data / Control / Address buses
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Buses Cont
A group of data paths (wires) shared between a numberof devices is known as a "Bus". In a computer, there are
three main groupsAddress bus
Data bus
Control bus
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Address Bus
Address Bus: This group of wires carries the addressinformation. It is unidirectional going from CPU to Memoryor I/O. For Microcontrollers this is typically 16 bits wide,
giving an address range of 65,536 locations.
If the CPU has N address lines, it could address 2N memorylocations.
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Data Bus
This group of wires carries the data information and is bidirectional.
But only one device at a time has its outputs enabled.
Any device connected to the data bus must have threestate outputs.
This allows the device to disable the outputs when notputting data on the bus.
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Control busThis group of wires carries the control and statusinformation. It can be unidirectional or bidirectional. Thewidth of the bus varies with different computers.
Typical control bus signals are, Memory Read, MemoryWrite,
I/O Read, and I/O Write.
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Memory read
To read a byte of data from a memory location, the CPU sends outthe memory address of the desired byte on the address bus.
Next sends out a memory read signal, on the control bus.
Then the data byte form memory travels along the data bus to theCPU
H d C t
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Harvard ComputerArchitecture
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Harvard ComputerArchitecture ContThe Harvard architecture is an adaptation of the standard vonNeumann structure, that separates the shared memory intoentirely separate Program and Data stores.
The diagram shows two physically distinct buses used to carryinformation to the CPU from these disjoint memories.
Each memory has its own Address bus and thus there is nointeraction between a Program cell and a Data cells address. The
two memories are said to lie in separate memory spaces.
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Microcontroller families
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Microcontroller families ContA manufacturer builds a microcontroller family around a fixedmicroprocessor core. Different family members are created by using thesame core, combining with it different combinations of peripherals anddifferent memory sizes.
Each core is added different combinations of peripheral and memorysize, to make a number of family members. Because the core is fixed forall members of one family, the instruction set is fixed and users have littledifficulty in moving from one family member to another.
ll f l f
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Microcontroller families fromdifferent manufacturers
Manufacturer Microcontroller family
Atmel AT91SAM7, AT91SAM9,
Intel 8048 family , 8051 family, 8096 family
Motorola 68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC11,68HC12
Microchip (PIC) 12FXXX, 16FXXX,18FXXX
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Nokia N97 ARM11
Features:
Resolution: 360x640
OS: Symbian OS v9.4
Color depth: 24bit
ROM: 256MB
RAM: 128MB
Data bearer: HSDPA
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Sony Ericsson P990 Nexperia
PNX4008Features:
Resolution: QVGA (240x320)
OS: Symbian OS
Color depth: 262k
Internal memory: 80MB
Data bearer: UMTS
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LG KC1 - Marvell PXA320Features:
Supports Wireless Broadband
2.8 Touch Screen
QVGA (240*320) with 65k colors
128 MB Ram
512 Rom
OS: Windows Mobile 5.0 PPC PE
Mi t ll d i
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Microcontrollers used inMobiles
Mobile Microcontroller
Nokia N97 ARM11
Sony Ericsson P990 Nexperia PNX4008
LG KC1 Marvell PXA320
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Processor features
Microcontroller Bits Speed Instruction set Features
ARM11 64-bit 532-665MHz
RISC Power Management 4 cores Enhanced for video
processing
NexperiaPNX4008
32-bit 208 MHz RISC 2D/3D GraphicsAccelerator Integrated DSP
Marvell PXA320 32-bit Up to820MHz RISC Power ManagementSupported
Hardware videoacceleration.
Design challenges and considerations
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Design challenges and considerationsin Embedded Systems
Limited memory
Limited processing power
Reduced power consumption by disabling unwanted peripherals
and activating peripherals when requiredLow cost
Less weight / Smaller Size
Security
Reliability