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PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION

BY

TARIQ ALI

Cell No : 03469196279 &

03347027177

E-mail: tariq_shah98@yahoo.com

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• Educational Philosophies of Distinguished Philosophers

• Plato rests on the four moral principles of wisdom, virtue,

service, and leadership. (Truth)

• Aristotle concluded that education should be based

• on three principles: (1) the golden mean, (2) the possible, and

(3) the becoming. “A sound mind in a sound body”.

• John Dewey it is reconstruction of experiences.

• Ellen G. White stresses the mental, physical, moral, and

spiritual development of the student. She espouses a

philosophy based on the Word of God, a philosophy that

recognizes God as the Creator of all mankind.

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• “The word education comes from the Latin educare , to draw out.

• “Purpose of education is the overall development of human behavior ”

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

These are approaches towards learning1….Realistic…Scientific2….Humanistic……philosophical

In Science If = Then In Humanities If = Many options

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What is philosophy?• The use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of

reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and the principles that govern and influence moral judgment

• The use of reason(justification of your statement through discussion/logic/knowledge) in understanding such things as the

1…Nature of reality and existence, (hw things/v live,hw wl v die, wht wl happen aftr death etc)(Some answers cant b gvn by Science like the above)

2…The use and limits of knowledge( Whts knowledge/ frm whr cmz knowledge/) and

3…The principles that govern and influence moral judgment(whts good whts bad / why good why bad)

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What is Educational Philosophy? Educational philosophy is philosophy applied to education as a specific area of human endeavor.

Philosophy of education does not exist in a vacuum, but within a particular social and historical context.

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Educational philosophy, according to Soltis (1988) has two dimensions: (1) The personal, (personal opinion/view point..must be

justifiable)(2) The public or social dimension. Public opinion(Court marriage/Extra Profit)The personal dimension has to do with having a set of personal beliefs about what is good, right, and worthwhile in education. The public dimension is aimed at guiding and directing the practice of many.

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Different views / Theories of Education

• PROGRESSIVE /RECONSTRUCTIVE

EDUCATION

• HUMANISTIC EDUCATION

• ESSENTIALISM

• PERENNIALISM

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PROGRESSIVE /RECONSTFRUCTIVE EDUCATION

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Progressive /RECONSTFRUCTIVE Education TRIAL AND ERROR THEORY/ASSIMILATION AND ACCOMODATION Began in the late nineteenth century Assimilation and accomodation Most progressive education programs have these qualities in common:I. Emphasis on learning by doing – hands-on projects,

expeditionary learning, experiential learning.II. Strong emphasis on problem solving and

critical thinkingIII. IV.

•Group work and development of social skills•Understanding and action as the goals of learning as opposed to rote knowledge.•Highly personalized education accounting for each individual's personal goals

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7.Assessment by evaluation of child’s projects and productions

Note:

RECONSTRUCTIONISTS believe that students learn more, remember it longer, and apply it to new situations better if they learn through experience, rather than through being told something.

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2…HUMANISTIC EDUCATION

Know then thyself presume not god to scan The proper study of mankind is man

focus must be fulfillment of human needsFocus on individual development

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy

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Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of Human Needs (1954) sets forth the premise that the highest levels of achievement require a learner to have a foundation for learning where survival needs; safety/security needs, love/happiness needs, and self-esteem needs are realized. As with other humanists, Maslow pays close attention to the interpersonal and the intrapersonal awareness necessary to bolster individual learning abilities.

Motivatio’n

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ESSENTIALISM/UNIVERSALISM/

(What are requirements of the society and age)1. Only include universal topics in curriculum2. Make the world a peaceful place3. Develop global citizenship4. Only add those subjects beneficial for humanity5. Controversial topics and issues must be avoided According to the essentialists, the reason for schooling is to educate the students in such a way that they can make a beneficent contribution to the society. And teach them what is necessary to live well through modern day life.

According to essentialists, the study material of the students of the

1…Elementary schools must concentrate upon the basic skills,

2…and as for the secondary school, the curriculum shall concentrate upon that particular discipline that student is going for.

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1.EVERLASTING KNOWLEDGE2.PHILOSOPHY3.LOGIC / REASONING4.RELIGION5.LINGUISTICS6.ART

What is Perennialism? Perennial means "everlasting," like a perennial flower that blooms year after year. Perennialism, the oldest and most conservative educational philosophy has its roots in the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle

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Knowledge of the external world

We learn through vision then senses and at last

through reasons Most people have noticed that vision can play tricks.1….. A straight stick submerged in water looks bent, though it is not; 2….railroad tracks seem to converge in the distance, but they do not;. Each of these phenomena is misleading in some way. Anyone who believes that the stick is bent, that the railroad tracks converge, and so on is mistaken about how the world really is.

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One possible answer is to say that vision is not sufficient to give knowledge of how things are.

Vision needs to be “corrected” with information derived from the other senses

If a person chills one hand and warms the other and then puts both in a tub of lukewarm water, the water will feel warm to the cold hand and cold to the warm hand. Thus, the difficulty cannot be resolved by appealing to input from the other senses.

We use reasons there where our senses are unable to justify something

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But why should reason be accepted as infallible?

1. It is often used imperfectly, as when one forgets, miscalculates, or jumps to conclusions.

2. Moreover, why should one trust reason if its conclusions run counter to those derived from sensation, considering that sense experience is obviously the basis of much of what is known about the world?

What is Epistemology?

Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme-, "knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge

• The part of philosophy that is about the study of how we know things

• The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge

• James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864)

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Epistemology. Epistemology is that branch of philosophy which studies the nature of truthand the sources and validity of knowledge. It seeks to answer such questions as: “What istrue?” and “How do we know?” The study of epistemology deals with such issues as thecriterion of knowledge, the possibility of knowledge, the sources of knowledge, thegrounds of knowledge, and the right to believe.