Lecture ERU

8/10/2019 Lecture ERU

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Intro du ct ion to typ es of renewable energy, so lar energy, win d energy,geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy, t idal wave and g eothermal energy,

biom ass energy. Fuel cel l and heat pum p s ystems , energy effic iency issu es

and

energy storage. Potent ial of us ing renewable energy resourc es as supp lement

of con vent ion al energy resou rces. Renewable and no n- renewable energies

used as hybr id energy s ystems, Modern renewable energy plants. Wind energy,wind turb ine design speci f icat ions, compatib le elect r ic generators and major

operat ional issues of the wind m i l l for elect r ic pow er generation. Wind m i l ls

design usage for pumping water. Biom ass energy con vers ion method s,

detailed

descr ip t ion of Biom ass energy conv ers ion p lant , operat ional and maintenance

prob lems and their remedies.

Recommended Books:

1. Renewable Energy,2ndEdit io n By Godfrey Boyle.

Oxford Univ ersi ty Press,

2. Renewab le Ener Resources B ohn Tw idel l Ton Weir.



Energy that uses natural sources to

generate power.

The sources must be naturally

reloaded.



• No impact on electricity prices

•Reduce energy bills

•

Reduce emissions•Reduce dependence on fossil fuels and

lower fossil fuel prices



Wind Hydro

Biomass SolarGeothermal Tidal

Wave Biofuels



Energy resources can be classified in

the following ways.

Based on usability of energy

Based on traditional use

Based on long-term availability

Based on commercial applicationBased on origin



Based on usability of energy

(a) Primary resou rces:

Resources avai lable in nature in raw form are cal led p r imary energy

resourc es, e.g. foss i l fuels (coal, oi l and gas), uranium , hydro energy, etc.

(b) Intermediate resources

This is obta ined from p r imary energy by one or more steps o f

transform at ion and is u sed as a vehicle of energy.

(c) Secondary resources

The form of energy, which is f inal ly sup pl ied to con sum er for u t i l izat ion

e.g. electr ic al energy, thermal energy (in the form of s team or hot water),

chem ical energy ( in the form of Hydro gen).



Based on traditional use(a)Conventional Energy resourceswh ich h ave been tradit ion al ly used for m any decades, e.g. fossi l fuels,

nuc lear and hydro resourc es.

(b) Non-con ventional Energy resou rceswh ich are cons idered for large scale use, e.g. , solar , win d, biom ass, etc.

Based on long-term availability

(a)Non -renewable Resou rceswh ich are f ini te and do no t get reloaded after their cons umption , e.g.

foss i l fuels, uranium etc.

(b) Renewable Resourceswh ich are renewed by nature again and again and th eir sup ply is no t

affected by th e rate of their cons umption e.g. solar, win d, biomass, ocean

(therm al, t idal and w ave), geot hermal, hy dro , etc.



Based on commercial application

(a)Commercial energy resourceThe second ary usable energy form s such as electr ic i ty, petrol , diesel, gas,

etc. are essent ial for commercial act iv i t ies.

(b) Non-commercial energy

The energy d er ived from nature and used direct ly wi thou t passing throu gh

commercial ou t let , e.g. wood, anim al dung cake, crop residue, etc.



The different types of energy based on their origin

are as follows:

(a) Fossi l fuels energy

(b) Nuclear energy

(c) Hyd ro energy(d) Solar energy

(e) Wind energy

(f ) B iomass energy

(g) Geothermal energy

(h) Tidal energy

(I) Ocean thermal energy

(j) Ocean wave energy

Based on origin



IMPORTANCE OF NON-CONVENTIONAL

ENERGY SOURCESThe concern for environm ent due to the ever increasing use of fos si l fuels

and rapid deplet ion of these resources have led to the development ofal ternat ive sou rces of energy, whic h are renewable and env ironm ent fr iendly.

• The convent ional sources o f energy wi l l not be suf f ic ient to meet the

grow ing indu str ial as wel l as domest ic demand.

•Convent ional sou rces (except hyd ro) are no n-renewable and bound tof in ish one day.

• Convent ional sou rces (foss i l fuels, nu clear) also cause po l lut ion , thereby

their use degrade the environment.

• Large hydro -resourc es affect wild l i fe, cause deforestat ion and causevar ious socia l problems, due to construc t ion of big dams.

• Fossi l fuels are also used as raw mater ials in the chemical indus try (for

chemicals, medicin es, etc.) and need to be co nserved for fu ture

generat ions.



COMMON FORMS OF ENERGY1. Mechanical energy

Mechanical energy is used for m ovement o f objects, changing the shape of

the objects, etc. in transpo rtat ion , hand l ing, process ing, agr iculture and

industry.

2. Elect r ical energy

Electr ical energy is considered to be the top grade energy. I t is used

un iversal ly as a vehicle of energy. Abou t 30 –40% energy d istr ibu t ion in the

wo r ld is m et through elect rica l supply system at present .

3. Chem ical energy

Fuels and organic matter contain chemical energy. Exothermic chemical

react ion s release heat energy. Als o ch emical energy is d irect ly con verted

into electr ical energy in fuel cel ls, storage batter ies, etc. and in to th ermal

energy by combust ion .



4. Thermal energy

It is used to raise the temperature of an object du r ing in dus tr ia l pro cesses. It

can also be converted to mechanical energy w ith the help of heat engines.



ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

Advantages1. Its very cheap.

2. Secur i ty b y sto r ing c ertain q uant i ty, the energy avai labi l i ty can be ensured

for a certain per iod .

3. It is very co nvenient to u se .

Disadvantages

1. Fossil fuel s generate po llutan ts CO, CO2, NOX, SOX. The po llutant s

degrade the enviro nm ent, po se health hazards and cause var ious o ther

problems.

2. Coal is also a valuable petro-chemical and u sed as source of raw m ater ial

for chemical, pharmaceut icals and paints, etc. indus tr ies. long-term poin t

of v iew, it is desirable to co nserve coal for future needs.



3. Safety of nuc lear plants is contro versial subject . Major prob lems w ith

nu clear energy are:

The waste mater ial generated in nuc lear plants h as dangerou s levels of

radioact iv i ty.

It is a health h azard.

Poss ibi l i ty o f accidental leakage of radio act ive mater ial from reactor.

(as happened in Chernob yl, former USSR in Apr i l 1986) Lim ited

resources.

4. Hydroelectr ic plants are cleanest but large hydro -reservoirs c ause the

fo l lowing prob lems:

As large land area submerges into w ater, wh ich leads to deforestat ion.

Causes enviro nm ental distu rbances suc h as earthqu akes.

Affects w ildl i fe.Causes d is locat ion of large popu lat ion and c onsequent ly their

rehabi l i tat ion prob lems.



SALIENT FEATURES OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

SOURCES

Merits

1. Non-con vent ion al sourc es are avai lable in nature, free of c ost.

2. They cause n o o r very l i t t le po l lut ion . Thus , by and large, they are

environment fr iendly.

3. They are infin ite.

4. They have low development per iod.

Demeri ts

1. Thou gh avai lable freely in nature, the cos t of co ntrol l in g energy from non-

convent ional sou rces is h igh , as in general, these are avai lable in d i lute

form s of energy.

2. The energy f low depends on var ious natural Phenomena beyond hum an

contro l .

3. Dif f icu l ty in transpo rt ing th is form of energy.



Greenhouse Effect

The CO2 envelope present around the globe in the atmosph ere

behaves similar to a glass pane, and forms a big global

greenhou se. This tends to prevent th e escape of heat from earth,

wh ich leads to glob al warming . This phenomenon is know n as

green hou se effect .



Pollution

(a) Indoor pollution

Indo or po l lu t ion is m ain ly caused du e to the use of con vent ional Chulhas,

Gas Heaters in rural areas.

This requires the need of im prov ed hou sehold stove (Chulh as), Electr ic

Heaters to reduce indo or po l lut ion .

(b) Outdoor pollution

Outdoor po l lu t ion is main ly caused due to us e of fossi l fuels. Emissions

f rom fossi l fuel based p lants d egrade the environm ent and cause var ious

other pro blems . Coal and o i l are more po l lutant than gas.



Remedy

1. Use of fossi l fuels sho uld be slowly cu r tai led, i .e . gasi f ied coal , wh ich is

less p ol lu t ing sho uld be used in power plants.

2. Clean alternat ive fuels suc h as hydrogen sho uld be used.

3. Electr ic vehic les or battery-operated vehicles should be used in place of

I.C eng ine based vehic les.



Various pollutants and their harmful effects

1. Par ti cu late matter

The presence of part iculate matter

• Reduces su nl ight .

• Reduces vis ibi l i ty.

• Results in respiratory p rob lems.

• Resul ts in bro nchi t is . (Bron chi t is : inf lamm at ion o f muc us m embrane

inside the bronc hia l tubes, branches of wind pipe).



2. CO2

• I t is not con sidered as to xic g as.

• I t is essent ial for ph otosy nthesis to p roduc e oxygen.

• Excess emission of CO2 in the atmo sph ere causes glob al warming due to

greenhou se effect .

(a) Large-scale combust ion of fos si l fuels in co al f ired thermal power.

(b) Fel l ing of trees on large scale (deforestat ion) for u rbanizat ion,

agr icultu re, indus tr ia l izat ion, etc. result ing in reduc ed photo syn thesis

process.

3. CO

• CO is formed due to in com plete burning of carbon in insu f f ic ient air.

•

Ser ious ly impairs the oxyg en dependent t issues in the bod y p art icu larly ,brain, heart and s keleton muscles.



4. SOX

The presence of SO2 in air is mainly due to man-made reasons invo lving

com bust ion o f fuels conta in ing sulphu r.

Power plants 70%

Industry 15%

Motor vehicles 8%

Solid waste disposal 5%

Others 2%

SO2 + O2 SO3 + H20 H2SO4

Harmful effects:

• Causes respiratory diseases. Like asthma, irritates eyes and respiratory track.

• Causes acid rains. agriculture, forest, vegetation, soil and stones (and thus to

buildings).

• Causes corrosion of metals.



5. NOX

Oxides o f nit rog en su ch as N2O, NO, NO2, N2O3 are common ly referred to

as NOX.

Man-made causes include:

(a) Motor vehicles 7%

(b) Industry 7%

(c) Power plants 4%

(d) Solid waste 2%

Harmful effects:

(a) Causes respiratory and cardiovascular illness.

(b) It dispossess body tissues of oxygen.

(c) It also forms acid in lungs and therefore more toxic than CO.





(i i i) Nuc lear resourc es

U235, U233 and Pu239 are us ed as nuclear fuels in n uc lear reactors (thermal

reactors ) and are known as f issi le (f issio nable) mater ial . Out o f these on ly

U235 occu r in n ature, and U233 and Pu239 are produced from Th232 andU238 resp ectively in fast b reeder reacto rs (FBRs).



(b) Non-convent ional sou rces

Non-con vent ion al techno log ies are present ly un der development stage. At

present i ts share is very sm all .

(i ) So lar energy

Solar energy c an be a major source of pow er and can be ut i l ized by u sing

thermal and pho tovol ta ic conv ers ion systems. Solar radiation received on

the surface of earth on a br ight su nn y day.

(i i ) Wind energy

The power avai lable in the wind s ov er the earth su rface is est imated to b e

1.6 * 10 7 MW, wh ich is m ore than the present energy requirement o f the

wo r ld. Wind power has emerged as the most economical of al l renewable

energy sourc es.

(i i i ) Biomass energy

Energy resou rces avai lable from animal and vegetat ion are called biom ass

energy resourc es.



(iv) Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is der ived from a huge amount of sto red thermal energy

in th e inter ior of the earth.

(v) Ocean tidal energy

The potent ial in oc ean t ides resou rce



World Energy Usage in 2006







World Energy Usage in 2008









Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Chile

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Israel

Italy Japan

Korea

Luxembourg

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

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