Lecture 8Lecture 8Documentation and the Documentation and the Writing of ConclusionWriting of Conclusion

1. Documentation: Citing 1. Documentation: Citing and Listing Sourcesand Listing Sources

1.1 The purpose of the document1.1 The purpose of the documentationation

►Documentation is the information in Documentation is the information in the thesis that tells what sources you the thesis that tells what sources you have used and where you take it. have used and where you take it.

► In any writing not derived purely from In any writing not derived purely from your own mind, you must document your own mind, you must document your facts. your facts.

► In writing a BA graduation thesis, you must In writing a BA graduation thesis, you must base your conclusions on material in base your conclusions on material in particular literary works and must document particular literary works and must document this material. this material.

► If you refer to secondary sources, you must If you refer to secondary sources, you must be especially careful to document your facts. be especially careful to document your facts.

► To document properly, you must use To document properly, you must use illustrative material in your discussion and illustrative material in your discussion and mention your sources either in your mention your sources either in your discussion or in footnotes/endnotes to it. discussion or in footnotes/endnotes to it.

► The The major purposesmajor purposes of documentation ar of documentation are: e:

(1) to acknowledge the contributions of the (1) to acknowledge the contributions of the previous research, and previous research, and

(2) to offer the accurate and detailed source(2) to offer the accurate and detailed sources of information for future research. s of information for future research.

►When you write your graduation When you write your graduation thesis, you are encouraged to quote, thesis, you are encouraged to quote, paraphrase, translate, and summarize paraphrase, translate, and summarize other people’s words and ideas. other people’s words and ideas.

►But you should: But you should:

► Distinguish your thoughts from those you havDistinguish your thoughts from those you have quoted.e quoted.

► You must therefore arrange things to make the dYou must therefore arrange things to make the distinction clear, but you must also create a constistinction clear, but you must also create a constant blending of materials that will make your thant blending of materials that will make your themes easy to follow. emes easy to follow.

► You will be moving from paraphrase, to general iYou will be moving from paraphrase, to general interpretation, to observation, to independent anterpretation, to observation, to independent application of everything you chose to discuss..pplication of everything you chose to discuss..

► Blend quotations into your own Blend quotations into your own sentences.sentences. Making internal quotations still Making internal quotations still creates the problem of blending materials, creates the problem of blending materials, however, for quotations should never be however, for quotations should never be brought in unless you prepare your reader for brought in unless you prepare your reader for them in some way.them in some way.

► It is better to prepare the reader to move from It is better to prepare the reader to move from the discourse to the quotation, so that the discourse to the quotation, so that quotations, summaries, and other information quotations, summaries, and other information drawn from sources are joined within the text, drawn from sources are joined within the text, makes the writing flow. makes the writing flow.

► Avoid patchwork.Avoid patchwork.

1.2. Major formats and styles of d1.2. Major formats and styles of documentationocumentation

► There are different formats and styles of There are different formats and styles of documentation. documentation.

► Sometimes a particular format is selected and Sometimes a particular format is selected and prescribed for you. prescribed for you.

► Each journal has its own format and style presented Each journal has its own format and style presented in its style sheet. in its style sheet.

► Different schools might have different formats and Different schools might have different formats and style for graduation thesis. It is not the question style for graduation thesis. It is not the question which one is better or more academic. which one is better or more academic.

► When you are doing your documentation, please When you are doing your documentation, please make sure what is the make sure what is the required format and required format and stylestyle, and then please , and then please be consistentbe consistent in your in your thesis for citing and listing sources.thesis for citing and listing sources.

►Documentation has Documentation has two major taskstwo major tasks: : (1) Citing sources, and (1) Citing sources, and

(2) Listing sources. (2) Listing sources.

►For these two tasks, there are For these two tasks, there are numerous styles and ways of giving numerous styles and ways of giving documentation in different disciplines, documentation in different disciplines, publishers, journals, and schools. publishers, journals, and schools.

► In English, there are three major In English, there are three major formatsformats and styles of documentation. and styles of documentation.

►They are They are ChicagoChicago manuscripts (widely manuscripts (widely used in humanities and social science), used in humanities and social science), MLAMLA (Modern Language Association) (Modern Language Association) (mainly used in the discipline of (mainly used in the discipline of literature), literature), APAAPA (American Psychology (American Psychology Association) (main used in psychology Association) (main used in psychology and linguistics). and linguistics).

Citing Citing sourcessources

Listing sourcesListing sources

Chicago Chicago Manual Manual StyleStyle

Endnotes Endnotes or or FootnotesFootnotes

Holmes, Janet. Holmes, Janet. An An Introduction to Introduction to Sociolinguistics.Sociolinguistics. London: Longman, London: Longman, 1992. 1992.

Modern Modern Language Language Association Association Style (MLA)Style (MLA)

ParentheticParenthetical citations al citations (In-(In-quotation quotation Note)Note)

Holmes, JHolmes, Janetanet. . An An Introduction to Introduction to Sociolinguistics.Sociolinguistics. London: Longman, London: Longman, 1992.1992.

American American PsychologicPsychological al Association Association Style (APA)Style (APA)

ParentheticaParenthetical citations (Il citations (In-quotation n-quotation Note)Note)

Holmes, JHolmes, Janetanet. (1992). . (1992). An Introduction to An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics. London: Longman.London: Longman.

1.3 Quotations1.3 Quotations

►Quotations in a research paper may be Quotations in a research paper may be either direct ( verbatim) or indirect either direct ( verbatim) or indirect (paraphrased). (paraphrased).

►Both types require documentation. Both types require documentation. ►You must provide the source of both of You must provide the source of both of

them.them.

A. Direct quotationA. Direct quotation

► Direct quotation is used to show the Direct quotation is used to show the accuracyaccuracy and and authorityauthority of the sources. of the sources.

► Run-in quotationRun-in quotation is used when the is used when the quotation are fewer than typed four lines or quotation are fewer than typed four lines or about 40 words. The quotation should run about 40 words. The quotation should run into the text and enclose them in double into the text and enclose them in double quotation marks “___”. If it contains a direct quotation marks “___”. If it contains a direct quotation, use the single quotation marks quotation, use the single quotation marks ‘----‘ ‘----‘

e.g. e.g. ► The sonnets recorded his “sportive blooThe sonnets recorded his “sportive bloo

d”, his name that “receives a brand” and”, his name that “receives a brand” and his brow stamped with “vulgar scandad his brow stamped with “vulgar scandal”.l”.

► The girl’s beauty and her singing are the pThe girl’s beauty and her singing are the presentation of the narrator’s own “yearnresentation of the narrator’s own “yearning for a more vivid, simple and peaceable ing for a more vivid, simple and peaceable world”.world”.

►Integration of informationIntegration of information, so that , so that quotations, summaries, and other quotations, summaries, and other information drawn from sources are information drawn from sources are joined within the text, makes the joined within the text, makes the writing flow. Avoid patch work.writing flow. Avoid patch work.

► Blend quotations into your own Blend quotations into your own sentences.sentences. Making internal quotations still Making internal quotations still creates the problem of blending materials, creates the problem of blending materials, however, for quotations should never be however, for quotations should never be brought in unless you prepare your reader for brought in unless you prepare your reader for them in some way.them in some way.

► Do not, for example, bring in quotations in Do not, for example, bring in quotations in the following manner:the following manner:

The sky is darkened by thick clouds, The sky is darkened by thick clouds, bringing bringing a feeling of gloom that is a feeling of gloom that is associated with the associated with the same feeling that can be same feeling that can be sensed at a funeral. sensed at a funeral. “See gloomy clouds “See gloomy clouds obscure the cheerful obscure the cheerful day.”day.”

►This abrupt quotation throws the reader This abrupt quotation throws the reader off balance. off balance.

► It is better to prepare the reader to It is better to prepare the reader to move from the discourse to the move from the discourse to the quotation, as in the following revision:quotation, as in the following revision:

►The scene is marked by sorrow and The scene is marked by sorrow and depression, as though the spectator, depression, as though the spectator, who is asked to “See gloomy clouds who is asked to “See gloomy clouds obscure the cheerful day,” is present at obscure the cheerful day,” is present at a funeral.a funeral.

► Set-off quotationsSet-off quotations► When the quotations are more than four lWhen the quotations are more than four l

ines, set off long quotations in indented ines, set off long quotations in indented (( 缩进排版缩进排版 ) block-style) block-style （隔断）（隔断） paragrapparagraph, no quotation marks are used in this cash, no quotation marks are used in this case.e.

► If the quotations are more than three lines If the quotations are more than three lines from a poem, use this style. from a poem, use this style.

► Set off and indent long quotationsSet off and indent long quotations► e.g.e.g.► His diary entries try to close out his youth by His diary entries try to close out his youth by

dismissing the past and brooding on the future.dismissing the past and brooding on the future. I go to encounter for the millionth time I go to encounter for the millionth time

the the reality of experience and to forge in reality of experience and to forge in the the smithy of my soul the uncreated smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience conscience of my race.of my race.

► In this case, the language here is elevated In this case, the language here is elevated once again to encourage Stephen, a free spirit, once again to encourage Stephen, a free spirit, to reaffirm his vocation and mission.to reaffirm his vocation and mission.

B. Indirect QuotationsB. Indirect Quotations

► Paraphrase the opinion or ideas that you get Paraphrase the opinion or ideas that you get from the sources. from the sources.

► Use your own words or sentence structure, Use your own words or sentence structure, but you should present the original sources but you should present the original sources accurately, avoiding distortions resulting accurately, avoiding distortions resulting from imprecise or mistaken restatementfrom imprecise or mistaken restatement

► Indirect quotation calls less attention to Indirect quotation calls less attention to itself than direct quotation and thus itself than direct quotation and thus concentrates the reader’s attention on the concentrates the reader’s attention on the development of your argument.development of your argument.

► Distinguish your thoughts from those of youDistinguish your thoughts from those of your author. r author.

► Ideally, your themes should reflect your own tIdeally, your themes should reflect your own thoughts as it is prompted and illustrated by thhoughts as it is prompted and illustrated by the author’s work.e author’s work.

► Sometimes a problem arises, however, becausSometimes a problem arises, however, because it is hard for your reader to know when your ie it is hard for your reader to know when your ideas have stopped and your author’sdeas have stopped and your author’s have bhave begun. egun.

► You must therefore arrange things to make the You must therefore arrange things to make the distinction clear, but you must also create a codistinction clear, but you must also create a constant blending of materials that will make yonstant blending of materials that will make your themes easy to follow. ur themes easy to follow.

► You will be moving from paraphrase, to general iYou will be moving from paraphrase, to general interpretation, to observation, to independent anterpretation, to observation, to independent application of everything you chose to discuss. pplication of everything you chose to discuss.

► It is not always easy to keep these various elemeIt is not always easy to keep these various elements integrated. nts integrated.

► Let us see an example in which the writer moves Let us see an example in which the writer moves from reference to an author’s ideas --- really pafrom reference to an author’s ideas --- really paraphrase --- in an independent application of the raphrase --- in an independent application of the ideas:ideas:

► Use three spaced periods to show omissionsUse three spaced periods to show omissions … . … .► Use square brackets for your own words within quotaUse square brackets for your own words within quota

tions. [ ]tions. [ ]e.g. 1. Girous (1981) defines this concept as e.g. 1. Girous (1981) defines this concept as a critical mode of reasoning and behavior ... [that] functionsa critical mode of reasoning and behavior ... [that] functions so as to help people analyze the world in which they live ...so as to help people analyze the world in which they live ...e.g.2. The effect of the killing is shown in the comment, “I [Bonape.g.2. The effect of the killing is shown in the comment, “I [Bonap

arte] was somehow very small and very lost and lonely like a chilarte] was somehow very small and very lost and lonely like a child astray in the snow.”d astray in the snow.”

► Do not change your source.Do not change your source.► Do not overquoteDo not overquote (no more than 30%) (no more than 30%)..

1.4 Citing sources1.4 Citing sources

► The process of placing the citation into your text The process of placing the citation into your text is called “Citing a source”. is called “Citing a source”.

► The task of citing sources is to indicate the sourcThe task of citing sources is to indicate the source and related information of each quotation in ye and related information of each quotation in your thesis. our thesis.

► There are three major formats for citing sources: There are three major formats for citing sources: (1) (1) In-Text NotesIn-Text Notes or or Parenthetical Quotation Parenthetical Quotation (( 夹注夹注 ), (2) ), (2) EndnotesEndnotes ( ( 尾注尾注 ), and (3) ), and (3) FootnotesFootnotes（脚注）（脚注） ..

► Preparing In-Text NotesPreparing In-Text Notes or or Parenthetical QuoParenthetical Quotation tation (( 夹注夹注 ))

► In-Text Notes or Parenthetical Quotation is the In-Text Notes or Parenthetical Quotation is the most widely used method today and has largely most widely used method today and has largely replaced documentation using endnotes and foreplaced documentation using endnotes and footnotes. otnotes.

► All that is needed is the last name of the author, All that is needed is the last name of the author, the date of the book’s publication. the date of the book’s publication.

► If you refer or quote from a particular page then If you refer or quote from a particular page then you must add the page number. you must add the page number.

► The following examples will help you to ciThe following examples will help you to cite your sources properly.te your sources properly.

► A whole bookA whole book► Hassan and Halliday (1976) have examineHassan and Halliday (1976) have examine

d the whole question of texts. d the whole question of texts. ► The diversity of recent poetry has been deThe diversity of recent poetry has been de

monstrated in a survey of American and Bmonstrated in a survey of American and British poetry (Rosenthal, 1977).ritish poetry (Rosenthal, 1977).

► A number of authorsA number of authors► The importance of these relationships in pThe importance of these relationships in p

roviding coherence has been questioned roviding coherence has been questioned by Brown and Yule(1983), Enkvist (1973), by Brown and Yule(1983), Enkvist (1973), Morgan (1979), Keenan, Baillet, and BrowMorgan (1979), Keenan, Baillet, and Brown (1984) and Beaugrande (1983, 1984).n (1984) and Beaugrande (1983, 1984).

► A particular pageA particular page► For Brown and Yule (1983) a text is “the vFor Brown and Yule (1983) a text is “the v

erbal interpretation of a communicative aerbal interpretation of a communicative act” ct” (11) (p.11).(11) (p.11).

► In this view the important point is to examIn this view the important point is to examine what language is and not “how or for ine what language is and not “how or for what purpose it is usedwhat purpose it is used”(Chomsky, 1968:”(Chomsky, 1968:62) (Chomsky, 1968, p. 62).62) (Chomsky, 1968, p. 62).

► A citation of a quotation appearing in a sourA citation of a quotation appearing in a sourcece

► When citing a source that is quoted by your soWhen citing a source that is quoted by your source, use the abbreviation urce, use the abbreviation qtd.qtd. (quoted from) (quoted from) or or Cited fromCited from. .

► For instance:For instance:► In his paper, “Classificatory Particles in the LaIn his paper, “Classificatory Particles in the La

nguage of Kiriwina”, Malinowski argued that nguage of Kiriwina”, Malinowski argued that his ideal semantic theory “would have to be chis ideal semantic theory “would have to be connected closely with ethnographic theory, sionnected closely with ethnographic theory, since an understanding of what people mean by nce an understanding of what people mean by what they say depends in part upon what their what they say depends in part upon what their culture is” (culture is” (Quoted from Langendoen, 1968:Quoted from Langendoen, 1968:77) () (Quoted from Langendoen, 1968, p.7)Quoted from Langendoen, 1968, p.7)..

►A Citation with author’s name A Citation with author’s name and title in text.and title in text.

► If the name of the author and title of If the name of the author and title of the work both appear in the text of the work both appear in the text of your thesis, use only the year of the your thesis, use only the year of the publication and page number.publication and page number.

► A longer quotationA longer quotation► The objection to Halliday and Hassan’s vThe objection to Halliday and Hassan’s v

iew of cohesion has been given by Selner iew of cohesion has been given by Selner and Morgan (1980):and Morgan (1980):

Cohesion, in so far as any sense can Cohesion, in so far as any sense can be made of Halliday and Hassan’s be made of Halliday and Hassan’s description of it, is an epiphenomenodescription of it, is an epiphenomeno

n n of contact coherence (179) (p.179). of contact coherence (179) (p.179).

► Preparing EndnotesPreparing Endnotes and and FootnotesFootnotes 脚注和尾注脚注和尾注► The most formal system of documentation still The most formal system of documentation still

widely used is that of footnotes (references at thwidely used is that of footnotes (references at the bottom of each page) or endnotes (references le bottom of each page) or endnotes (references listed numerically at the end of the thesis). isted numerically at the end of the thesis).

► If your instructor wants you to use one of these fIf your instructor wants you to use one of these formats, do the following: The first time you quotormats, do the following: The first time you quote or refer to the source, make a note with the dee or refer to the source, make a note with the details in this order:tails in this order:

For a BookFor a Book1. 1. The author’s name, first name or initials The author’s name, first name or initials

first, first, commacomma..2. 2. The title: italicized or underlined, no The title: italicized or underlined, no

punctuation. (Use a comma after the title punctuation. (Use a comma after the title if an editor, translator, or edition follows.) if an editor, translator, or edition follows.)

3. 3. The name of the editor or translator, if The name of the editor or translator, if relevant. Abbreviate “editor” or “edited relevant. Abbreviate “editor” or “edited by” as by” as ed.ed.; “editors” as ; “editors” as eds.eds. Use Use trans.trans. for for “translator” or “translated by.”“translator” or “translated by.”

4. 4. The edition (if indicated), abbreviated The edition (if indicated), abbreviated thus: thus: 2nd ed., 3rd ed.,2nd ed., 3rd ed., and so on. and so on.

5. 5. The publication facts should be given in parentheses, wiThe publication facts should be given in parentheses, without any preceding orthout any preceding or

following punctuation, in the following order:following punctuation, in the following order: a. City (but not the state) of publication,a. City (but not the state) of publication, colon. colon. b. Publisher (clear abbreviations are acceptable), b. Publisher (clear abbreviations are acceptable), comma.comma. c. Year of publication.c. Year of publication.6. 6. The page number(s), for example, 65, 6-10.The page number(s), for example, 65, 6-10.7.7. For a later note to the same work, use the last name of t For a later note to the same work, use the last name of t

he author (or Ibid., if ithe author (or Ibid., if it follows immediately after the note to the same work) and follows immediately after the note to the same work) and

page number(s).page number(s).

Example:Example: 1.1. John F. Lynen, John F. Lynen, The Pastoral Art of Robert The Pastoral Art of Robert

FrostFrost (New Haven: Yale UP, 1960) 3. (New Haven: Yale UP, 1960) 3.2.2. Lynen 5. or Ibid. 5Lynen 5. or Ibid. 5

For an Article For an Article 1. 1. The author, first name or initials first, The author, first name or initials first, commacomma..2. 2. The title of the articles, in quotation marks, The title of the articles, in quotation marks, comcom

mama..3. 3. The name of the journal,The name of the journal, italicized or underlined,italicized or underlined,

no punctuation. no punctuation.4. 4. The volume number, in Arabic numbers, no punThe volume number, in Arabic numbers, no pun

ctuation.ctuation.5. 5. The year of publication in parentheses, The year of publication in parentheses, coloncolon..6.6. The page number(s); for example, 65, 6-10. The page number(s); for example, 65, 6-10. 7.7. For a later note to the same article, use the last For a later note to the same article, use the last

name of the author (or Ibid., if it follows immediname of the author (or Ibid., if it follows immediately after the note to the same article) and pagately after the note to the same article) and page number(s).e number(s).

Example:Example: 1. Richard H. Fogle, “Ambiguity and Clari1. Richard H. Fogle, “Ambiguity and Clari

ty in Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brty in Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown,’” own,’” New England QuarterlyNew England Quarterly 18 (194 18 (1945):448. 5):448.

2. Ibid. 448-9. 2. Ibid. 448-9.

►Footnotes are placed at the bottom of Footnotes are placed at the bottom of each page, separated from your thesis each page, separated from your thesis by a line; endnotes are included at the by a line; endnotes are included at the end of the thesis in a list keyed to the end of the thesis in a list keyed to the endnoteendnote numbers in the thesis. numbers in the thesis.

1.5 Listing sources1.5 Listing sources

► Each time you cite a source in your thesis, Each time you cite a source in your thesis, you need list it in your bibliography. you need list it in your bibliography.

► The following guidelines will help you to list The following guidelines will help you to list your sources properly. your sources properly.

► Your sources could be a book, a journal Your sources could be a book, a journal article, a bilingual source or sources from article, a bilingual source or sources from Internet. Internet.

► Two commonly used bibliography formats Two commonly used bibliography formats are suggested here. are suggested here.

► One is recommended for theses on One is recommended for theses on linguistics and TEFL; and the other is linguistics and TEFL; and the other is recommended for theses on literature.recommended for theses on literature.

A. Sources from booksA. Sources from books

► ((For theses on Linguistics and TEFL )For theses on Linguistics and TEFL )► (Author’s name, year of publication, title of the book, (Author’s name, year of publication, title of the book,

place of publication, and name of the publisher.)place of publication, and name of the publisher.)► BrownBrown, H. , H. DouglasDouglas. (1987). . (1987). Principles of Language LearnPrinciples of Language Learn

ing and Teachinging and Teaching. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentic. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, INC.e Hall, INC.

► BrumfitBrumfit, , ChristopherChristopher & K. & K. JohnsonJohnson. (eds.) (1981). . (eds.) (1981). The CThe Communicative Approach to Language Teachingommunicative Approach to Language Teaching. Oxford: . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press.

► RichardsRichards, , JackJack C., & C., & TheodoreTheodore S. S. RodgersRodgers. (1986). . (1986). ApproApproaches and Methods in Language Teachingaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge: C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ambridge University Press.

► (For theses on Literature)(For theses on Literature)► (Author’s name, title of the book, place of publi(Author’s name, title of the book, place of publi

cation, name of the publisher, and year of publiccation, name of the publisher, and year of publication.)ation.)

► Mudrick, Mudrick, Marvin. Marvin. Jane Austen: Irony as Defense Jane Austen: Irony as Defense and Discovery.and Discovery. Princeton: Princeton University P Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.ress, 1952.

► Toulmin, Toulmin, Steven, RichardSteven, Richard Rieke, Rieke, andand Allan Allan Jani Janik. k. An Introduction to Reasoning.An Introduction to Reasoning. 2nd ed. New Yo 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1984.rk: Macmillan, 1984.

B. Sources from journal B. Sources from journal articlesarticles

► (For thesis on Linguistics and TEFL )(For thesis on Linguistics and TEFL )► (Author’s name, year of publication, title of t(Author’s name, year of publication, title of t

he article, name of the journal, volume numbehe article, name of the journal, volume number, issue number, and page number.)r, issue number, and page number.)

► Canale,Canale, M. & M. & Swain, Swain, M.M. ( (1980). Theoretical Bas1980). Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Les of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Learning and Testing. anguage Learning and Testing. Applied LinguiApplied Linguistics,stics,11, 147., 147.

► MaleyMaley, A. (1984). Reconciling Communication , A. (1984). Reconciling Communication with Traditional Approaches to Language Teacwith Traditional Approaches to Language Teaching: Can It Be Done?hing: Can It Be Done? Foreign Language TeacForeign Language Teaching and Researchhing and Research 1 1, 42-48., 42-48.

► (For thesis on Literature)(For thesis on Literature)► (Author’s name, title of the article, name of the (Author’s name, title of the article, name of the

journal, volume number, issue number, year of pjournal, volume number, issue number, year of publication, and page number.)ublication, and page number.)

► Miller, Miller, PaulPaul W. “Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodm W. “Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown’: Cynicism or Meliorism?” an Brown’: Cynicism or Meliorism?” NineteentNineteenth-Century Fictionh-Century Fiction 14 December 1959: 255-264. 14 December 1959: 255-264.

► Shurr, Shurr, WilliamWilliam H. H. “Once More to the ‘Wood“Once More to the ‘Woods’: A New Point of Entry into Frost’s Most Fams’: A New Point of Entry into Frost’s Most Famous Poem.” ous Poem.” New England QuarterlyNew England Quarterly 47 (1974): 5 47 (1974): 584-94.84-94.

C. Sources with Web C. Sources with Web InformationInformation

(Author’s name, year of publication, title of the article, na(Author’s name, year of publication, title of the article, name of the journal, volume number, issue number, and pme of the journal, volume number, issue number, and page number.)age number.)

► Laroche, Laroche, J.M. (1984). Typology instructional theories”J.M. (1984). Typology instructional theories”(On-line). (On-line). International Review of Applied Linguistics iInternational Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, n Language Teaching, 2222, 41-52., 41-52.

► Taylor, Taylor, C. (1992). Reflections on windows word processiC. (1992). Reflections on windows word processing. ng. Buffer: The Newsjournal of computing at the UniversBuffer: The Newsjournal of computing at the University of Denver (On line)ity of Denver (On line) Available Available TelnetTelnet: du.edu Directory:: du.edu Directory: buffer/08-1992 File: windows. buffer/08-1992 File: windows.

► Singhal,Singhal, M. (1997). “The Internet and foreign language M. (1997). “The Internet and foreign language education: Benefits and challenges.” education: Benefits and challenges.” The Internet TESThe Internet TESL Journal, L Journal, 3(6).3(6). http:/iteslj.org/Articles/Singhal/Internet.http:/iteslj.org/Articles/Singhal/Internet. Html Html

D. Sources with Bilingual D. Sources with Bilingual InformationInformation

►(You have two choices. You can list (You have two choices. You can list sources in English first in English and sources in English first in English and then sources in Chinese listed in then sources in Chinese listed in Chinese. Or you can put Chinese Chinese. Or you can put Chinese Pinyin before the name of the author Pinyin before the name of the author and title of the book or the article in and title of the book or the article in Chinese.)Chinese.)

► WangWang, Li , Li 王力王力 . 1980. . 1980. Han Yu Shi GaoHan Yu Shi Gao 汉语史稿 汉语史稿 (History of the Chinese Language). Beijing: Chin(History of the Chinese Language). Beijing: China Publishing House.a Publishing House.

► 王 力，王 力， 19801980 ，《汉语史稿》。北京：中华书局，《汉语史稿》。北京：中华书局。。► Xin,Xin, Bin Bin 辛斌辛斌 . 1995. “Jiao Ji Fa: Wen Ti Yu Si K. 1995. “Jiao Ji Fa: Wen Ti Yu Si K

ao” ao” 交际法：问题与思考 交际法：问题与思考 (The Communicative (The Communicative Approach: Problems and Solutions). Approach: Problems and Solutions). Wai Yu Jiao Wai Yu Jiao Xue Yu Yan Jiu Xue Yu Yan Jiu 外语教学与研究 外语教学与研究 (Foreign Langua(Foreign Language Teaching and Research) No. 3, 49-55.ge Teaching and Research) No. 3, 49-55.

► 吕叔湘、饶长溶，吕叔湘、饶长溶， 19811981 ，试论非谓形容词。《中，试论非谓形容词。《中国语文》国语文》 19811981 年第年第 22 期，期， 81-8581-85 页。页。

For APA style: For APA style: ► http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/researhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/resear

ch/r_apa.htmlch/r_apa.html► http://www.apastyle.orghttp://www.apastyle.org

For MLA style:For MLA style:► http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/researhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/resear

ch/r_mla.htmlch/r_mla.html► http://http://

www.liu.edu/cwis/CWP/library/workshop/citmlwww.liu.edu/cwis/CWP/library/workshop/citmla.htma.htm

2. The Writing of 2. The Writing of ConclusionConclusion

2.1 The Purposes of a conclusion2.1 The Purposes of a conclusion

►The overall purpose of a conclusion is The overall purpose of a conclusion is to show how the researcher has to show how the researcher has attempted to fill the gap in knowledge attempted to fill the gap in knowledge that was identified at the outset, and to that was identified at the outset, and to clarify to what extent the study has been clarify to what extent the study has been successful.successful.

►To articulate the possible important To articulate the possible important implications. implications.

►To state limitations and suggest To state limitations and suggest potential areas for future research.potential areas for future research.

2.2 Basic Steps to Take2.2 Basic Steps to Take

1.1. Summarize your researchSummarize your research

2.2. Spell out your contributionSpell out your contribution

3.3. Describe the possible implications (if Describe the possible implications (if applicable) after highlighting your applicable) after highlighting your contribution.contribution.

4.4. State the limitations of your studyState the limitations of your study

5.5. Suggest potential areas of future Suggest potential areas of future studies.studies.

2.3 Points to Remind2.3 Points to Remind

►Your conclusion should be positive.Your conclusion should be positive.►Summarization should be brief.Summarization should be brief.►Limitations should mostly concerned with Limitations should mostly concerned with

methodology.methodology.►Recommendations should be based on Recommendations should be based on

the limitations of your study. the limitations of your study.