Lecture 4 Lecture 4 (Es 200)(Es 200)

Solid Waste ManagementSolid Waste Management

Centre for Environmental Science and EngineeringIIT Bombay

What is solid Waste?

• Solid wastes are the wastes arising from human activities and are normally solid as opposed to liquid or gaseous and are discarded as useless or unwanted. Focused on urban waste (MSW) as opposed to agricultural, mining and industrial wastes.

• Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is the term applied to all the activities associated with the management of society's wastes.

• In medieval times, wastes discarded in the streets led to the breeding of rats and the associated fleas which carried the bubonic plague. The lack of management of solid wastes thus led to the Black Plague which killed half of 14th century Europe.

• Solid wastes also have a great potential to pollute the air and water. * Mining tailings from iron, gold and silver mines will probably being spilling arsenic into the water supply forever.

* Materials Flow - The best way to reduce solid wastes is not to create them in the first place. Others methods include: decrease consumption of raw material and increase the rate of recovery of waste materials.

* Technological advances - Increased use of plastics and fast, pre-prepared foods.

* Life style changes. Use and throw culture.

•Solid waste management is the control of :- generation, materials are identified as being no longer value- storage, management of wastes until they are put into a container- collection, gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials and the transport of these materials where the collection vehicle is emptied. - processing, source separated (at the home) vs. commingled (everything together) is a big issue. Includes: physical processes such as shredding and screening, removal of bulky material, and chemical and biological processes such as incineration and composting.- transfer and transport, small trucks to the biggest trucks allowable- disposal of solid waste, landfilling with or without attempting to recover resources.

W aste G e ne ratio n

W aste handling, se paratio n,s to rage and pro c e ss ingat the so urc e

Co lle c tio n

Transfe r and Transpo rt

D ispo sal

Se paratio n and pro c e ss ingand transfo rm atio n o fso lid was te

• in a manner that is in accord with:

• - public health, economics,engineering, conservation, aesthetics, public attitudes

MSW, Municipal Solid Waste, is the primary focus of this lecture,which excludes industrial, mining and agricultural wastes. A. Residential and Commercial

Residential:Generated by me and you: Organic (combustible) and inorganic (non-combustible), food, paper, garden trimmings, glass, white goods, waste oil, spent cans of insecticide.

Commercial: stores, restaurants, hotels, car repair: paper, plastic.Putrescible, wastes that will decompose rapidly primarily food.

Plastics- Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE)- High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Special Wastes:- Bulky items: furniture, lamps.- Electronics- Major appliances (white goods)- Batteries, oil and tires

Household hazardous wastes:- paint- cleaners

B. Institutional and othersGenerated by government buildings, schools, prisons and

hospitals. Does not include medical wastes which are typically incinerated and manufacturing wastes from prisons.

Construction and Demolition. Road repair, sewer jobs, renovations: wood, concrete, steel, shingles, electrical parts.

Municipal Services. Street cleaning, parks, catch basins: trimmings, food, paper, sweepings, dead animals, abandoned vehicles.

Water or WW Treatment Plant Sludges.C. Industrial Wastes

Excludes process and hazardous wastes (Next Lecture).Stone, clay and glass products from the manufacture of flat glass etc., yielding glass, gypsum (sulfur source) abrasives, etc.D. Agricultural Wastes

Enormous quantities from planting, harvesting from row, field, tree and vine crops and animal husbandry, feedlots.

URBAN SOLID WASTE Indian Scenario

0

200

400

600

800

1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020

DAILY PER CAPITA WASTE GENERATION (gram)

0

50

100

150

1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020

TOTAL WASTE GENERATED (miilion tonne)

0

20

40

60

80

1947 1997 2005 2010 2015 2020

AREA UNDER LANDFILL (thousand of ha)

HOW THE MONEY SPENT

65%

30%

5%

COLLECTION TRANSPORTATION DISPOSAL

CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS

COMPOST

5%

OTHERS

1%

OPEN YARD

DUMPING

94%

Typical Composition & Properties of Indian MSW

Organic Fraction/Bio-mass : 35.00 %Woody Bio-mass : 15.00 %Paper : 05.00 %Rags/Textiles : 05.00 %

Plastic : 00.05 %? Rubber etc. : 04.85 %Glass : 00.05 %Metals : 00.05 %

Stones : 20.00 %Sand/Earth etc. : 15.00 %----------------------------------------------------------Moisture Content (%) : 50.00Bulk Density (MT/m3) : 0.4-0.6Gross Calorific Value (kcal/kg) : 800

Challenges - National

Absence of an integrated approach to system developmentIncrease in waste volumesIncrease in the nature of post-consumer itemsChanges in consumption habitsLimited land space for landfillingIncreasing cost of new technologiesInappropriate application of non-modular technologies “End of the pipeline” approach to solutionsLack of sustainability of proposed systems

Urbanisation And Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Case Study Of Mumbai

Sarika KansalIGIDR, Mumbai

Municipal Solid Waste Management of Mumbai

• Information taken from a presentation from IGIDR

Different types of Solid Waste

   

Municipal Solid Waste   

Industrial Solid Waste    

Hazardous Solid Waste   

  

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mumbai

• MCGB • Bombay Municipal Corporation (B.M.C.) Act

1888.• 6256 tones per day waste generated in Mumbai.• Per capita waste generated is 0.450 kg, highest in

Indian cities• One of the best waste management systems in

India.

Waste Disposal Options

• Sanitary Land-filling (Open Dump) method

• Composting and Vermi-composting

• Incineration

• Pelletization

• Gasification / Pyrolysis

• Anaerobic treatment of solid waste

• Conversion to biogas

Landfill sites (Open dumps) in Mumbai

Location Area(Hectares) Quantity received in TPD

Deonar 111 3140

Mulund 25.20 275

Chincholi 19.22 1163

Gorai 14.5 424

Formal and Informal sector in SWM

• Formal sector: Municipality • Staff – 39,845• Collection efficiency – 90% (Municipal Data)• Informal sector: Rag pickers • 1,00,000 rag pickers• Collect 25 % (excluding debris)• Sell reusable of value Rs. 900 million every year• No coordination between two sectors

Composition of MSW in Mumbai

Composition of Municipal solid waste in Mumbai

15%0.75%

0.80%

0.40%

35%

37.50%

10.55%

Paper and cardboard

Plastics

Metals (ferrous)

Glass

Sand & fine earth

Compostable matter

Others

Budget Provision for Solid Waste Management Services in Mumbai

250 247314 350

400

0

100

200

300

400

500

1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000

2000-2001

Year

Rs

. c

rore

Problems of MSW Management in Mumbai

• Overflowing Community Bins

• Waste littering in many places

• Waste Management services not satisfactory

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PIL ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Given the serious condition of urban SWM, a PIL was

filed in the Supreme Court in 1996.• Supreme Court direction to submit report of SWM to

all the states.• Supreme Court Constituted ‘Burman Committee’ to

review the SWM situation & give recommendations.• Burman Committee submitted report in 1999 to the SC.• Urban Local Bodies were given directives to implement

the recommendation of Burman Committee.

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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES,2000

• Ministry of Environment & Forest, GOI, formulated these

rules (under Environment Protection, Act, 1986) on the

directives of SC in terms of Burman Committee

recommendation.• ULBs are responsible for the waste segregation, collection,

transportation, process & management.• The responsibility for implementation of these rules is

enstructed to Secretary, Chief for Municipal Corporations

& District Collectors for the Municipal Councils.

6

TIME-BOUND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF THESE RULES

COMPLIANCE CRITERIA SCHEDULE

• Setting up of waste processing by 31.12.2003 and disposal facilities or earlier• Monitoring the performance of Once in six months waste processing and disposal facilities• Improvement of existing landfill By 31.12.2001 sites in terms of these rules or earlier• Identifications of landfill sites for By 31.12.2002 future use and making sites ready or earlier for operation.

SWM SCENARIO IN MAHARASHTRTAQUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED PER DAY

IN SOME MAJOR ULBs ULBULB M.T./DAYM.T./DAYPUNE 1000NAGPUR 700THANE 650 KALYAN -DOMBIVALI 550 NAVI MUMBAI 400SOLAPUR 350BHIVANDI- NIZAMPUR 320PIMPARI-CHINCHWAD 310

AURANGABAD 300

SOLID WASTE COLLECTION & TRANSPORTATION FACILITY IN SOME ULBs

M.Corp. Percentage M.Council PercentageKOLHAPUR 72.7 ACHALPUR 40.0 PUNE 75.0 SATARA 60.0SOLAPUR 75.0 BARSHI 66.70 SANGLI-MIRAJ 81.3 JALNA 71.4AMRAVATI 87.0 PANVEL 77.8 AKOLA 83.0 LATUR 79.2 KALYAN-DOMB. 81.8 BEED 80.0AHMADNAGAR 85.5 ICHALKARANGI 84.6(Big Council) GONDIYA 87.5

• Centralized Disposal of municipal solid waste is done by all ULBs.

• Scientific processing / disposal is done by only a

few ULBs, and that too, only partially.

• Only Nashik city has developed processing

infrastructure at landfill site.

• Pune city’s infrastructure development work at

landfill site is in progress.