Lecture 4Bodiversity

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Principles of the division and classification of:

1- Viruses2- Bacteria3- Algae4- Plant

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What is biodiversity?

Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is used to refer to the variability among living organisms.

It means the differences in plant and animalspecies, and its associated genetic diversity and assembly of organisms.

It includes: genetic diversity

species diversity ecosystem diversity

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Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

The prokaryotes are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, bound by a double membrane.

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA

Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Classification of Viruses:-1

6Structure of Virus

Classification of Viruses:-1A - DNA viruses

Nucleic acid typeExamples Virus Family

ds-DNASmallpox virusPoxviridae

ds-DNAHepatitis B virusHepadnaviridae

ds-DNApapillomavirusPapovaviridae

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Smallpox virus

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Hepatitis B virus

DNA viruses

Nucleic acid typeExamplesVirus Family

ss(+) RNAYellow fever virusFlaviviridae

ss(-)RNAMeasles virus, Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae

ss(+) RNARhino virusPicornaviridae

B- RNA Viruses

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RNA viruses

Rhino virusMeasles virus

Classification of Bacteria-2

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- Kingdom Monera- Organisms with unicellular prokaryotic cells.- Classified into:A– Gram negative bacteria B – Gram positive bacteria

Classification of Bacteria-2

GenusCharacteristicCell Shape

Neisseria , VeilonellaAerobicCocci

ShigellaSalmonellaFacultative anaerobic Bacilli

A – Gram Negative bacteria

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GenusCharacteristicsCell Shape

StaphylococcusMicrococcusSpherical shape in clustersCocci

Bacillus Clostridium

Aerobic Sporing Anaerobic SporingBacilli

Classification of Bacteria-2

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Positive bacteria-Gram-B

Shapes of bacterial cells

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Classification of algae -3

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1- CYANOBACTERIA (blue-green algae). Ex; Nostoc

2- CHLOROPHYTA (green algae) Ex; Spirogyra

3- BACILLARIOPHYTA (diatoms)

4- CHAROPHYTA (stoneworts)

5- CHRYSOPHYTA (golden algae)

6- DINOPHYTA (dinoflagellates)

7- PHAEOPHYTA (brown algae)

8- RHODOPHYTA (red algae)

Classification of algae -3

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Nostoc Spirogyra

Diatoms

• Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, autotrophs.

• Plant cell has cell wall and chloroplasts.• Plants supply oxygen and are the ultimate

source of most food eaten by land animals

Land plants evolved from green algae• Green algae called charophytes are the closest

relatives of land plants, as they share the above traits with plants.

plant of Classification -4

→ Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue into:

1. Vascular plants, the plants that have vascular tissue and grouped into:

→ Seedless vascular plants (ex. Ferns)→ Seed plants, grouped into:

-Angiosperms (flowering plants ex: Orange)- Gymnosperms (ex: Pine)

2. Nonvascular plants: that do not have vascular tissues.Their life cycle has two generations: Sporophyte & Gametophyte. ex. Mosses (Funaria)

Nonvascular plants Ex: Funaria

Seedless vascular plants Ex: Fern

Angiosperms Ex: Orange

Gymnosperms Ex: Pine

Quiz:Give an example of each of the following: Gymnosperms Nonvascular plants Blue-green algae Gram- Positive bacteria, cocci Gram- Negative bacteria, Bacilli DNA viruses Unicellular prokaryotic organism