Lecture 13 - 14: Introduction to GIT (Focusing on ArcGIS)

Geographic Information System (GIS)

By: Md. ESRAZ-Ul-ZannatAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Urban and Regional PlanningKhulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh

Date: 08 March 2015 1

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Acknowledgement

These slides are aggregations for better understanding of

the topic mentioned in the previous slide . I

acknowledge the contribution of all the authors and

photographers from where I tried to accumulate the info

and used for better presentation.

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Topics to be Covered by this Presentation

A brief history of GIS

Major Events that Shaped GI

History: Computers

The Evolution of Geotechnology

Widening gap in the GIS User Community

GIS Innovation/development cycles

GIS is Evolving

Creating a Digital Earth

Main GIS Software Providers

Types of GIS Users

GIS Users (% of all users by discipline)

Worldwide GIS software sales by application

ArcGIS System

Introduction to GIT

(Geographic Information Technology)

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A brief history of GIS

The era of innovation1960s – 70s

The era of commercialization1980s – 90s

The era of exploitationThe 21st century

Introduction to GIT

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Date Type EventThe Era of Innovation

1963 Technology CGIS development initiated1963 General URISA established 1964 Academic Harvard lab established1966 Academic SYMAP first raster GIS is created by

Harvard researchers1967 Technology DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding)

developed, for 1970 census1969 Commercial ESRI Inc. formed1969 Commercial Intergraph Inc. formed1969 Academic Design with nature published1972 Technology Landsat 1 launched1974 Academic Autocarto 1 Conference1977 Academic Topological Data Structures Conference

Major Events that Shaped GI

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Date Type EventThe Era of Commercialization

1981 Commercial Arc Info launched1984 Academic Basic readings in GIS published1985 Technology GPS operational1986 Academic Principles of GIS for Land Resources

Assessment published1986 Commercial MapInfo. Corp. formed1987 Academic International journal of GIScience

introduced1987 General Chorley Report1988 General GISWorld begins1988 Technology TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic

Encoding and Referencing) announced1988 Academic US and UK research centers announced1991 Academic Big Book 1 published

Major Events that Shaped GI

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Date Type EventThe Era of Commercialization

1992 Technical DCW released1994 General executive ordered by president Clinton1995 General OpenGIS Consortium born1996 Technology Internet GIS products introduced1997 Commercial Map Quest1999 General GIS Day

The Era of Exploitation1999 Commercial IKONOS2000 Commercial GIS passes $7 bn2000 General GIS has 1 million user2002 General Launch of online National Atlas of the

US2003 General Launch of online national

statistics for the UK

Major Events that Shaped GI

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Date Type EventThe Era of Exploitation

2003 General Launch of geospatial one-stop (US federal e-government)

2004 General National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA) formed

2006 Technology Launch of Google Earth2007 Commercial Pitney Bowes purchased MapInfo

($408 million)2007 Commercial Navtech was purchased by Nokia (street

data provider, $8.1 billion)2008 Commercial TeleAtlas purchased by TomTom (street

data provider, $2.9 billion)

Major Events that Shaped GI

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●Computer hardware developed the capacity toprovide cartographic output

●Computer systems became more robust in termsof speed & memory

●Computers become smaller & cheap

History: Computers

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●Late1950s, Transportation planners begindigitizing flow & traffic data–mapping

●Late1950s, University of Washington Geographystudents begin quantitative revolution whichincludes developing spatial statistics, analyticaloperations & computer-aid mapping

– heavy on spatial operations & mapping

History: Computer Events

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• Mid 1960s, Canadian Geographic Information Systemdeveloped to inventory land and resources, as well as ratehabitats• Conceptual Innovations

• database structure• overlay/area calculations• vectorization• layers• differentiating spatial & attribute

• Technical Innovations• scanning as data entry• query polygon

• Minnesota Office of Planning: Land Management InformationSystem–like CGIS

History: Administrative/Government

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• U.S. Census• development of digital enumeration districts (1960s)• Geocoding for address matching• Geographic base files using Dual Independent Map

Encoding (DIME)files developed for 1970 census• DIME files were urban only pre-cursors to TIGER• Creation of popular Urban Census Atlas were a by-

product of DIME

History: Administrative/Government

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• U.S. military was developing raster

• based capabilities associated with satellite imagery &air photo

• The popular and freely distributed package GRASSdeveloped by Army Corps of Engineers is an example

• Today, the on-going development of GRASSsoftware is a collaborative project between publicand private sector users, as well as university-based researchers.

• Military developments has slowly made it to thecommercial market

History: Military/Government

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• Harvard Laboratory For Computer Graphics And Spatial Analysis (a.k.a. Harvard Graphics)

• developed numerous software packages• SYMAP (1964)• CALFORM (late 1960s) • SYMVU (late 1960s) • GRID (late 1960s) • POLYVRT (early 1970s)• ODYSSEY (mid 1970s)

History: Education

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• Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) created in 1969

• Jack Dangermond built on Harvard Graphics developments

• overtime, ESRI built on the successes of many other software companies it purchased and/or hire away their staff

• By the 1980s, ESRI had created a standard RDMS-based structure

• the integrated cartographic (arc) & RDMS (info) system was to becalled Arc/Info

• Intergraph Corporation

• Closely associated with federal contracts, particularly defense

• A spin-off of former IBM Federal Systems Division employees working on NASA/USAF Saturn Rocket-development in Huntsville, AL

• Initially, CAD--but developed into a GIS

History: Commercial

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• Contemporary development is driven by commercialsector

• De-classification of military applications & data leadingto proliferation of GIS

• University-based development limited

• Commercial sector continues to consolidate. ESRI isthe single most prominent GIS provider

• Government Agencies taking the lead on datastandardization, decreased redundancy, and datasharing

History: Commercial, Government & Education

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● The evolution of geotechnology community has broadened itsmembership in members, interests, background and depth ofunderstanding

The Evolution of Geotechnology

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Widening gap in the GIS User Community

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GIS Innovation/development cycles

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Projects Systems Networks

Integrated Coordinated Cooperative

. . . Moving to the Internet and Web Services

GIS is Evolving

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. . . A Nervous System for Spaceship Earth

Measuring and Integrating Spatial and ThematicInformation

Creating a Digital Earth

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Autodesk ESRI Intergraph MapInfo GE SmallwoldProfessional AutoCAD/World ArcInfo GeoMedia Pro Mapinfo Professional Smallworld GIS

Desktop World ArcView, ArcGIS GeoMedia MapInfo Professional Spatial intelligence

Viewer AutoCAD LT ArcExplorer GeoMedia Viewer ProViewer Custom

CAD AutoCAD MAP ArcCAD * * Part of Smallworld GIS

Hand-held OnSite ArcPad In development MapXtend Scount

Component * MapObjects Part of GeoMedia MapX, MapJ Part of Smallworld GIS

DB server Vision ArcSDE Uses Oracle Spatial SpatialWare Part of Smallworld GIS

Internet MapGuide ArcIMS GeoMedia Web Map MapXtreme and Smallworld internetand Web Enterprise MapXsite application server

* Featured in several products

Product families of main GIS software providers

Main GIS Software Providers

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Software for GIS: The Main Players

• ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA• clear market leader with about a third of the market• originated commercial GIS with their ArcInfo product in 1981• privately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the field • Strong in gov., education, utilities and business logistics

• MapInfo, Troy N.Y.• Aggressive newcomer in early 1990s, but now well-established.• Strong presence in business, especially site selection & marketing, and telecom

• Intergraph (Huntsville, AL)• origins in proprietary CAD hardware/software• Older UNIX-based MGE (Modular GIS Environment) evolved from CAD • Current GeoMedia was the first true MS Windows-based GIS• strong in design, public works, and FM (facilities management), but weakening

• Bentley Systems (Exton, PA)• MicroStation GeoGraphics, originally developed with Intergraph, is now their exclusive and

main product..• Strong in engineering; advertises itself as “geoengineering”

• Autodesk (San Rafael, CA)• Began as PC-based CAD, but now the dominant CAD supplier• First GIS product AutoCAD Map introduced in 1996• Primarily small business/small city customer base

The main two “pure GIS”

companies.

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Software for GIS: other players

Vector GIS• Smallworld Systems

(Englewood, CO)• first to use OO (early ‘90s),

but failed to compete as established vendors did same

• Purchased by GE in 2000

• emphasis on FM & utilities

• Manifold (CDA International Corp):

• low cost, but low market share

• Maptitude(Caliper Corp, Newton, MA):

• another low cost one

Raster GIS• ERDAS/Imagine

– long established leader– acquired by Leica Geosystems in 2001

• ER MAPPER– aggressive newcomer originating in Australia

• Envi,– relative newcomer, radar specialization– acquired by Kodak in 2000

• PCI--Geomatica – long-term Canadian player

• CARIS – newer Canadian entry

• GRASS (Rutgers Univ.)– Classic old-timer originally developed by US

Army Construction Engineering Research Lab(CERL) in Champaign, IL;

– army ended dev. & support in 1996 but assumed by Baylor University.

• IDRSI (Clark Univ)– pioneering, university-developed package

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ESRI Product Line-up: ArcGIS client products (Fall 2007)

ArcReader (“adobe acrobat” for maps) & ArcExplorer (spatial data viewer) • Free viewers for geographic data.

ArcGIS 9.x Desktop: two primary modules (MS only)1. ArcMap: for data display, map production, spatial analysis, data editing2. ArcCatalog: for data management and previewArcToolbox, for specialized data conversions and analyses, available as a window in both

Available capabilities within these modules are “tiered” in three levels• ArcView: viewing, map production, spatial analysis, basic editing:• ArcEditor: ArcView, plus specialized editing:• ArcInfo: ArcView & ArcEditor plus special analyses and conversions:

Extensions: for special apps.: Spatial Analyst, 3D Analyst, Geostatistics, Business Analyst, etc.ArcObjects: to build specialized capabilities within ArcMap or ArcCatalog using VB for Applications

ArcGIS Workstation (for UNIX and MS)• the old command line ArcInfo 7.1

ArcGIS Engine (MS NT/2000/XP)• Set of embeddable GIS components (ArcObjects software objects) for use in building custom

applications• Runs under Windows, Unix and Linux, with support for Java, C++, COM and .NET• Replaces MapObjects which were based upon a previous generation of GIS objects

Notes:ArcView 3.3 the only GUI option for UNIX.ArcGIS 8 released 2000 to integrate two previous standalone products: ArcView and ArcInfoArcGIS 9 released 2004 providing the full capability that should have been in ArcGIS 8!!!

--full support for all data types (coverages, shapefiles, geodatabases)--full support for all previous geoprocessing analyses --Modelbuilder for scripting and repetitive processing--ArcEngine for building custom applications 26

ArcGIS Server: three tiers of capabilityData services: ArcSDE (Spatial Database Engine)

• middleware to support spatial data storage in standard DBMS on server • Supports all major industry databases:

• Oracle, SQL-Server, IBM DB2, IngresMap services: ArcIMS (Internet Map Server)

• Provides maps and simple query to a user without a desktop GIS• Accessed via web interface

Analytic services: • Permits the creation of server-based specialized GIS applications• Provides full range of GIS capabilities to a user without a desktop GIS • Accessed via web interface

(prior to 9.2 these were sold as three separate products)

ArcGIS On-line Services• On-line services made available on the Internet with a subscription• Normally charged on a “per transaction” basis, but can be flat fee

• built and operated by ESRI (or other others), usually based on ArcGIS Server

ESRI Product Line-up: ArcGIS server products (Fall 2007)

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Types of GIS Users

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GIS Users (% of all users by discipline)

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Worldwide GIS software sales by application

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1999 Worldwide GIS Market Shares

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2000 Worldwide GIS Market Shares

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● ArcGIS System

ArcGIS desktop is part of a larger system (ArcGIS system) which includes

ArcSDE (Spatial Database Enginge) and ArcIMS (Internet Map Server)

ArcGIS System

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ArcGIS System

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● How data are stored in ArcGIS

● Components of ArcGIS – ArcMap, ArcCatalog andArcToolbox

● GIS on the Web – ArcGIS Server, ArcGIS Online,

● Extensions of ArcGIS – spatial analyst, geostatisticalanalyst and 3D analyst

ArcGIS System

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Desktop GIS

Desktop, Server, Web

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ArcGIS Desktop

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ArcGIS Server

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ArcGIS Desktop

Local

Web

Enterprise

Next 4 slides from Scott Morehouse, ESRI

Workstation-centered GIS

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ArcGISServer

Enterprise-centered GIS

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ArcGISOnline

Web-centered GIS

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ArcGISOnline

ArcGISDesktop

ArcGISServer

An Integrated Systems Approach

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1. These products have the same interface and share much oftheir functionality. ArcEditor does everything ArcView does andgoes beyond it; ArcInfo does everything ArcEditor does andgoes beyond it

2. ArcEditor can create and edit certain spatial data formats, butArcView can not

3. ArcInfo can edit more spatial data formats, with a ArcInfoworkstation together

Family of ArcGIS Desktop

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There are 5 basic ArcGIS desktopmodules. Each module contains adifferent methods of dealing withyour GIS data. Those modules are:

ArcView

ArcEditorArcInfo

ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcScene ArcGlobe

1 2 3 4 5

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ArcGIS Desktop Modules

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ArcCatalog is used to browse,organize, distribute anddocument your GIS data.Geoprocessing can also beperformed.ArcMap is used to create, view,query, edit, compose andpublish mapsArcToolbox is for processingand analyzing your data. It isnow an integrated part ofArcMap and ArcCatalog thatappears as a dockable window

Structure of ArcGIS Desktop

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Create maps

Viewand edit data

Analyze data(Geoprocessing)

Arc Map

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View data (like Windows Explorer)

Graphicalpreviews

Metadata

Tables

Arc Catalog

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Map Projections

Tools for commonly used tasks

Arc Toolbox

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Toolbox tools linked together using the model builder to automate data processing

Geo-Processing

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● Interactive “Fish tank” view

● Good for a small scale range

● Best at rendering geometry

ArcScene

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● Interactive Global and 3D viewing

● Optimized to multi-scale viewing

● Great for very large raster data

● Also support vector and 3D symbols

ArcGlobe

Basic, Standard, and Advanced (formerly ArcView, ArcEditor, andArcInfo) are licensing levels for ArcGIS for Desktop applications.

Basic provides data visualization, query, analysis, and integrationcapabilities along with the ability to create and edit simplegeographic features.

Standard includes all the functionality of Basic and adds acomprehensive set of tools to create, edit, and ensure thequality of your data.

Advanced includes all the functionality of Standard and addsadvanced spatial analysis, data manipulation, and high-endcartography tools.

ArcMap and ArcCatalog are the core applications delivered withall licensing levels of ArcGIS for Desktop; ArcScene and ArcGlobeare part of the ArcGIS 3D Analyst extension.

ArcGIS for Desktop Basic, Standard, and Advanced

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MilitaryAnalyst

ImageAnalysis

Schematics

ArcScan

Many Specialist Tools

Integrated into Common Framework

StreetMap

TrackingAnalyst

ArcGISDesktop

GeostatisticalAnalyst

BusinessAnalyst

ArcPress

SpatialAnalyst

PublisherSurveyAnalyst

Maplex

3D Analyst

3rd Party Extensions

ArcGIS Extensions

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Extensions add more capabilities to ArcGIS for Desktop with extensions.

Analysis Key Benefits

Note: Unless noted, extensions can be used with ArcGIS for Desktop Basic, Standard, and Advanced.*Requires ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced**Requires ArcGIS for Desktop Standard or Advanced

ArcGIS 3D Analyst Analyze your data in a realistic perspective.

ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst Use advanced statistical tools to investigate your data.

ArcGIS Network Analyst Perform sophisticated routing, closest facility, and service area analysis.

ArcGIS Schematics Represent and understand your networks to shorten decision cycles.

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Derive answers from your data using advanced spatial analysis.

ArcGIS Tracking Analyst Reveal and analyze time-based patterns and trends in your data.

Business Analyst Online Reports Add-In

Directly access demographic reports and data from Business Analyst Online (BAO) for trade areas and sites created in the desktop.

Productivity Key Benefits

ArcGIS Data Interoperability Eliminate barriers to data use and distribution.

ArcGIS Data Reviewer Automate, simplify, and improve data quality control management.

ArcGIS Publisher Freely share your maps and data with a wide range of users.

ArcGIS Workflow Manager** Better manage GIS tasks and resources.

ArcScan for ArcGIS(included with ArcGIS for Desktop Standard and Advanced)

Increase efficiency and speed up raster-to-vector data conversion time.

Maplex for ArcGIS(included with ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced)

Create maps that communicate more clearly with automatically positioned text and labels.

Solution Based Key Benefits

ArcGIS Defense Solutions(includes ArcGIS Military Analyst, Grid Manager, and MOLE)

Create workflows, processes, and symbology to support defense and intelligence planning.

Esri Aeronautical Solution* Use the full power of GIS to efficiently manage aeronautical information.

Esri Defense Mapping* Efficiently manage defense specification-compliant products.

Esri Nautical Solution* A GIS-based platform for nautical data and chart production.

Esri Production Mapping** Standardize and optimize your GIS production.

Esri Roads and Highways** Easily manage, visualize, and analyze transportation networks.

ArcGIS Extensions

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3D Analyst (ArcMap)

- ArcScene

- ArcGlobe

Spatial Analyst (ArcMap) as well

Extensions for 3D Data

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● Interactive 3D and Global viewing

● Construction and analysis of 2.5D TIN and raster surfaces

● Creation of 3D vector feature

● 3D animation

● Support for textured 3D symbols

3D Analyst

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● Integrated raster and vector spatial analysis tools.

● Extension product that adds functionality to ArcMap,ArcToolbox, and ArcObjects

● Over 300 functions and operators

● Analysis on all raster formats

● Analysis on all vector formats

● Full support of selections

● On the fly projections

● Great developer tools

Spatial Analyst Extension

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Topics Covered by this Presentation

A brief history of GIS

Major Events that Shaped GI

History: Computers

The Evolution of Geotechnology

Widening gap in the GIS User Community

GIS Innovation/development cycles

GIS is Evolving

Creating a Digital Earth

Main GIS Software Providers

Types of GIS Users

GIS Users (% of all users by discipline)

Worldwide GIS software sales by application

ArcGIS System

What We Learnt

Understanding of the available GIS technology and detailsof ArcGIS technology.

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What Next?

Lecture 15 - 16:GIS Data Sources and Applications in

Bangladesh