Lecture 11 LNG Import Terminals R2 - FIT Staffwebstaff.fit.ac.cy/eng.ap/FALL2016/MOE506/Lecture 11 LNG Import... · • FSRU -Floating Storage and ... ... Lecture 11 LNG Import Terminals

29/11/2016

1

Energoil

Consulting

Liquefaction Processes

Lecture 11

LNG Import Terminals

Slide 1© Dr. Richard J Barnes 2013

Energoil

Consulting


Types of Terminal


29/11/2016

2

Energoil

Consulting

Existing LNG Terminals

Operational in 2008

Japan 32 Brazil 2

USA 12 Chile 2

China 8 Italy 2

Spain 7 Taiwan 2

UK 5 Turkey 2

India 4 Belgium 1

South Korea 4 Greece 1

France 3 Canada 1

Mexico 3 Puerto Rica 1

Portugal 1

Total 93


Energoil

ConsultingTerminal Location

Terminal may be located:

• On the mainland (most common).

• On an island.

• On a platform.

• On a dedicated vessel.


29/11/2016

3

Energoil

ConsultingMainland Terminal

• Requires deep water port.

• Easy access to export trunkline.

• Construction cost relatively low.

• Can be difficult to get planning approval -locals may object.

Source: www.ch-IV.com


Energoil

ConsultingIsland Terminal

• Requires deep water port.

• Access to export trunkline includes subsea link.

• Construction cost relatively low.

• Can be easier to get planning approval.

Source: tritonsa.gr


29/11/2016

4

Energoil

ConsultingPlatform Terminal

• Deep water alongside.

• Could use old oil platform.

• Less planning problems.

• Requires subsea connector to land.Source: fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu


Energoil

ConsultingDedicated Vessel

• FSRU - Floating Storage and Regasification Unit.

• Same benefits as offshore platform terminal.

• Provides storage.

• LNG tanker is not delayed in turnaround.

Source: fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu

Source: http://www.excelerateenergy.com/downloads/Excelerate_teesside_08.pdf


29/11/2016

5

Energoil

Consulting


Marine Facilities


Energoil

ConsultingMarine Facilities

• Deep water channel required, typically about 17 m minimum.

• Adequate manoeuvring space, typically twice vessel length.

• Adequate tug support.

• Potential to close port whilst LNG tanker is in port.


29/11/2016

6

Energoil

ConsultingLNG Tanker Manoeuvring


Source: http://www.porttechnology.org/images/sized/images/uploads/news/LNG_Tanker-600x0.jpg

Source: http://www.asianews.it/files/img/russia-LNG-tanker.preview.jpg

Source: http://dmn.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/CG-security-escort-for-tanker-Matthew.jpg

Energoil

Consulting


Offloading Rate


29/11/2016

7

Energoil

Consulting

• LNG tankers are normally loaded and offloaded in 24 hours.

• Cargo size is between 75,000 m3 and 160,000 m3.

• Offloading rate must be 6,700 m3/hr.

© Dr. Richard J Barnes 2013 Slide 13

Offloading Rate

Energoil

Consulting


Loading/Offloading Arms


29/11/2016

8

Energoil

Consulting

• Typical installation is:

– 2 or 3 liquid loading arms;

– 1 vapour return;

– 1 liquid/vapour spare.

• Each arm has a 5,000 m3/hr rate.


Loading Arms

Source: http://maritime-connector.com/ships_uploads/hilli-7382720-lng_tanker-port_-_dry_dock-566.jpg

Energoil

Consulting

• Each arm consists of:

– A riser pipe;

– An inboard arm;

– An outboard arm.

• Each section is vacuum insulated.

• Inner pipe is 16 to 24” diameter.

• Outer pipe is 20 to 28”.© Dr. Richard J Barnes 2013 Slide 16

Loading Arm Detail

29/11/2016

9

Energoil

Consulting

• Each arm section is about 9 m long.

• Design allows for ship movement due to tide, wind and cargo discharge.


Arm Flexibility

Source: Design and Construction SpecificationFor MARINE LOADING ARMS, (Third Edition –1999), OCIMF

Energoil

Consulting

• Each arm is fitted with safety devices.

• Quick connect/disconnect couplers (QCDC)

• Emergency release systems (ESRs).

• Position monitoring.


Arm Safety

Source: http://www.fmctechnologies.com/en/LoadingSystems/Technologies/ChiksanMarineLoadingSystems/~/media/LoadingSystems/Images/440_ChiksanMLA_LNGservice-280x240.ashx?bc=White&as=1&w=280

29/11/2016

10

Energoil

Consulting

• Provides easy positioning and quick connection to ship’s manifold.

• Hydraulic power supplied by marine arm.

• Operator can connect from a distance.


Quick Connect/Disconnect Couplers

Source: http://www.niigata-ls.co.jp/jp/products/loading_arm/marine/options/images/qcdc/img01_001.jpg

Energoil

Consulting

• Disconnects loading arm in case of fire, sudden tanker movement or other event.

• Two valves close and tanker is decoupled.

• Interlock prevents spillage.


Emergency Release Systems

Source: http://www.niigata-ls.co.jp/jp/products/loading_arm/marine/options/images/ers/img01_001.jpg

29/11/2016

11

Energoil

Consulting

• Provides real-time data on loading arm position.

• Monitors position of tanker and arms.

• Movement of tanker.

• Displays operating envelope and gives alarm on excursions.


Position Monitoring System

Source: http://www.niigata-ls.co.jp/jp/products/loading_arm/marine/options/images/pms/img01_001.jpg

Energoil

Consulting


Terminal Process Scheme


29/11/2016

12

Energoil

ConsultingTerminal Flow Scheme

Boil OffCompressor

VapourReturn Blower

VapourReturn Line

LNG Unloading Lines

LNG StorageTanks

First StageSendout Pumps

Second StageSendout Pumps

Recondenser

Vapouriser

Natural GasTrunk line


Energoil

Consulting


Terminal Storage


29/11/2016

13

Energoil

Consulting

• Tank can be 80-90 m diameter and 50 m high.

• Typical volume is 160,000 m3 up to 250,000 m3.

• Normally a minimum of two tanks at a terminal.


Terminal Tank Size

Source: http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/01/02/54/1025438_82c70921.jpg

Energoil

ConsultingLNG Storage Tanks

• Single containment.

• Double containment.

• Full containment.

• Membrane.

• In-ground storage.

• Standard tank size is now 160,000 m3.


29/11/2016

14

Energoil

ConsultingTank Choice

• Full containment more expensive than single containment.

• Extra area of single containment tanks may be too expensive or not available.

• Single containment tanks require larger fire fighting and vapour compression.

• Concrete full containment tanks provide increased protection against external events.

• In-ground tanks claimed to be better in seismically active areas (Japan has 76 in-ground tanks). Slide 27© Dr. Richard J Barnes 2013

Energoil

Consulting

• Receiving terminals built for winter period supply.

• Require sufficient tanks that one can be delivering to pipeline, whilst other is being filled.

• More tanks may be built to meet strategic demand and provide buffer storage.


Terminal Storage Capacity

29/11/2016

15

Energoil

Consulting


Types of Vaporiser


Energoil

ConsultingVapouriser Types

• Open Rack.

• Submerged Combustion.

• Shell and tube.

• Cold utilisation.


29/11/2016

16

Energoil

ConsultingOpen Rack Vaporiser

• Takes heat from seawater to vaporise LNG.

• Environmental restrictions on seawater return temperature.

• Biocide added to seawater to inhibit marine growth.

• Seawater can create corrosion problems.

Source: http://www.spp.co.jp/English/jigyou/ekika-e.html


Energoil

Consulting

Submerged Combustion

Vaporiser

• Heat is supplied by burning natural gas.

• Flame is submerged for direct heat transfer to the water heating medium.

• Water becomes corrosive because CO2 dissolves in it.

• No flame impingement or hot spots.

Source: http://www.spp.co.jp/English/jigyou/ekika-e.html


29/11/2016

17

Energoil

ConsultingShell and Tube

• Several different configurations;

• Seawater cooled indirectly by propane;

• Reduces risk of seawater freezing

• Also suitable for temperature recovery.Slide 33© Dr. Richard J Barnes 2013

Source: .kobelco.co.jp/english/machinery/products/ecmachinery/lng/ifv.html

Energoil

Consulting“Cold” Recovery

Low temperature used in other process:

• Cool air intake of CCGTG;

• Pre-cooling in air separation;

• Cold storage of frozen food;

• Refrigeration and industrial use;

• Production of CO2 and dry ice;

• Ethane and propane extraction and recovery.


29/11/2016

18

Energoil

Consulting


LNG Pumps


Energoil

Consulting

• Pumps in each storage tank deliver the LNG at about 7 barg.

• The pumps are installed from the top of the tank, so that no aperture is cut into the tank below liquid level.

• Several pumps are installed to give adequate spares.

• LNG is pumped around the loading lines to keep them cold.


In-tank Pumps

Source: http://www.nikkiso.com/products/pump/submerged/img/c04-1.jpg

29/11/2016

19

Energoil

Consulting

• Send-out pumps boost the LNG to pipeline pressure before the vaporiser.

• Due to the high head normally required, multi-stage, canned pumps are used.


Send-out Pumps

Source: http://www.lngexpress.com/lngl/Pres/TommyStone.pdf

Energoil

Consulting


Boil Off Gas


29/11/2016

20

Energoil

ConsultingVapour Disposal

• Vapour sent to tanker when unloading.

• Compressed, recondensed and fed to Second Stage Sendout Pumps.

• Compress and send direct to natural gas pipeline;

• Flare or vent.


Energoil

Consulting


BOG Liquefaction Schematic

From BOGCompression

Liquid ReturnTo Tank

HP BOG toPipeline

Compressor-Expander

After-Cooler

CompressorAfter-Cooler

TC

PC

29/11/2016

21

Energoil

Consulting


Meeting Gas Specification


Energoil

ConsultingGas Higher Heating Values


Gas BTU/SCF MJ/m3

Methane 1,010.0 37.708

Ethane 1,769.6 66.065

Propane 2,516.1 93.936

Nitrogen 0.0 0.0

29/11/2016

22

Energoil

ConsultingEffect of Ethane and Propane

• 20% ethane or 10% propane could be added to gas and still meet the CV specification.

• Wobbe specification limits addition to 5% ethane and 4% propane.


Energoil

ConsultingAddition of 5% Nitrogen

• Addition of inert gas decreases both CV and Wobbe.

• Up to 15% ethane can be added or 10% propane and still meet both specifications.


29/11/2016

23

Energoil

Consulting


Import Terminal

Cost Breakdown


Energoil

ConsultingTypical Cost Breakdown

Jetty 11%

Tanks 45%

Process 24%

Utilities 16%

General Facilities 4%

Total 100%


29/11/2016

24

Energoil

ConsultingCAPEX Estimate

• Dependent on soil conditions;

• Jetty length and need for dredging;

• Cost of land and area required;

• $70 - 150 / tpa capacity.

(Source: BG Group)


Energoil

Consulting


End of Presentation


Documents

Lecture 11 LNG Import Terminals R2 - FIT Staffwebstaff.fit.ac.cy/eng.ap/FALL2016/MOE506/Lecture 11 LNG Import... · • FSRU -Floating Storage and ... ... Lecture 11 LNG Import Terminals