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André BardowEnergy & Process Systems EngineeringETH Zurich
10.05.2021
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and UtilizationCO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 1
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
From molecules to sustainable life cycles
PROCESS
MOLECULE
THERMODYNAMICS
ECO SYSTEM
SUPPLY CHAINS
Anal
ysis
(Dire
ctPr
oble
m)
Design (Inverse Problem
)computer-aidedmolecular & design
automatedexperiments
conceptual process& systems design
Life cycleassessment
Power-to-Storage
Power-to-Chemicals
Power-to-Heat
Carbon capture,utilization & storage
2
https://epse.ethz.ch/
Energy and Process Systems Engineering
||
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU)
CO2
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 310.05.2021
||
CO2 utilization – Saving the Climate ?The Problem:
CO2-EmissionsThe Solution :
Captain CCU!
410.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
CO2
Reactants
minerals
CO2-based products
510.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2 utilization: The solution or a waste of time?
CO2-utilizationis always good !
CO2-utilization always bad !
vs.
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 610.05.2021
|| 10.05.2021
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to …
• analyze the thermodynamics of carbon capture & utilization (CCU)
• distinguish services offered by CCU
• evaluate CCU pathways based on the functional unit
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 7
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
CO2
Reactants
minerals
CO2-based products
810.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2 conversion - Stoichiometry
Carbon dioxide
WaterProductsReactor
910.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2 conversion - Stoichiometry
Carbon dioxide
Water
ProductsReactor
CO2 conversion starting from CO2 + water= inverted combustion
1010.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2 conversion: Minimal energy demand
Carbon dioxide
Waterisothermal-isobaric
Reactor
Products
Energy balance:
0 in out tH H Q P
Entropy balance
0 irrin out
QS S ST
reversible out inQ T S S
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 1110.05.2021
||
CO2 conversion: Minimal energy demand
revt out out in inP H TS H TS
0 revin out out in tH H T S S P
revt out inP G G „Gibbs energy “
R R RG H T S
from last slide:
> 0 = „energy supply needed“< 0 = „energy released“
1210.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2 conversion: ThermodynamicsReaction proceeds without energy supply ifGibbs Energy
reactants
products
10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 13
||
CO2 conversion: Thermodynamics
CO2+
CxHyOz
H2O
Gibbs energy
Molecule State / kJ/mol
O g 232
H g 203
C (Diamant) s 2,9
H2 g 0
O2 g 0
C (Graphit) s 0
NH3 g -16
CH4 g -51
CO g -137
CH3OH l -162
C2H5OH l -175
H2O g -229
H2O l -237
SO2 g -300
SO3 g -371
CO2 g -394H2SO4 l -690
0f G
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 1410.05.2021
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
Minimal energy demand for CO2 conversionProduct
Methane CH4 801Acetlyene C2H2 1227Ethen C2H4 1314Ethane C2H6 1442Propane C3H8 2074Butane C4H10 2703Octane (l) C8H18 5219Ethanol (l) C2H6O 1301
CO2 conversion starting from CO2 + water= inverted combustion= intrinsically energy-demanding 15
||
CO2 conversion – Supply ChainCarbon dioxide
Water
ProductsReactor
1610.05.2021
CaptureAir
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
Minimal energy demand: CO2 conversion vs. CO2 capture
Product
Methane CH4 148 801 5.4Acetlyene C2H2 296 1227 4.1Ethen C2H4 296 1314 4.4Ethane C2H6 296 1442 4.9Propane C3H8 445 2074 4.7Butane C4H10 593 2703 4.6Octane (l) C8H18 1186 5219 4.4Ethanol (l) C2H6O 296 1301 4.4
CO2 conversion starting from CO2 + water= 4-5 times the minimal energy demand of direct air capture 17
|| 10.05.2021
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to …
analyze the thermodynamics of carbon capture & utilization (CCU)
• distinguish services offered by CCU
• evaluate CCU pathways based on the functional unit
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 18
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
Good news for CCU : We do not care about thermodynamics
Oil39%
Gas21%
Electricity7%
Wood10%
District heating4%
Solar thermal0%
Heat pumps18%
Other1%
Residential Heating in CH (2017)
Data source: Bundesamt für Statistik
19
||
The vision: A sustainable world
10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 20
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
https://www.dbb-nrw.de
https://www.bayika.de https://www.ingenieur.de
https://www.studium-ratgeber.de
A sustainable world is more than clean electricity
21
||
https://www.dbb-nrw.de
https://www.bayika.de https://www.ingenieur.de
https://www.studium-ratgeber.de
CO2 utilization can contribute todefossilization of the material world
A sustainable world is more than clean electricityThe next challenge:
Defossilization of the material world
2210.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 1. Inverting combustionEnergy
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
+ H2O
2310.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 2. More efficient chemistryEnergy
Reactants
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
2410.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 3. MineralizationEnergy
minerals
O = C = O
2510.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
Reactants
minerals
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
+ H2O
2610.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 1. MineralizationEnergy
minerals
O = C = O
(Mg/Ca)XOYSiz + CO2 α (Mg/Ca)CO3+ β SiO2
Heat
HesamOstovari
storage(& utilization)
utilization
2710.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SE00190B
28
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
The carbon footprint of CO2 mineralization to cement substitutes
stor
age
utiliz
atio
n29
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
The carbon footprint of CO2 mineralization to cement substitutes
stor
age
utiliz
atio
n
• CO2 mineralization combines storage + utilization• GHG savings possible – even today !• benefit from substitution of current materials• product development crucial
30
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 31
ETH Spinoff: Neustark
DemolishedConcrete
ConcretePlant
Liquid CO2
RecycledConcrete
CO2CO2
1
2
3
4
https://www.neustark.com/
||
Status Quo:• Cement Market:
4.5 Gt/year
• CO2e emissions: 3.6 Gt CO2e/year
Miller, Vanderley Pacca, Horvath, (2018): Cement and Concrete Research 114, 115–124.
The potential for integrated CO2mineralization:
• 62% CO2e reduction= 2.3 Gt CO2e/year
• Energy demand: 4.37 GJ/ton CO2
3210.05.2021
Global cement production
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
Reactants
minerals
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
+ H2O
3310.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 2. More efficient chemistryEnergy
Reactants
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
3410.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2-based polymers: Project “Dream Production“
Scrubbing and supply of CO2
Process development and conversion of CO2
Fundamental researchLife Cycle Assessment
Production and testing of polyurethanes with CO2
von der Assen, Bardow, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3272
Niklas von der Assen
3510.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Chemical conversion of CO2: Dream Production
Energy
CO2
Epoxide
Polyols
Langanke et al., Green Chem.,2014,16,1865–1870
3610.05.2021
• CO2 replaces part of epoxides• better catalysis & reaction engineering
allows to produce the desired product properties
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
Dream Production: Life-cycle assessment
conventional polyol
kg CO2-eq /
(1.00 kg polyol +0.36 kWh electricity)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
CO2-based polyol
3.57
−0.47+0.08 3.03
Substitution ofraw materials
−0.15
CO2capture
3.5
Epoxides Epoxides
Epoxides
von der Assen, Bardow, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3272
37
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
Dream Production: Life-cycle assessment
conventional polyol
kg CO2-eq /
(1.00 kg polyol +0.36 kWh electricity)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
CO2-based polyol
3.57
−0.47+0.08 3.03
Substitution ofraw materials
−0.15
CO2capture
3.5
Epoxides Epoxides
Epoxides
1 kg CO2 as feedstock can save
3 kg of CO2 emissions
von der Assen, Bardow, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3272
38
||
Conclusions from CO2-based polymers
CO2 can substitute fossil resourcesand thereby reduce GHG emissions today
CO2 avoided can exceed the amount of CO2 utilized
more CO2-based polymers are becoming available(e.g. elastomers, see Meys, Kätelhön, Bardow, Green Chem., 2019, 21, 3334)
3910.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Status Quo:• polyurethane market:
33 Mt /year
• CO2e emissions: 164 Mt / year
R Geyer, JR Jambeck, KL Law. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv., 2017Zheng, Suh, "Strategies to reduce the global carbon footprint of plastics." Nature Climate Change (2019)
The potential for CO2–based polyurethanes:
• 20% CO2e reduction= 33 Mt CO2e/year
4010.05.2021
Global polyurethane production
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
Reactants
minerals
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
+ H2O
4110.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 3. Inverting combustionEnergy
Chemicals (& fuels)
O = C = O
+ H2O
4210.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2 Utilization in the Chemical Industry ArneKätelhön
RaoulMeys
Sarah Deutz
4310.05.2021https://www.petrochemistry.eu/about-petrochemistry/flowchart/ Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2 Utilization in the Chemical Industry
What is the large-scale potential of CCU in the chemical industry ?
20 basic chemicals = 75% of CO2 emissions of chemical industry
ArneKätelhön
RaoulMeys
Sarah Deutz
4410.05.2021https://www.petrochemistry.eu/about-petrochemistry/flowchart/ Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Methodology for determining CO2-Mitigation Potential
• Best Available Fossil Technologies• CO2-based production
(high- and low-TRL*) • Industrially validated database• 160 process with
engineering-level data
Mass & Energy Balances+ CO2 emissions
What is the large-scale potential of CCU in the chemical industry ?
20 basic chemicals = 75% of CO2 emissions of chemical industry
*TRL = Technology Readiness Level
Process Flowsheets
4510.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Methodology for determining CO2-Mitigation Potential
Superstructure modelwith 160 processes
s.t. Demand for 20 basic chemicals in 2030Given carbon footprint of electricity
min Greenhouse Gas emissions
4610.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Today: Fossil-based chemical industry
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821029116
4710.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2-based chemical industry
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
4810.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
• mass flows x 2.9• need for massive water supply
CO2-based chemical industry
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
4910.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Life cycle: Fossil-based vs CO2-based chemical industry
5010.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Life cycle: Fossil-based vs CO2-based chemical industry
Chemically identical products identical use phase and end-of-life no benefit from temporary storage (!!!) benefit change in raw materials & production usually no change at end of life = possibility to add CCS
5110.05.2021
Carbon storagepossible
O = C = O
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 52
Carbon-reducing vs. carbon-neutral vs. carbon-negative
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60-1.00
-0.75
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
-125
-150
-175
-200
today
future
h CO
2, re
mov
al in
%
fossil-based CH4
CDR - DAC waste heat
CDR - DAC heat pump
carbon-negative
carbon-reducing
carbon-increasing
carbon-neutral
CO 2-ba
sed C
H 4
Clim
ate
chan
ge fr
om c
radl
e-to
-gra
vein
kg
CO
2e /
kg C
O2 c
aptu
red
Climate change in kg CO2e / kWhelectricity
Win
dIc
elan
d Nor
way
Swed
enFr
ance
Glo
bal 2
050
Phot
ovol
taic
Switz
erla
ndFi
nlan
d
Can
ada
Den
mar
kG
loba
l 20
30
Aust
ria
Slov
enia
Uni
ted
King
dom
Italy
Ger
man
y
Deutz, Bardow, Nature Energy, 2021
Carbon-negative
Carbon-reducing
Carbon-increasing
impact of electricity
Sarah Deutz
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 53
Carbon-reducing vs. carbon-neutral vs. carbon-negative
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60-1.00
-0.75
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
-125
-150
-175
-200
today
future
h CO
2, re
mov
al in
%
fossil-based CH4
CDR - DAC waste heat
CDR - DAC heat pump
carbon-negative
carbon-reducing
carbon-increasing
carbon-neutral
CO 2-ba
sed C
H 4
Clim
ate
chan
ge fr
om c
radl
e-to
-gra
vein
kg
CO
2e /
kg C
O2 c
aptu
red
Climate change in kg CO2e / kWhelectricity
Win
dIc
elan
d Nor
way
Swed
enFr
ance
Glo
bal 2
050
Phot
ovol
taic
Switz
erla
ndFi
nlan
d
Can
ada
Den
mar
kG
loba
l 20
30
Aust
ria
Slov
enia
Uni
ted
King
dom
Italy
Ger
man
y
Deutz, Bardow, Nature Energy, 2021
Carbon-negative
Carbon-reducing
Carbon-increasing
impact of electricity
• Analysis of the full life cycle is important to achieve negative emissions• CO2 utilization can increase GHG emissions • CO2 utilization can decrease GHG emissions
Sarah Deutz
||
CO2-Mitigation Potential of CCU in the Chemical Industry
• CCU can lead to carbon-neutral
chemical industry
• GHG savings require
low-carbon electricity
additional electricity
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
5410.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Electricity need for CCU in the Chemical Industry
Cur
rent
glob
al e
lect
ricity
• GHG savings require a lot of
low-carbon electricity
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
5510.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
Reactants
minerals
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
+ H2O
• CO2 utilization can provide many services • CO2 utilization can reduce GHG emissions
5610.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
|| 10.05.2021
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to …
analyze the thermodynamics of carbon capture & utilization (CCU)
distinguish services offered by CCU
• evaluate CCU pathways based on the functional unit
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 57
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
The functional unit
58
|| 10.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
The functional unit – definition (ISO 14040)
“A system may have a number of possible functionsand the one(s) selected for a study depend(s) on the goal and scope of the LCA.
The functional unit defines the quantification of the identified functions (performance characteristics) of the product. The primary purpose of a functional unit is to provide a reference to which the inputs and outputs are related. This reference is necessary to ensure comparability of LCA results. Comparability of LCA results is particularly critical when different systems are being assessed, to ensure that such comparisons are made on a common basis.”
59
||
Electricity need for CCU in the Chemical Industry
Cur
rent
glob
al e
lect
ricity
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
Goal & Scope:
use renewable energyto most reduce GHG emissions
Goal & Scope:
produce all chemicalswith minimal environmental impacts
6010.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Power-to-CCU or Power-to-Something else? Renewable energies = limited resource
Sternberg, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 389
Which Power-to-X routeuses electricity best?
AndréSternberg
6110.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
P2X-EfficiencyWhich Power-to-X route uses electricity best?
P2X-Efficiency = ୖୣୢ୳ୡ୲୧୭୬ ୭ ୰ୣୣ୬୦୭୳ୱୣ ୟୱ (ୋୌୋ) ୣ୫୧ୱୱ୧୭୬ୱ୮ୣ୰ ୦ ୣ୪ୣୡ୲୰୧ୡ୧୲୷ ୳ୱୣୢ
GHGP2X GHGfossil
GHGReduction = GHGfossil − GHGP2X
1 MWh
electricityConventional
processproductPower-to-X (P2X)process
Sternberg and Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015,8, 389-400.
6210.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Power-to-Chemicals vs Power-to-X
• GHG savings require a lot of
low-carbon electricity
• Declining efficiency
• Power-to-Chemicals often less efficient
than Power-to-Heatand Power-to-Mobility
• but there are high efficiency opportunities
Sternberg, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 389Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
6310.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
Power-to-Chemicals vs Power-to-Cement
• GHG savings require a lot of
low-carbon electricity
• Declining efficiency
• Power-to-Chemicals often less efficient
than Power-to-Heatand Power-to-Mobility
• but there are high efficiency opportunities
Sternberg, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 389
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
6410.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
• Power-to-Chemicals from CO2 and H2O
intrinsicallyless efficient
than Power-to-CCS
Power-to-Chemicals vs Power-to-CCS
6510.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
https://www.dbb-nrw.de
https://www.bayika.de https://www.ingenieur.de
https://www.studium-ratgeber.de
Cement sector• Giga-ton potential• Challenge:
The right productfor market uptake
Chemicals• High value opportunities
for economicsand the environment
• Large-scale chemicalsintrinsically inefficient
… BUT:
Steel sector
CO2‘s contribution to defossilization of the material world ?
6610.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
... is more than clean electricity
... is more than CO2-neutral
The vision: A sustainable world
6710.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2-based fuels OME1: NOx & soot trade-off
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100 100:0
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100 35:65 100:0
Deutz, Bongartz, Heuser, Kätelhön, Schulze Langenhorst, Omari, Walters, Klankermayer, Leitner, Mitsos, Pischinger, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 331
6810.05.2021
Sarah Deutz
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
||
CO2-based fuels OME1: NOx & soot trade-off
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100 100:0
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100 35:65 100:0
Chemically differing fuel overcomes NOx & soot trade-off
Deutz, Bongartz, Heuser, Kätelhön, Schulze Langenhorst, Omari, Walters, Klankermayer, Leitner, Mitsos, Pischinger, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 331
6910.05.2021
Sarah Deutz
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
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The vision: A sustainable worldA sustainable world needs:1. clean electricity 2. a lot of clean electrictiy3. seriously, an awful lot of clean electricity
• Invest clean electricity where most efficient
• CO2 use is often not first choice to solve climate changebut CO2 provides a sustainable carbon feedstock with potential climate benefits:
Identify markets for products from CO2 mineralization Identify CO2-based chemicals with high benefits Exploit benefits of CO2-utilization beyond climate change Explore synergies with biomass & other carbon cycles
7010.05.2021Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization
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At the end of this lecture, you will be able to …
analyze the thermodynamics of carbon capture & utilization (CCU)
distinguish services offered by CCU
evaluate CCU pathways based on the functional unit
Lecture 11: Carbon Capture and Utilization 71