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Lecture 10. Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University. Lecture 10 American Commerce in the Early Republic. Capitalism advanced in the Early Republic with republican ideology which was friendly to commerce, banks, and manufacturing - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lecture 10American Commerce in the Early Republic
Capitalism advanced in the Early Republic with republican ideology which was friendly to commerce, banks, and manufacturing Both Federalists and Republicans
believed in capitalism and commerce The only major difference was the
Republican’s emphasis on agriculture and concern about government promotion of economic privilege
Yet both parties encouraged commerce through the promotion of transportation and commerce more generally and thought such intervention proper
Panic of 1819 Caused by collapse of agricultural
prices after the end of the Napoleonic Wars
Demonstrated how enmeshed merchants, farmer, artisans, and others had become in the capitalist system and market
Samuel Slater’s textile mill inPawtucket, Rhode Island
First textile mill in the U.S.
Lecture 10The Rise of Democracy
Americans in the Early Republic enjoyed unprecedented social and political equality—if they were white and male
This equality was denied to women and African Americans
Increasingly Americans rejected social hierarchy, but accepted social divisions that reflected personal achievements
The attitude proved curious to Europeans where social advancement from humble origins often was seen as unnatural
This proved a threat to Americans from wealthy and long established families
Manifestations Increasingly state legislatures
instituted white male suffrage cutting the tie between suffrage and property ownership
Only 3 states had universal white male suffrage in 1800; 10 by 1830; all but two by 1860
Women briefly had suffrage in New Jersey in the early 1800s until the state legislature cut a loophole that had allowed it
Torchlight paradeWith the rise of democracypolitics had to have mass
appeal
Lecture 10Developing Republican Marriage
Just as hierarchy came under attack in the Early Republic so did patriarchy
Part of this trend was simply due to the weakening hold of parents over children due to growing land scarcity
Rise of Companionate Marriage Under the influence of early 19th-
century European romanticism, feelings became more important in the discernment of truth than the rationality of the Enlightenment
Increasingly, young people followed their hearts in deciding who to marry rather than the rational arrangements of their parents
The role of parents shifted from dictators to protector trying to save their children from the consequences of their actions, although with love based marriages parents and the government were increasingly inclined not to intervene
Divorce did become a bit easier, but was still difficult in a society and marriages that remained dominated by men
Fall in birthrates In 1750, the average women had 7 or
8 children, by 1810 it was down to 6 The decline was the result of changing
preferences of both men and women, and use of birth control
Fewer children meant that parents could devote more resources to each child
There was also a change in the view of women, with the new belief that women were morally superior to men
This made women ideal for the role of inculcating virtue in the next generation, preparing them for their role of citizens of the republic—which scholars today call Republican motherhood
Education of women Preparing women for their role as
Republican mothers encouraged institutional female education and the formation of young women’s academies
Lecture 10 Republican Motherhood
Lecture 10Education in the Early Republic
As indicated before, republican values gave greater weight to the individual and tended to be against privilege
Which helps explain why state legislatures required parents to divide their estates among their children
While state constitutions encouraged support for education legislatures did little to implement that philosophy
Outside of New England, there was little government support for education until the 1820s
Only about 25 percent of boys and 10 percent of girls had any formal education, and only about 1 percent attended college
Starting in the 1820s, a new generation of reformers, mostly merchants and manufacturers, began to push for government support of education outside of New England to prepare children for republican citizenship
A “dame school” – an informalschool inside a private hometaught by women – where theeducation of many Americansbegan and often ended in the
Early Republic
The American Revolution produced a wave of emancipation Slaves used the disrupted conditions of
the war to flee their owners, probably about 30,000 in all
After the war, some states, like Virginia, made it easier to free slaves probably resulting in about 10,000 manumissions spurred on by Enlightenment philosophy, religious convictions (for Quakers), and low tobacco prices
The Revolution also resulted in the gradual end of slavery in the North, although slaves could be found there in the tens of thousands for decades
In the Lower South, planters firmly rejected any manumission of slaves and the Upper South joined them in the 1790s backing away from manumission The white South increasingly embraced
a rsepublicanism that excluded blacks
Lecture 10Slavery in the Early Republic
George Washington famouslyfreed his slaves in his will,
givingthem freedom when his wife
died
Lecture 10Growing Sectional Divisions
The North and the South grew apart in the decades following the American Revolution, largely due to slavery
Even white Southerners acknowledged that slavery seemed to encourage ignorance and poverty even among the white population
Planters refused to invest in public education, which meant that about 1/3 of the white population in the South could not read or write (as opposed to the North where literacy was near universal)
While a few Southerners dabbled in the idea of emancipation early in the 19th century, the increasing profitability of slave-based plantation agriculture eventually silenced such sentiments
While legal American participation in the Atlantic slave trade ended in 1808, the cotton boom in the Lower South made slaves more profitable and led planters to recommit themselves to the institution which made them rich
The invention of the cotton gin
led to an explosion in cottoncultivation and the
revitalization of slavery in the American South
Lecture 10The Crisis Over Missouri
The growing differences between North and South over slavery first came to the surface in Missouri’s bid for statehood Congressman James Tallmadge of
New York proposed an amendment that statehood for Missouri would only be accepted if the state banned new slaves and enacted gradual emancipation for slaves already there
White Southerners passionately opposed the amendment, increasingly taking the position that slavery was not a necessary evil, but a positive good
Solid southern opposition led to a political compromise engineered by Henry Clay Maine admitted with Missouri to keep
balance between the number of free and slave states (key in the U.S. Senate)
Slavery banned in future states in the Louisiana Purchase above 36o 30’
Lecture 10 Religious Change in the Early Republic
The American Revolution broke the bonds between church and state, as legislatures disestablished denominations who had previously enjoyed privileged legal status
In places like Pennsylvania where there had been no established church before the Revolution this process was not necessary
The process took a long time in New England where the Congregational Church was not disestablished completely until the 1830s
The disestablishment of denominations following the Revolution did not result in the separation of church and state
Most people continued to see a positive connection between religious belief and republican citizenship
Church property usually remained exempt from taxation
Some states even prohibited non-believers in Protestant Christianity from serving in political office
Read Jefferson’s tombstoneWhat is relevant here to this
slide?
Lecture 10 The Second Great Awakening
A new wave of religious revivals began in the United States in the early years of the 19th century
This new revival was a boon to the Baptists and Methodists, both denominations whose operations were compatible with the egalitarian and democratic ideology of the American Revolution
Camp Meetings The revival was spread in large part
through camp meetings These were large gatherings of
people for several days of continuous religious activity, which focused on getting people to have a conversion experience
Not all the momentum of the revival came from camp meetings
Methodists also increased their numbers through the work of itinerant preachers, the so-called “circuit riders”
People overcome by the Holy Spirit
during a sermon at a camp meeting
Such emotionalism was quite common at these gatherings
Lecture 10 Impact of the Second Great Awakening
While Baptists and Methodists prospered from the revival, other denominations, especially those practicing Calvinism did not
Predestination not compatible with the optimistic spirit of Americans after the Revolution, who believed that people were capable of change
The revival’s impact was blunted by its accommodation with powerful social and political forces
For example, in the South the revival went from challenging the socio-economic hierarchy of the region to increasingly justifying it
Other groups in society also tended to adapt the message of revival to their own needs, including disempowered groups such as African Americans and women who managed to use it in ways that empowered them, although not enough to seriously threaten the established order
While men tended to lead therevival, women were the
majorityOf the converts. What is thehistorical significance of that
fact?