LECTURE 1

BACKGROUND ON THE

MONTREAL PROTOCOL CFC PHASE OUT ACTIVITIES

Noel Brown

March 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

National Ozone Unit, Jamaica

National Environment and Planning Agency

Jane Gartshore, Cool Concerns Ltd

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OVERVIEW

Montreal Protocol

Ozone Depletion

Climate Change

Greenhouse Effects

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MONTREAL PROTOCOL

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty

design to protect the ozone layer by phasing out

the production and consumption of a number of

substances that are believed to be responsible for

the depletion of the ozone layer.

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MONTREAL PROTOCOL

The treaty was opened for signature in September 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989.

Initially, the protocol was signed by 27 countries when it opened in September 1987, and subsequently ratified by 100 countries.

Jamaica ratified the treaty at the 1993 Vienna Convention.

As of September 16, 2009, all countries in the United Nations have ratified the original Montreal Protocol.

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MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Since the inception meeting, signatories to the

protocol have met on several occasions to discuss

the progress of the treaty.

Armed with further scientific evidence, they have

agreed to more stringent control.

It is believed that if the agreement is adhered to

in its strictest sense, the ozone layer is expected

to heal itself by 2050.

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MONTREAL PROTOCOL

The treaty is structured around several

groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that

have been shown to play a significant role

in ozone depletion.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),

Halons, (Halon 1211 and Halon1301)

Methyl Bromide

Carbon Tetrachloride

Methyl chloroform

Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

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MONTREAL PROTOCOL

The treaty also protects global climate since these ozone depleting substances are also potential greenhouse gases.

A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range: water vapour

carbon dioxide

methane

nitrous oxide

ozone

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OZONE DEPLETION

The Ozone Layer act

as a filter to harmful

UV-B radiation

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THE OZONE LAYER

Ozone is a form of oxygen

3 atoms (O3), unstable

The ozone layer is a fragile

layer 6 to 30 miles above the

surface of the earth.

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OZONE DEPLETION

1 chlorine atom can destroy

100,000 ozone molecule before it

is removed from the

stratosphere.

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TOO MUCH UV ….

Causes eye cataracts

Causes skin cancer

Reduces crop yields

Kills basic life forms

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TOO MUCH UV ….

USA, 3% reduction in ozone

> 6% increase in UV

> extra 12 million cancer cases over

next 50 years

Australia has already recorded a 3 x increase in non melanoma skin cancers

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OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL

Refrigerant Type ODP

R12 CFC 1.0

R22 HCFC 0.05

R502 CFC 0.35

R134a HFC 0

R290 HC 0

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CLIMATE CHANGE

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CLIMATE CHANGE

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AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMP CHANGE

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GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS

Refrigerant Type GWP

R12 CFC 7300

R22 HCFC 1500

R408A HCFC 1300

R406A HCFC 1900

R141b HCFC 713

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GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS

Refrigerant Type GWP

R410A HFC 1725

R134a HFC 1300

R407C HFC 1600

R717 Ammonia 0

R290 HC 0

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RESULTS SO FAR – A SUCCESS STORY

Without the Montreal Protocol ozone depletion would

have been about 10 times worse by 2050

19,000,000 more cases of non-melanoma cancer

1,500,000 more cases of melanoma cancer

130,000,000 more cases of eye cataracts

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THE END

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