Lect. 1 Third Class 25/2/2020

Auxiliary Verbs

What are 'auxiliary verbs'? The three most common auxiliary verbs are:

be, do and have

I am leaving = Leaving is the main verb. Am is the auxiliary.

She has arrived = Arrived is the main verb. Has is the auxiliary.

Do you smoke? = Smoke is the main verb. Do is the auxiliary.

Do / does / did

Do is common for forming questions and making negatives.

Did is used for do and does in the past tense. Do and does is never used for the past.

In statements

I do my homework.

You do the laundry.

We do the washing up.

They do yoga.

He/she does the cleaning.

In questions

Do I know you?

Do you live here?

Do we have time?

Do they come from Vietnam?

Does he/she drive to work?

In negative sentences

I do not. (I don't)

You do not. (you don't)

We do not. (we don't)

They do not. (they don't)

He/she does not. (he/she doesn't)

Be = am / is / are

Be can be used as an auxiliary verb or the main verb in a sentence.

Is tells us that an action is happening now or is going to happen in the future.

Be is also used to make passives.

Are is used for they and we.

Was is used for the past tense of am and is.

Were is used for the past tense of you, we and they.

In statements

I am 21.

You are Indian.

We are waiting.

They are excited

He/she is cool.

In questions

Am I in the right place?

Are you my new boss?

Are we nearly there?

Are they the best players on the team?

Is he/she old enough to go to bars?

In negative sentences

I am not. (I ‘m not)

You are not. (you aren't)

We are not. (we aren't)

They are not. (they aren't)

He/she is not. (he/she isn't)

Have = has / had

Have is used to make the present perfect tense (it is always followed by the past participle).

Has is used for the third person singular.

Had is used for past tenses especially the past perfect tense. It describes an action that began

in the past and continues into the present or that occurred in the recent past.

In statements

I have a dog.

You have something on your shirt.

We have seen it before.

They have called me three times.

He/she has lived in America.

In negative sentences

I have not. (I haven't/ I've not)

You have not. (you haven't/you've not)

We have not. (we haven't/we've not)

They have not. (they haven't/they've not)

He/she has not (he/she hasn't)

Others Other common auxiliary verbs are:

can, could, may, might, must, ought, should, and would.

These are also known as modal verbs. We use them to show obligation, possibility and

necessity.

For example:

Jack is late. He might be sleeping. (possibility)

I should clean my room today. (obligation)

I must wear a tie to school. (necessity)

Lect. 2

Naming the Tenses

Can you name the tenses? Simple Tenses

Present Simple

"I play tennis."

Past Simple

"I played tennis."

Future Simple

"I will play tennis."

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect

"I have played tennis."

Past Perfect

"I had played tennis."

Future Perfect

"I will have played tennis."

Continuous Tenses

Present Continuous

"I am playing tennis."

Past Continuous

"I was playing tennis."

Future Continuous

"I will be playing tennis."

Present Perfect Continuous

"I have been playing tennis."

Past Perfect Continuous

"I had been playing tennis."

Future Perfect Continuous

"I will have been playing tennis."

Lec. 3

List of Vocabulary Taught in Intermediate

Reading Practices

List of Vocabulary Taught in Intermediate Reading Practices This list contains

the vocabulary in Intermediate Reading Practices that is probably new for a

student at this level of proficiency. The vocabulary is listed alphabetically for

each of the eight lessons in the book. A good number of the words here are

from the Academic Word List, the University Word List, or the General Service

List. Multiple forms of a word (e.g., injure, injured, an injury) are given when

those forms are useful for communication or frequent in usage. Words in bold

appear on the Academic Word List. Because of individual differences in

vocabulary knowledge and cognate recognition depending on the learner’s

native language, the amount of vocabulary that is new for each student may

vary considerably. It is also important to note that research shows that

knowing one form of a word does not in any way indicate that students are

likely to know all or even most of the forms of a word. In other words, even

though the forms may look very similar (e.g., injure and injury), it is important

for learners to see and practice these different forms.

List of Vocabulary (List1)

According to Assign, assignment

Burst Complicated, complication

Cursive

Accurate, accurately

Attack, attacker

Calculate, calculated (adj)

Conclude, conclusion

Curve

Acquire, acquisition

Attend, attendance

Calendar (UWL)

Connected, connection

Death

Ancient Author, authority

Century Contain, container,

Decide, decision

Area Average Coherent, coherence

Containment Depend, dependable,

Arithmetic Behave, misbehave

Common Convince Dependence

Around Bilingual, bilingualism

Compare, comparison

Copy, copier Design

Art, artist

Breathe, breath

(In) comparable

Couch Discover, discovery

Dozen Fear, fearful Kiss Moral Populate, population

Draw, drawing

Fly, flew, flight

Know, knew, known,

Mystery, mysterious

Postage

Enjoy, enjoyment

Frog Unknown, knowledge

Occasion, occasionally

Punch

Entire, entirety

Gallery Label Opposite Raise

Envelope Gather, gathering

Legal, illegal Order, orderly Rapid, rapidly

Equip, equipment

Guess Legible, illegible

Original, originality

Request

Equivalent, equivalence

However Literate, literature

Own, owner Responsible

Erase, eraser Huge (UWL) Main, mainly A patient, patience

Responsive

Extreme, extremely

In addition to Manner, mannerism

Perhaps Review

Famous, famously

Include, inclusion

Mention To place, placement

The same

Favourite, favouritism

Injure, injured, injury

Message, messenger

Poem, poet, poetry

Schedule

Should Solid Translate, translator,

Sufficient, insufficient

Sight

Shout Solve, solution

Translation Solid Sight

Answers (1)

1) Uggy=Popcorn 2) Uggied =Skidded 3) Uggily=Passionately 4)

Uggy=Hectic

Lec. 4

Suffix

A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to change the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the word. For example, the verb read is made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er. Similarly, read is made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.

Noun Suffixes:

Suffix Meaning Example

-acy state or quality privacy, fallacy, delicacy

-al act or process of refusal, recital, rebuttal

-ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, eminence, assurance

-dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom, boredom

-er, -or one who trainer, protector, narrator

-ism doctrine, belief communism, narcissism, skepticism

-ist one who chemist, narcissist, plagiarist

-ity, -ty quality of inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity

-ment condition of argument, endorsement, punishment

-ness state of being heaviness, sadness, rudeness, testiness

-ship position held fellowship, ownership, kinship, internship

-sion, -tion state of being concession, transition, abbreviation

Verb Suffixes:

Suffix Meaning Example

-ate Become regulate, eradicate, enunciate, repudiate

-en Become enlighten, awaken, strengthen

-ify, -fy make or become terrify, satisfy, rectify, exemplify

-ize, -ise* Become civilize, humanize, socialize, valorize

Adjective Suffixes:

Suffix Meaning Example

-able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable, abominable, credible

-al pertaining to regional, grammatical, emotional, coastal

-esque reminiscent of picturesque, statuesque, burlesque

-ful notable for fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful

-ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic

-ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous, studious

-ish having the quality of fiendish, childish, snobbish

-ive having the nature of creative, punitive, divisive, decisive

-less Without endless, ageless, lawless, effortless

-y characterized by sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly

Answers (4)

1) Actor

2) Active

3) Action

4) Acting

5) Activities

Answers (5)

A B

Strong Coffee Full-time Job

Film Star

Drive Carefully

Fall In love

Try on A jumper

Lec. 5

Correct

Correct

Correct

Correc

t

Correct

Correct

come

are coming

is having

has

think

am thinking

do not enjoy

are not enjoying

am watching

watch

is seeing

see

I love you a lot

I do not know the answer

I think you speak…..

is used

is used

Lec. 6

Lec. 7

Question 1

"________________ exercise?" "About three times a week."

A How often you

B How often do you

C How often you do

Question 2

"____________ quit your job?" "I wanted to look for some better career opportunities elsewhere."

A Why did you

B Why you did

C Why you

Question 3

"_______________ working on?" "It looks like they're preparing a presentation."

A What are Shirley and Dana

B What Shirley and Dana is

C What do Shirley and Dana

Question 4

"________________ making? It smelled delicious?" "Her famous chicken soup! You're welcome to join us for dinner later tonight."

A What were your mother

B What your mother was

C What was your mother

Question 5

"__________________ been to?" "Four - Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile."

A How much countries you

B How many countries have you

C What countries you have

Question 6

"______________ send me the file?" "By tomorrow afternoon at the latest."

A When are you

B When you will

C When will you

Question 7

"____________ going to put all these books? There's no space in the office." "Let's see if we can store them in the basement for now."

A Where are we

B Where we

C Where will we

Question 8

"________________ want to pay $1000 for a watch?!" "Maybe because it's a status symbol."

A Why anyone

B Why would anyone

C Why anyone does

Lec. 8

Lec. 9

Lec. 9

Lec. 10

List of Vocabulary Taught in

Intermediate Reading Practices

according to

accurate, accurately

acquire, acquisition

ancient

area

arithmetic

around

art, artist

assign, assignment

attack, attacker

attend, attendance

author, authority

average

behave, misbehave

bilingual, bilingualism

breathe, breath

burst

calculate, calculated (adj)

calendar (UWL)

century

coherent, coherence

common

compare,comparison,

(in)comparable

complete, incomplete

complicated, complication

conclude, conclusion

connected, connection

contain, container,

containment

convince

copy, copier

couch

cursive

curve

death

decide, decision

depend, dependable,

dependence

design

discover, discovery

dozen

draw, drawing

enjoy, enjoyment

entire, entirety

List of Vocabulary Taught in

Intermediate Reading Practices This list contains the vocabulary in Intermediate Reading Practices that is probably new for a

student at this level of proficiency. The vocabulary is listed alphabetically for each of the eight

lessons in the book.

A good number of the words here are from the Academic Word List, the University Word

List, or the General Service List. Multiple forms of a word (e.g., injure, injured, an injury) are

given when those forms are useful for communication or frequent in usage. Words in bold

appear

on the Academic Word List (see page xii for more information).

Because of individual differences in vocabulary knowledge and cognate recognition depending

on the learner’s native language, the amount of vocabulary that is new for each student

may vary considerably. It is also important to note that research shows that knowing one form of

a word does not in any way indicate that students are likely to know all or even most of the

forms

of a word. In other words, even though the forms may look very similar (e.g., injure and injury),

it is important for learners to see the and practice these different forms.

Lesson 1 L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y _ 345

envelope

equip, equipment

equivalent, equivalence

erase, eraser

extreme, extremely

famous, famously

favorite, favoritism

fear, fearful

fly, flew, flight

frog

gallery

gather, gathering

guess

however

huge (UWL)

in addition to

include, inclusion

injure, injured, injury

instead (of)

joke

kiss

know, knew, known,

unknown, knowledge

label

legal, illegal

legible, illegible

literate, literature

main, mainly

manner, mannerism

mention

message, messenger

might

moral

mystery, mysterious

occasion, occasionally

opposite

order, orderly

original, originality

own, owner

a patient, patience

perhaps

to place, placement

poem, poet, poetry

polite, impolite

populate, population

postage

punch

raise

rapid, rapidly

request

responsible

responsive

review

the same

schedule

serious, seriously, seriousness

should

shout

sight

similar, similarity

solid

solve, solution

song, sing

sort

sufficient, insufficient

translate, translator,

translation

unique

Lesson 2 absent, absence

accident

act, action, actor

add, addition

adult, adultery

alike

alligator

almost

alone

although

ant

anybody

appliance

approximately, approximate

area

argument, argumentation

arrange, arranged

assassinate, assassination

ash

available, unavailable

aware, awareness

beach

because

belong, belonging

bite

blend, blender

blind, blindness

blood, bleed, bloody

bone, boneless

branch

broad

butterfly

camel

capital, capitalize,

capitalization

careful, carefully, careless

caterpillar

choose, chose, chosen,

a choice

circular

classify, classification

climate

climb, climbing (adj)

continent, continental (UWL)

controversial (controversy)

cork

counterfeit

current, currency 346 _ L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y

damage

defend, defense

delicate

desert

dessert

distance

distinguish, distinguishable

economy, economic,

economics

embarrass, embarrassment

especially

geography, geographic(al)

(UWL)

giraffe

gorilla

government, governmental

grateful

grave

gray

half

health, healthy

horn

image, imagine

insure, insurance

jump

large, larger, largest

laugh, laughter

lightning

load, loaded, unloaded

lock, locked, unlocked

mammal

marine

market

mature, maturity

measure, measurement

method, methodology

mix, mixer, mixture

monkey

mosquito

needle, needlelike

nest, nesting

occur, occurrence

once

percent, percentile,

percentage

pleasant, unpleasant

precious

prevalent, prevalence

prevent, prevention

previous, previously

property

protect, protection, protected,

unprotected

puzzle, puzzling

reptile

reserve

restrict, restriction, restrictive

result, resulting, resultant

routine, routinely

scissors

seed, seedless

shape, shapely, shapeless

sheep, sheepish

skill, skilled, skillful

skin, skinless

somebody

source (resource, resourceful,

resourcefulness)

specific, specifically

texture, textured (UWL)

thread

thunder, thundering

tiny (UWL)

tornado

violent, violence

watermelon

whale

width

wing, wingless

wool

Lesson 3 able, unable, ability, inability

achieve, achievement

actually, actual

adapt, adaptation

adhere, adhesive

advantage

allow, allowance

automatic, automatically

(UWL)

battery (UWL)

better, best

biography, biographical

biology, biological (UWL)

bizarre

blade

blind

boring (UWL)

bother, bothersome

bulb

capital

catalog (UWL)

cement

certain, certainly

childhood

code

commit, commitment

compress, compression

condition, conditionally

consist (of)

create, creation, creative,

creatively

crime, criminal

cross

dark

deaf

decade L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y _ 347

demonstrate, demonstration

desire, desirable

detail, detailed

develop, development

device (UWL)

diligent, diligence

distant, distance

document, documentary,

documentation

earn

edge, edgy

emotion, emotional (UWL)

encyclopedia, encyclopedic

engine, engineer, engineering

escape

establish, establishment

even

event

except, exception, exceptional

excess, excessive

execute, execution

exist, existence

experiment, experimental

explode, explosion

fail, failure

flavor, flavorful

force, forceful

fortunately, unfortunately

(fortune)

fuel (UWL)

gain, gainful

genius

globe, global

govern, government

groove

hard-working

hobby

increase

industry, industrious

ink

install, installation

invent, invention, inventor

iron

ironic

lantern

local

magnet, magnetic (UWL)

minimize

motivate, motivation (motive)

murder

nickname

obstacle

odor, odorless

operate, operator, operation

opinion

orchestra

partially

pedestrian

permanent, permanence

perspiration

physical

plug, unplug

preceding (precede)

primary

primitive

process

produce, production,

productive

promise

punish, punishment

quote, quotation

rare, rarity

relate, a relationship,

a relative

relative, relatively

remain

remove, removal

reveal, revelation

reward, rewarding

scratch

shave

select, selection

semester

signal

society, societal

spirit

split

storage

succeed, success, successful

such

terrible

therefore

though

thought, thoughtful

through BUT thorough

throughout

transmit, transmitter,

transmission

transport,

transportation

value, valuable

vary, variety

volume

wallet

weigh, weight

whole, wholesome

worse

Lesson 4 accept, acceptance

achieve, achievement

adjacent

adjust, adjustment

admit

advertise, advertisement

affect (v), effect (n)

(effective, affected)

agree, agreement 348 _ L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y

alarm, alarming

allow, allowance

amend, amendment

amount

annoying, annoyance

appoint

architecture, architect

argue, argument

ashamed

assess, assessment

astonish, astonishment

attract, attraction

based (on)

behind

bright

border, bordered

bug

capable

carve

characteristic

coast, coastal, coastline

colony, colonial, colonize

condition, conditional

confession

convince, convincing

corresponding,

correspondent,

correspondence,

correspond

crash

defeat

defendant

develop, developed,

undeveloped, development

destination

diamond

disconnect

displace, displacement

distinct, distinctive

enforce, enforcement

enhance, enhancement

entertain, entertainment

extend, extension

flat

foreign, foreigner

forthcoming

(to) found

further

generate, generation

govern, government, governor

haste, hasty, hastily

honest, dishonest

humid, humidity

improve, improvement

income

invest, investment

involve, involvement

lift

magnificent magnificence

manage, management

measure, measurement

movement, movement

multiple

nearly

ongoing

pillow

plateau

powerful

prepayment

profit, profitable

purpose, purposeful

rank

reference, referent

refund, refundable

scenery, scenic, scene

settle, settlement

solutions

somewhat

sophisticated

stain

state, statement, stately

statistics

storm

supply

surround, surrounding(s)

temperature, temperate

thief

treat, treatment

trial

tropical (UWL)

trust

turtle

twins

unbeatable

wealth, wealthy

Lesson 5 agriculture, agricultural

approve, approval

artificial, artificiality

assassin, assassinate,

assassination

atom, atomic

attach, attachment

attempt

atract, attraction

avoid, avoidance

battle, battlefield

bitter, bitterly

blockade

bridge

buckle

canal

candidate, candidacy

canyon L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y _ 349

censor, censorship

census, consensus

characteristic,

characteristically

citizen, citizenship

command, commanding

companion, companionship

compose, composer

conflict, conflicting

constitution, constitute

construction

dam

damp, dampness

debate

destroy

district

divide, division

drought

earthquake

edge, edgy

elect, election

elevator

emotion, emotional (UWL)

encourage, encouragement

envelope

expand, expanding,

expansion

(to) face

float, floatation

flood

general, generality, generalize

hinder, hindrance

honor, honorable

inspire, inspiration

invade, invasion (UWL)

(to) last, lasting

lie [in a place]

lungs

member, membership

mess, messy

missile

mission, missionary

multiple

narrow

nation, national, nationalize,

nationally

nearby

neglect, neglectful

neutral, neutrality

nowadays

obvious, obviously

offend

official, officially

origin, original, originally

passage, passageway,

passages

path

period, periodic, periodically

persuade, persuasion

prejudice, prejudicial

prescribe, prescription

prison, prisoner

propose, proposal

provide, provision

province, provincial (UWL)

quite

react, reaction, reactive

reelect

refuse, refusal

regardless

reside, resident

respiration

secret

series

shallow

shocked

slave, slavery

slightly

sponsor, sponsorship

statistics, statistical

striped

stunned

survey, surveyor

tense

tough, toughness

tradition, traditional,

traditionally

treaty (UWL)

turbulent, turbulence

violent, violence

weak

Lesson 6 abbreviated, abbreviation

aboard

adequately

administer, administration

(UWL)

annual, annually

apply, application

approaching

bound

bribe

CPR

chin

confident, confidence

create, creative, creation

crew

crowd, crowded

deceive, deceptive, deceitful

deficient, deficiency

degree

dependent, independent

differ, difference, different,

differently

disease

disrupt, disruption 350 _ L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y

accent

acquire, acquisition

anniversary

bare, barely

beneath

beneficial

cavity

collapsed

college

consequently, consequence

considerably

constantly

corporation

crowded

crucial

curious, curiosity

curly

current, currency

definite, definitely, definitive

despite

device

devised (UWL)

diagram (UWL)

distraught

Lesson 7 drown, drowning

effect, effective, effectively

efficient, efficiently

emergency

equivalent, equivalence

especially

estimate, estimation

evident, evidence, evidently

excellence, excellent

exhale

expend, expendable

experience, experiential

explain, explanation

explosive

extremely

factors

final

forbid, forbidden

forecast, forecaster

funnel

gap

gentle, gently

grade

hide

ignore, ignorance

illustrate, illustration

injure, injury

innovate, innovative,

innovation

leak

least

liberal, liberalism

locate, location

lotion

major, majority

material, materialistic (UWL)

missing

negate, negation

normal, normally

obedience, obedient

objective

outcome

owe

passenger

patience

pay, payment

pearl

perceive, perception

pertain, pertinent

pinch

plus

potential

predict, prediction

presence

profession, professional

proficient, proficiency

receipt

resurgent, resurgence

resuscitate, resuscitation

scare

search

scent

section

select, selection, selective,

selectively

sequence, sequential

series

shark

shelter

site

slide, slid

spinach

sufficient, sufficience

suitable

suppress (UWL)

surge

survive, survival

tame

thunderstorm

tornado

unaided

unaware

underestimate

unpredictability

usage (UWL)

vehicle, vehicular

victim, victimize

wave

weak, weakness L I S T O F V O C A B U L A R Y _ 351

aim

ancestor

ankle

announcement

appear

arrow

autograph

basic, basically

calories

cancer

childish, childishness

comprehend, comprehension

concerned

conscious

decrease

digest, digestion (UWL)

donor

drowsy

Lesson 8 edition

erosion, erode

exact, exactly

express, expression

fade, faded

familiar, familiarity

figure, figurative

filthy

forecaster

form, forming

fought

freedom

frequent, frequently

function, functional

funds

guide (guideline)

headquarters

hired

honeymoon

host

humble

imply, implication

invisible

isolated, isolation

issued

join

jungle

loneliness, lonely

majority

margin, marginal

maximum (UWL)

merge, merger

nap

national, nationalize

nationality

native

naughty

niece

option, optional

organization

otherwise

overall

portion

portrait

proud

purchase, purchased

pyramid

quality

quarreled

quite

recall

recognizable, recognize

recognize

rely on

remote

replace, replacement

require, requirement

reveal

revolve, revolution (UWL)

rid, riddance

role

scene, scenic

scold

sculptor

several

share

shrimp

signal

significant, significance

skip

slender

sole

speeding

straight

stress, stressful

structure, structural

style, stylish

subtitle

summary, summarize

support, supportive

symbol, symbolize

system, systematize

tender

thereby

tomb

toward

triangle

typical

upset

on the verge of

version

vice-versa

view

wise, wisely

enables

enlarge

equal, equally

essential

explain

extended

flexible

foolishly

giant

hectic

indispensable

ingredients

inhabit, inhabitants

inherited

interact

interrupted

layered

mayor

meals

memorize

memory

opportunity

originated

pattern

peel, peeled, unpeeled

perform

persuasion

poet

political

politician

precisely

pressure

promote

proof

pulse

pump

race

rage

recipient

recommend

recover

reduce

regulate

relax, relaxation

respond, response

rob, robbery

selfish

separate

shatter, shattered

shift

skeleton (UWL)

snack

soil

spread

squeezes

stage

substance

superior (UWL)

sweeten

syllable

task

theory, theories

transfuse, transfusion

undercook

universal

useless

various

vegetarian

vision

well-developed