Piagets Psychological DevelopmentNoor Azida Bt. SahabudinFSKIK, UPSI

Piaget (1896 - 1980)Swiss Psychologist, worked for several decades on understanding childrens cognitive developmentMost widely known theory of cognitive developmentWas interested on kids thoughts & behavior & worked to understand their cognitive development

Piaget: BackgroundYoung Piaget was incredibly precocious Published first paper at 10Earned his doctorate in natural sciences at 21Began to study psychology, applying intelligence tests to school children

ConstructivismAssumption that learning is an active process of construction rather than a passive assimilation of information or rote memorizationCredited for founding constructivismHas had a large influence on American schools

Piaget and ConstructivismBest known for idea that individuals construct their understanding, that learning is a constructive processActive learning as opposed to simply absorbing info from a teacher, book, etc.The child is seen as a little scientist constructing understandings of the world largely alone

Piaget & ConstructivismBelieved all learning is constructed, whether it is something we are taught or something we learn on our own. Whether or not we are taught in a constructivist manner, Piaget believed we are constructing knowledge in all our learning.

Constructivism, Learning & EducationConstructivist educators create an environment which encourages children to construct their own knowledge. But according to Piaget, we construct our learning regardless of how it is presented.

Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

A childs capacity to understand certain concepts is based on the childs developmental stage

Piagets Four StagesBelieved that all children develop according to four stages based on how they see the world.He thought the age may vary some, but that we all go through the stages in the same order.

1. Sensory-motor (birth 2 years)2. Preoperational (~2-7)3. Concrete operational (~7-11)4. Formal operations (~12-15)

#5 minutes discussion*Based on your experience, discuss with your friends (3 persons), what have you learns at the stages of age, based on Piaget

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Stage 1: Sensory-motor Stage Birth to about 2 years, rapid change is seen throughout.The child will:Explore the world through senses & motor activityEarly on, baby cant tell difference between themselves & the environmentIf they cant see something then it doesnt existBegin to understand cause & effectCan later follow something with their eyesVIDEO

Stage 2: Preoperational StageAbout 2 to about 7Better speech communicationCan imagine the future & reflect on the pastDevelop basic numerical abilitiesStill pretty egocentric, but learning to be able to delay gratificationCant understand conservation of matter Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality (ex: cartoon characters are real people).

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more preoperationalConservation of matter understanding that something doesnt change even though it looks different, shape is not related to quantityEx: Are ten coins set in a long line more than ten coins in a pile?Ex: Is there less water if it is poured into a bigger container?

Piagets Pre-Operational Stage

Inability to understand conservation of matter.

Stage 3: Concrete Operational StageFrom about 7 to about 11Abstract reasoning ability & ability to generalize from the concrete increasesUnderstands conservation of matterAccording to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage have difficulty with deductive

Example of deductive reasoning:In mathematics, If A = B and B = C, then A = C.Since all humans are mortal, and I am a human, then I am mortal.All dolphins are mammals, all mammals have kidneys; therefore all dolphins have kidneys.Since all squares are rectangles, and all rectangles have four sides, so all squares have four sides.All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5, so it is divisible by 5.*Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage

Stage 4: Formal OperationsFrom about 12 to about 15Be able to think abstractly such as concept Able to form hypotheses and test the hypothesesOrganize informationReason scientifically

Piagets DevelopmentDevelopment happens from one stage to another through interaction with the environment.

Changes from stage to stage may occur suddenly and kids will differ in how long they are in each stage.

Cognitive development can only happen after genetically controlled biological growth occurs.

Development leads to learningThe child can only learn certain things when he/she is at the right developmental stageEnvironmental factors can influence but not direct developmentDevelopment will happen naturally through regular interaction with social environment

Piagets Development

Piaget & EducationPiaget did not think it was possible to hurry along or skip stages through education

Regardless, many educators try to teach to the stages in an attempt to accelerate development

Problems with Piagets TheoryChildren often grasp ideas earlier than what Piaget found

Cognitive development across domains is inconsistent (e.g. better at reading than math)

Thank you

incredibly - sangatprecocious - cepat matang*Assimilation penerapanInfluence pengaruh *Opposed bertentanganAbsorbing - menyerap*Conservation pemuliharaanTranscend - mengatasi*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XeXbGTt0sg*Distinguishing membezakanhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M244b2aDcz8*Deductive general to specific*accelerate - mempercepatkan*Grasp - memahami*