Lec1 PM Intro

7/31/2019 Lec1 PM Intro

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433433--443443SoftwareSoftware

Project ManagementProject Management

Assoc. Prof.Assoc. Prof. Baikunth NathBaikunth NathComputer Science & Software Engineering

The University of Melbourne, AustraliaThe University of Melbourne, Australia

Subject Timetable

Lecture: Tuesday 2:15pm 4:15pm, Theat re 1, ICT Building

Tutorials: Wednesday 10:00-11:00 UG8, ICT Building

Wednesday 11:00-12:00 UG8

Wednesday 12:00-13:00 UG8Thursday 10:00-11:00 UG8

Thursday 11:00-12:00 UG8

ContactAssoc. Prof. Baikunth Nath

Location: 3.27, ICT Building, 111 Barry Street, Carlton 3010

Phone:834 41400 email: [email protected]

Textbook

Bob Hughes and Mike Cotterell, Software Project Management.

3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002. (ISBN 0 07 709834 X)

Recommended Readings

P Jalote, Software Project Management in Practice.Addison-Wesley, 2002. (ISBN 0 201 73721 3)An excellent book on Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

J R Meredith and S J Mantel, Project Management: A Managerial

Approach. 5th Edition. Wiley, 2003. (ISBN 0 471 07323 7)More like Foundations of Project Management

J Gido and J P Clements, Successful Project Management.

South-Western College Publishing, 1999. (ISBN 0 538 88152 6)Good Case Studies and examples

Subject Assessment

Group Assignment

Contributes 30%

End-of-Semester ExaminationThree hours (closed book)

Contributes 70%(Hurdle: a minimum of 50% marks in the examination)

To be pass this subject, the aggregate marks on the assignment

and examination must be at least 50.


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Generic SkillsOn Completion of this subject, you should

be able to select software engineering processes and methodsappropriate for a development project;

be able to develop plans for team management, riskmanagement and quality assurance,

be able to assess project risk and have experienced risk

evaluation and monitoring;

have experienced project estimation, planning and managing.

Expectations ?

Software Projects have a terrible track record A 1995 Standish Group study found that only 16.2% of projects

were successful

Over 31% of IT projects were cancelled before completion(costing over $81bn in the U.S. alone)

A 1999 Computer World article listed Project

Manager as the #1 position.

The need for IT (software) projects keeps

increasing

Motivation for Studying Software

Project ManagementThe New York Times, February 1994.

In one of the biggest software errors in banking history,Chemical Bank mistakenly deducted about $15 million from

more than 100,000 customer accounts one evening.

The problem resulted from a single line of code in an updatedcomputer program that caused the bank to process every withdrawaland transfer at its ATMs twice. For example, a person who

withdrew $100 from an ATM had $200 deducted from his or heraccount, though the receipt only indicated a withdrawal of $100.

The mistake affected 150,000 transactions from Tuesday night

through Wednesday afternoon.


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Chaos and Confusion

A doctor, an engineer and a layer were arguing over whose

profession was the oldest.

On the sixth day, God took one of Adams ribs and created Eve,

said the doctor. So that makes him a surgeon first.

Please. protested the engineer. Before that, God created the

world from chaos and confusion, so he was engineer first.

Interesting, conceded the lawyer smugly, But who do you

think created the chaos and confusion?

To understand the processes, tools,

techniques, and areas of knowledge needed

to successfully manage software projects.

Why Study Software Project Management?

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Software Project Management

Study TopicsWhat is a project? IT project?

What is project management?

Project Evaluation and Selection

Managing People, Organising Teams

The role of Project Manager

Project life cycle

Project Planning

Project Effort Estimation

Project Scheduling and Resource Allocation

Project Monitoring and Controlling

Managing Project Risk

Project Quality management

Guide to Using Microsoft Project 2002 for scheduling

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Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

Knowledge recall of data

Comprehension understand the meaning

Application - Applies what was learned in the classroom

into novel situations in the workplace

Analysis - Distinguishes between facts and inferences

Synthesis - Builds a structure or pattern from diverse elements

Evaluation - Make judgments about the value of ideas ormaterials

Bengamin Bloom, Bertram Mesia, and David KrathwohlTaxonomy of Educational Objectives (Two vols: The AffectiveDomain & The Cognitive Domain). David McKay, New York,

1964.

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Blooms Taxonomy

The cognitive domain involves knowledgeThe cognitive domain involves knowledge

and the development of intellectual skills.and the development of intellectual skills.

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Knowledge: Recall of data

Examples:

Recite a policy.

Quote prices from memory to a customer.

Knows the safety rules.

Key Words: defines, describes, identifies,

knows, labels, lists, matches, names, outlines,recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects,

states.

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Comprehension: Understand the meaning, translation,

interpolation, and interpretation of instructions and

problems. State a problem in ones own words.

Examples: Explain in ones own words the steps for

performing a complex task. Translates an equation

into a computer spreadsheet.

Key words: comprehends, converts, defends,

distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends,

generalizes, gives examples, infers, interprets,

paraphrases, predicts, rewrites, summarizes,

translates.

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Application: Use a concept in a new situation or

unprompted use of an abstraction. Applies what was

learned in the classroom into novel situations.

Examples: Use a manual to calculate an

employees vacation time. Apply laws of statistics

to evaluate the reliability of a written test.

Key Words: applies, changes, computes,

constructs, demonstrates, discovers, manipulates,

modifies, operates, predicts, prepares, produces,

relates, shows, solves, uses.

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Analysis: Separates material or concepts into

component parts so that its organizational structure

may be understood. Distinguishes between facts and

inferences.

Examples: Troubleshoot a piece of equipment by usinglogical deduction. Recognize logical fallacies in

reasoning. Gathers information from a department and

selects the required tasks for training.

Keywords: analyses, breaks down, compares,contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs, differentiates,

discriminates, distinguishes, identifies, illustrates, infers,

outlines, relates, selects, separates.

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Synthesis: Builds a structure or pattern from diverse

elements. Put parts together to form a whole, withemphasis on creating a new meaning or structure.

Examples: Write a company operations. Design amachine to perform a specific task. Integrates training

from several sources to solve a problem. Revises and

process to improve the outcome.

Keywords: categorizes, combines, compiles, composes,

creates, devises, designs, explains, generates, modifies,organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs, relates,

reorganizes, revises, rewrites, summarizes, tells, writes.

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Evaluation: Make judgments about the value of ideas

or materials.

Examples: Select the most effective solution. Hire

the most qualified candidate. Explain and justify a

new budget.

Keywords: appraises, compares, concludes,

contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends, describes,

discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets,

justifies, relates, summarizes, supports.

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What Is a Project?

Project is a planned activity. Being planned itassumes that we can determine how we are going tocarry out a task before we start.

Develop a web page within the next four days that provides informationabout the departmental timetable to new incoming students.

A software group may be asked to develop an application program that will

access Government data on certain commodity prices and generate records on

the value of the commodity inventories held by the firm; the software must be

available for use on 19 June 2005.

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DefinitionIn the broadest sense, a project is a specific (non-routine),

finite task to be accomplished. It is carried out in several

phases and the resources available are constrained. Any

activity that results in a deliverable or a product.

Projects always begin with a problem. The project is to

provide the solution to this problem.

When the project is finished it must be evaluated to determinewhether it satisfies the objectives and goals.

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Another Definition of Project

A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken

to accomplish a unique purpose

Attributes of a project unique purpose (specified product is to be created)

temporary (non-routine)

planning is required

require resources, often from various areas carried out in several phases

involve uncertainty

project is large or complex

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Examples of Projects

The University developed a new enrolment and

results processing system

An investigation into reasons why a user has aproblem with a computer system

The Y2K problem. What made it fascinating?

Building the Burnley Tunnel

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Writing a web-based training course

Starting a new academic program (e.g. MIT program)

Purchasing a risk management system for an oil

company

Starting a new internal consulting group

Scheduling helicopter routes for the off shore oil rigs

etc., etc., etc.

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A Selection of Projects I have Worked On


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Definition

SCOPE: What is the project trying to accomplish?

What work must be done to satisfy the customer that

the deliverables meet the requirements.

TIME: How long should it take to complete the project?

What is the projects schedule?

COST: What should it cost to complete the project?

The objective of any project is to complete the scope within the

budget by a certain time to the customers satisfaction.

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The Triple Constraint

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Successful project management means

meeting all three goals

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Scope goal

Time goal

Cost goal

Target

Invisibility:with software progress is not immediately visible

Complexity:

per dollar software products contain more complexity

Conformity:

software developers have to conform to the requirements ofhuman clients (can be inconsistent)

Flexibility:

the ease with which software can accommodate changes

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Software Projects vs Other Types of Projects


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What is Management?

Management can be defined as all activities and tasks

undertaken by one or more persons for the purpose of

planning and controlling the activities of others in orderto achieve objectives or complete an activity that could

not be achieved by others acting independently.

Management functions can be categorised as

Planning

OrganisingStaffing

Directing

Controlling

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Management Functions

Planning

Predetermining a course of action for accomplishing project objectives

OrganisingArranging the relationships among work units for accomplishment ofobjectives and the granting of responsibility and authority to attain thoseobjectives

StaffingSelecting and training people for completing tasks

Directing

Creating an atmosphere that will assist and motivate people to achieve

desired end results

Controlling

Establishing, measuring, and evaluating performance of activities toward

planned objectives

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Project Management?

Project management is a system of

management procedures,

practices,technologies,

skills, and

experience

that are necessary to successfully manage a project.

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Project Management - Using sp readsheet

- Microsoft Project 2002

Creating Project Network

Determining the Critical PathProject Management

Project Crashing

Project Evaluation & Review Technique

Simulating Project Networks

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Laws of Project Managementy No major project is ever installed on time, within budget, with the same staff that started it.

Yours will not be the first.

y Projects progress quickly until they become 90% complete, then they r emain

at 90% complete forever.

y One advantage of fuzzy project objectives is that they let you avoid the embarrassment

of estimating the corresponding costs.

y When things are going well, something will go wrong.

- When things just cant get any worse, they will

- When things appear to be going better you have overlooked something

y If project content is allowed to change freely, the rate of change will exceed the rate of progress.

y No system is ever completely debugged: attempts to debug a system inevitably introduce

new bugs that are even harder to find

y A carelessly planned project will take three times longer to complete than expected,

a planned project will take only twice as long.

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Project Characteristics (re-visit)

One clear objectiveA well defined set of end results, Goal oriented

End product or service must result

FiniteFixed timeline, start date, end date, milestone dates

Limited

Budget, Resources, Time

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Life CycleRecognisable sequence of phases

Uniqueness

No practice or rehearsal, one time set of events

Interdependences (source of conflict)

Cross-functional, cross-project, cross-activity

A team of people

Non trivial numberCross-functional origins, interests & allegiances

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Project Characteristics cont.

Divisible into subtasks (called activities)

Often numerous, essentially unique and non-repetitive

Sequenced by precedence relationship

Require careful co-ordination and monitoring

Project Management

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Primary objectives are:

within Budget,

on Schedule, to Specifications

By using methods and a set of techniques based on

Accepted Principles of Management used for Planning,Estimating and Controlling work activities to reach a

desired end result on Time, within Budget and according toSpecifications


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The Triple Constraints

Every project is constrained in different ways by its

Scope goal(s)

Time goal(s)

Cost goal(s)

Must balance these three often competing goals

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Primary Objectives

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Performance

Time (Schedule)

Cost

Required Performance

Due Date

Budget Limit

Implicit Trade-off Functions

Performance = f (Time, Budget)

Time = f (Budget, Perf)

Budget = f (Perf, Time)

What is Project Management? (revisited)

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AcceptedProjectManagementPractices

General

ManagementPractices

ApplicationAreaPractices

S/WDevelopment

Practices

All Project ManagementPractices

Conceptual Diagram:

Intersection is Conceptual

Not Proportional

A Hierarchy of Activities

Program > Project > Task > Work Package

Program

A Group of Related Projects that is managed together,

Programs usually include an Element of ongoing activity

An exceptionally large, long range objective that can be

broken into projects

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Projects

A temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique

product or service

A specific finite task


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A Hierarchy of Activities (cont.)

Program > Project > Activity (Task) > Work Package

Activity

An element of work performed during the course of a project.

It has an expected duration, cost and resource requirement

Any Activity or Task, Job or Operation that must be completed

to finish a project

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Work Package

The Lowest Level of the Work Breakdown Structure

The smallest unit of Work worth enumerating for planning

and controlling

One continuous work unit with a clearly defined and observable

beginning and end

Potential for Conflict

Resource conflict

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Interdependences Activities, Projects, Projects and Operations

Limited Resources People, Equipment, Time, Money, Facilities

People conflict As a result of resource conflict

Resistance to Change

Project Manager

must be a Conflict Manager

Potential for Conflict (cont.)Client

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Max Flexibility, Max Quality at Min Price

in Min Time

OrganisationMax Profit, Min disruption to Operations

Public

Obeyance of all relevant Government Regulations

Min Environmental Impact

Negotiation & Conflict resolution

Two different types of negotiations

win-lose

your savings are other partys losses

win-win

both parties try to understand the

other party needs

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Project Management

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Advantages

Responsiveness to Clients and the Environment

Ability to make Timely Trade-off decisions

Insures overall Project Optimality

Better control, better customer relations,shorter development time, lower costs,

higher quality and reliability, higher profit margins,

sharper orientation towards results,better co-ordination, higher morale

Advantages of Project Management (cont.)

Bosses, customers, and other stakeholders do not like

surprises. Good project management provides assurance

and reduces risk

Project management provides the tools and environment

to plan, to monitor, to track, and to manage schedules,

resources, costs, and quality

Project management provides a history or metrics base

for future planning as well as good documentation

Project members learn and grow by working in a cross-

functional team environment

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Project Management

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Disadvantages

Greater organisational complexity

More violations of company policy Lower personnel utilization

More managerial conflicts

The Project Management Profession

A 1996 Fortune article called project

management the number one career choice

Other authors and IT Gurus stress that projectsare what add value to organizations

Professional societies like the Project

Management Institute (PMI) have grown

tremendously

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Project Management Certification

PMI provides certification as a Project Management

Professional (PMP)

A PMP has documented sufficient project experience,

agreed to follow a code of ethics, and passed the PMP

exam

The number of people earning PMP certification is

increasing quickly, and the certification program

department received ISO approval in 1999

Other groups, like the Singapore Computer Society,

have their own PM Certification programs

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Code of Ethics PMI developed a project management code of

ethics that all PMPs must agree to abide by

Conducting work in an ethical manner helps the

profession earn confidence

Ethics are on the web at

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www.pmi.org/certification/code.htm

Questions or Comments?

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Documents

Lec1 PM Intro