Lec 3&4 Research & Data Collection Spr 09

8/2/2019 Lec 3&4 Research & Data Collection Spr 09

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Research Process


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The Research Process


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Research Problem

Research Question or

Research Problem


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Research Problem

To state a research problem, one may need to ask oneself

questions using the why? how? what if? what is? format orsimilar type formats.

1. Problem statement: (A definition of the research problem)

2. Research question (Expresses the research problem inthe form of a question that requires answering)

formats:


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Research Problem

Hence the

Research Objective


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Literature Review Once a research idea is selected, one has to find out what has

been previously been done on this problem area.

To be able to review the literature one needs to conduct a

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journals, books, references, abstracts, bibliographies,

encyclopedias, indices, special collections, or other

resources in both the library and the Internet.

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Literature Review

One has to follow with a critical appraisal showing the

ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiasedand valid studies.

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Literature Review

Its purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge and

ideas have been established on a topic, and what their

strengths and weaknesses are.

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It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set

of summaries

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Literature Review

1. be organized around and related directly to the thesis or

research question you are developing

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2. synthesize results into a summary of what is and is notknown

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3. identify areas of controversy in the literature

4. formulate questions that need further research


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Research Hypothesis %)

A hypothesis proposes a relationship between two or more

variables" (Hoover, 1980, pp.31)

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9 ' &! " :Temperature increases with sunrise

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Water will evaporate once it reaches the boiling point

87- %)Is a proposed solution to the problem


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Types ofRelationships

between Variables

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Relationship

Causal Relationship

No Relationship


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Types of Research '&

JK:LMNC> OPQExploratory

(based on purpose of research; kind of inference))SHDNCTU 78AFV JWA XY Z OP;[U \]^ JWA U_:`Q(

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Research Sampling &

Each member of the population should have

an equal chance of being in the sample& $ ( ( ) 9)& ;&! =# $ $

Therefore RANDOM SELECTION

Therefore Probability Sampling

If not possible, therefore non probability

sampling

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Criteria for Methodologically GoodResearch #>& #

1. Reliability

2. Validity ,3. Generalizability

4. Utility

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Data Collection Methods

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The Research Process


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AB51 Observation


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What to Look For ?

Zeisel (2006) summarizes the important items to look for during

the observation of environmental behavior. They are:

1. Who is: actor

2. Doing what: act

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3. With whom: significant others

4. In what relationship: describes the relationship between the

actor and the others such as aural, visual, tactile,

olfactory, or symbolic type relationship5. In what context: describes the sociocultural context

including the situation and culture

6. Where (Setting): describes the physical setting

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What to Look For ?

Zeisel (2006) summarizes the important items to look for during

the observation of physical traces. They are:

1. By-products of use: including signs of erosions, leftovers,and missing traces @? 7

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connections

3. Displays of self: including personalization, identification,

and group membership

4. Public messages: including official, unofficial, and

illegitimate signs

5. Context: understand how traces clarify the context and how

the context clarifies the traces.

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Observation ofstreetscape


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Observation ofoffice space


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Observation ofstreet activity


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Observation of where kids play


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Observation ofchild play

activity


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Observation of child play activity


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(F2 Questionnaire


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2.1

1.(F =%

2.(F =% 2


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Writing Effective

2.2

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2.4

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Visual questionnaire


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Visual questionnaire


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Semantic differential

scale


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3

Interviews


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3.1 N#-

Conducting Interviews

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3.2

Structure of Interviews

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Lec 3&4 Research & Data Collection Spr 09