Learning (Part II) 7-9% of AP ExamClassical Conditioning

• UCS + UCR + N, etc…• Acquisition• Extinction• Biological Predisposition• Pavlov• Watson

Operant Conditioning

• Voluntary (nonreflexive), goal seeking

• Association of response with consequence

• Responding decreases especially when consistent reinforcement stops

• instinctive drift = Best learned behaviors are similar to natural behaviors

• Skinner• Thorndike

Operant Conditioning We learn to associate a

response and its consequence Type of learning in which

behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors

followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/operant-conditioning.html#lesson

Operant Conditioning Respondent Behavior (Classical Conditioning)

occurs as an automatic response to stimulus Operant Behavior (Operant Conditioning)

produces consequences Shaping

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward desired goal

Reinforcer (shaper) any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Punishment (shaper) Event that decreases the behavior it follows

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/shaping.html#lesson

Principles of Reinforcement

Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing

stimulus i.e., satisfies a

biological need (food for hunger)

Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its

reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/scheduling-reinforcement.html#lesson

OC Reinforcement:

OC Punishment

Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs (doesn’t really happen in real life)

4 Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement Schedules reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction

Ratios (based on # of responses)

Intervals(time between response)

Fixed-Ratio – reinforces behaviors after set # of

responses (getting paid for every 5th shirt

that is produced)

Fixed-Interval – reinforces first response after a fixed time(jello, cookies, mail(snail))

Variable-Ratio – reinforces after an unpredictable # of

responses(gambling and fishing)

Variable-Interval – reinforces first response after a variable

time (e-mail)

Schedules of Reinforcement 1= Fixed Ratio (FR)

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

faster you respond the more rewards you get

EX: Buy 10 coffees, get one free

2 = Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an

unpredictable number of responses EX: winning at poker, playing a slot

machine

Schedules of Reinforcement 3 = Fixed Interval (FI)

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

EX: Allowance every Friday if your chores are completed

4 = Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at

unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responses EX: Receiving & Checking email

Group Activity: Apply the concepts of operant conditioning to the following scenario:• You are the parent of a child between the ages of 3-12 years

old. Think of a behavior you might want to change. Describe how you would use operant conditioning to “guide” your child’s behavior in a positive (i.e., socially acceptable) way. Be sure to include ideas about how you might address the each of the following:• Shaping (what’s your overall plan)• Positive reinforcement plan• Negative reinforcement plan• Positive punishment plan• Negative punishment plan• 4 Schedules of reinforcement = Which one would you use &

why?