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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Use high resolution n.m.r spectrum of simple molecules (carbon, hydrogen & oxygen) to predict
The different types of proton present
The relative numbers of each type of proton
The number of protons adjacent to a given proton
Possible structures
Given a simple molecule predict features of the n.m.r spectrum.
Describe the use of D2O to identify –OH groups
Nuclear Magnetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyResonance Spectroscopy
NuclearNuclear Magnetic Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyResonance Spectroscopy
NuclearNuclear MagneticMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyResonance Spectroscopy
HH
NuclearNuclear MagneticMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyResonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear MagneticNuclear Magnetic Resonance Resonance SpectroscopySpectroscopy
NuclearNuclear MagneticMagnetic ResonanceResonance SpectroscopySpectroscopy
NuclearNuclear MagneticMagnetic ResonanceResonance SpectroscopySpectroscopy
Absorption peak corresponds to the radio frequency absorbed
Only nuclei with an odd number of Only nuclei with an odd number of nucleons (neutrons and protons) possess nucleons (neutrons and protons) possess a magnetic spina magnetic spin
11H (proton nmr)H (proton nmr)1313CC
The vast majority of proton NMR The vast majority of proton NMR spectroscopy is performed on liquids.spectroscopy is performed on liquids.
You have a solid sample, what do you You have a solid sample, what do you dissolve it in? dissolve it in?
structure
spectrum
Proton NMR SpectraProton NMR Spectra
A
B
S
O
R
T
I
O
N
CHEMICAL SHIFT
Electrons around the nucleus shield it from the applied magnetic field.
Different radio-frequencies are aborbed depending on the environment of the proton.
CHEMICAL SHIFT is a measure of the magnetic field experienced by protons in different environments.
CHEMICAL SHIFT is measured in ppm relative to TMS, Si(CH3)4
CHEMICAL SHIFT tells us about the types of protons present
A
B
S
O
R
T
I
O
N
CHEMICAL SHIFT
ABSORPTIONS
The area under each peak is directly proportional to the number of protons responsible for the absorption
These areas are most often presented as integration traces on the spectrum
Your TurnYour Turn
Our TurnOur Turn
Different types of proton?
Relative numbers of each type of proton?
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL SHIFT ppmSHIFT ppm
Type of Type of protonproton
Number of Number of protonsprotons
1.01.0 R-CHR-CH33 33
3.53.5 O-CHO-CH22-R-R 22
4.94.9 R-O-HR-O-H 11
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH
structure
spectrum
CH3CH2OH
Expect 3 different types of proton
Expect peaks in the following ranges
0.7-1.6ppm (CH3)
3.3-4.3ppm (CH2-O)
3.5-5.5ppm (OH)
Expect integration 3:2:1
Predict
3 different types of proton
Number protons is in ratio 1:2:3
Assign possible types of proton to chemical shifts obtained
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Use high resolution n.m.r spectrum of simple molecules (carbon, hydrogen & oxygen) to predict
The different types of proton present
The relative numbers of each type of proton
The number of protons adjacent to a given proton
Possible structures
Given a simple molecule predict features of the n.m.r spectrum.
Describe the use of D2O to identify –OH groups
The number of absorption peaks tells us the number of different types of protons.
The chemical shift helps us identify the type of proton.
The integration values tells us the relative number of protons.
Nuclear Magnetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyResonance Spectroscopy
Part 2Part 2
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Use high resolution n.m.r spectrum of simple molecules (carbon, hydrogen & oxygen) to predict
The different types of proton present
The relative numbers of each type of proton
The number of protons adjacent to a given proton
Possible structures
Given a simple molecule predict features of the n.m.r spectrum.
Describe the use of D2O to identify –OH groups
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL SHIFT ppmSHIFT ppm
Type of Type of protonproton
Number of Number of protonsprotons
1.01.0 R-CHR-CH33 33
3.53.5 O-CHO-CH22-R-R 22
4.94.9 R-O-HR-O-H 11
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH
why does this happen?
Is it any use?
CH3CH2OH
C C OWhat name do we give to this effect?
spin spin
coupling
CH3CH2OH
C C OH
H
H
H
H
H
triplet
As a result of spin-spin coupling effects the signals are multiplets
What causes this triplet splitting pattern?
The spin-spin coupling effects from the protons on the adjacent carbon.
The n+1 rule
For n adjacent protons
We have n+1 peaks in the multiplet
2 adjacent protons
Gives a triplet
quartet
The n+1 rule
For n adjacent protons
We have n+1 peaks in the multiplet
We have quartet
How many protons on the adjacent carbon?
why does signal splitting this happen?
Is it any use?
Spin-spin coupling
Yes.
It tells us the number of protons attached to the adjacent carbon.
multipletmultiplet Protons on Protons on adjacent carbonadjacent carbon
singletsinglet nonenone
doubletdoublet One (C-H)One (C-H)
triplettriplet Two (CHTwo (CH22))
quadrupletquadruplet Three (CHThree (CH33))
Identifying O-H protonsIdentifying O-H protons
O-H protons can absorb at different O-H protons can absorb at different chemical shifts, dependant uponchemical shifts, dependant uponSolvent usedSolvent usedConcentration of solventConcentration of solvent
As a result it is difficult to identify O-H As a result it is difficult to identify O-H protons from chemical shiftsprotons from chemical shifts
Trick DTrick D22O – sometimes called a “DO – sometimes called a “D22O O
shake”shake”
In CCl4
In D2O
Identifying O-H protonsIdentifying O-H protons
To identify O-H protons, To identify O-H protons, run the sample in a suitable solventrun the sample in a suitable solventRe-run the sample in DRe-run the sample in D22OO
Compare spectraCompare spectra If the signal for the O-H proton dissapears If the signal for the O-H proton dissapears
in Din D22OOEvidence Evidence
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Use high resolution n.m.r spectrum of simple molecules (carbon, hydrogen & oxygen) to predict
The different types of proton present
The relative numbers of each type of proton
The number of protons adjacent to a given proton
Possible structures
Given a simple molecule predict features of the n.m.r spectrum.
Describe the use of D2O to identify –OH groups
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Use high resolution n.m.r spectrum of simple molecules (carbon, hydrogen & oxygen) to predict
The different types of proton present
The relative numbers of each type of proton
The number of protons adjacent to a given proton
Possible structures
Given a simple molecule predict features of the n.m.r spectrum.
Describe the use of D2O to identify –OH groups
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Use high resolution n.m.r spectrum of simple molecules (carbon, hydrogen & oxygen) to predict
The different types of proton present
The relative numbers of each type of proton
The number of protons adjacent to a given proton
Possible structures
Given a simple molecule predict features of the n.m.r spectrum.
Describe the use of D2O to identify –OH groups
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Use high resolution n.m.r spectrum of simple molecules (carbon, hydrogen & oxygen) to predict
The different types of proton present
The relative numbers of each type of proton
The number of protons adjacent to a given proton
Possible structures
Given a simple molecule predict features of the n.m.r spectrum.
Describe the use of D2O to identify –OH groups
Your TurnYour Turn
Old Exam QuestionsOld Exam Questions
[8]June2007 Q7d
Jan2007
June2008 Q4d