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Learning objectives 5.1 – How biological rhythms affect our physiology and performance
5.2 – Why you feel out of sync when you fly across time zones or change shifts at work
5.3 – Why some people get the winter blues
5.4 – How culture and learning affect reports of “PMS” and estimates of its incidence
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Understanding biological rhythms Consciousness Awareness of oneself and the environment
Biological rhythms A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications
Entrainment Biological rhythms are synchronized with external events such as changes in clock time, temperature, and daylight.
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Endogenous biological rhythms Circadian rhythms Once about every 24 hours Example: the sleep-‐wake cycle
Infradian rhythms Occur less frequently than once a day Examples: birds migrating, bears hibernating
Ultradian rhythms Occur more frequently than once a day Examples: stomach contractions, hormone fluctuations
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Occur in animals, plants, and people
To study endogenous circadian rhythms, scientists isolate volunteers from time cues.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus Located in hypothalamus, regulates melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland
Circadian rhythms
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Internal desynchronization A state when biological rhythms are not in phase with each other
Circadian rhythms are influenced by changes in routine. Airplane flights across time zones Adjusting to new work shifts Illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs, and mealtimes
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Moods and long-term rhythms Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) A controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the Winter and an improvement of mood in the Spring
Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light.
Evaluating frequency of and treatment for SAD is difficult.
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Menstrual cycles and mood Physical symptoms are common Cramps, breast tenderness, and water retention
Emotional symptoms are rare Irritability and depression Fewer than 5% of women have symptoms predictably.
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Why women overestimate “PMS” They notice depression or irritability when these moods occur premenstrually but overlook times when moods are absent premenstrually.
They attribute irritability before menstruation to PMS and irritability at other times to other causes.
They are influenced by cultural attitudes and myths about menstruation.
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Your turn
Some men experience periodic fluctuations in their levels of testosterone in cycles that vary from a few weeks to a month or more. What kind of cycles are these? 1. Infradian 2. Circadian 3. Ultradian
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Your turn
Some men experience periodic fluctuations in their levels of testosterone in cycles that vary from a few weeks to a month or more. What kind of cycles are these? 1. Infradian 2. Circadian 3. Ultradian
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Learning objectives 5.5 – The stages of sleep
5.6 – How sleep gets disrupted and the consequences that result
5.7 – The mental benefits of sleep
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Realms of sleep Stage 1. Feel self drifting on the edge of consciousness
Stage 2. Minor noises won’t disturb you
Stage 3. Breathing and pulse have slowed down
Stage 4. Deep sleep
REM. Increased eye movement, loss of muscle tone, dreaming
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Typical night’s sleep for a young adult
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Your turn Early in the evening, Joey’s parents find him walking around. They try to wake him, but he does not seem to respond. What kind of sleep is Joey in? 1. REM sleep 2. Fast-‐wave sleep (Stages 1 and 2) 3. Slow-‐wave sleep (Stages 3 and 4)
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Your turn Early in the evening, Joey’s parents find him walking around. They try to wake him, but he does not seem to respond. What kind of sleep is Joey in? 1. REM sleep 2. Fast-‐wave sleep (Stages 1 and 2) 3. Slow-‐wave sleep (Stages 3 and 4)
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Why we sleep The exact function of sleep is uncertain but sleep appears to provide time for the body to carry out important functions. To eliminate waste products from muscles To repair cells To strengthen the immune system To recover abilities lost during the day
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Sleep disorders Sleep deprivation leads to decreases in physical and mental functioning.
Sleep apnea Breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily waken. Narcolepsy Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep Staying up late and not allowing oneself enough sleep 2/3 of Americans get fewer than recommended 8 hours.
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Mental benefits of sleep Sleep helps to improve memory by contributing to consolidation in which synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable.
Improvements in memory have been associated with REM sleep and slow-‐wave sleep (stages 3 and 4), and with memory for specific motor and perceptual skills.
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Learning objectives 5.8 – Freud’s theory that dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”
5.9 – How dreams might be related to your current problems and concerns
5.10 – How dreams might be related to ordinary daytime thoughts
5.11 – How dreams could be caused by meaningless brain-‐stem signals
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What is your experience? Do you typically remember your dreams?
A. Yes B. No
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What is your experience? Have you ever died in a dream?
A. Yes B. No
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What is your experience? Do you have a recurring dream?
A. Yes B. No
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What is your experience? Have you ever dreamed about doing something impossible (e.g., flying, playing music even though you can’t)?
A. Yes B. No
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What is your experience? Have you ever had a dream in which one person transformed into another?
A. Yes B. No
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What is your experience? Do your dreams often contain inconsistencies?
A. Yes B. No
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What is your experience? Have you ever dreamed about a sexual experience?
A. Yes B. No
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What is your experience? Have you ever dreamed about being attacked or pursued?
A. Yes B. No
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What is your experience? Have you ever dreamed about arriving too late for something important?
A. Yes B. No
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Dreams as unconscious wishes Freud concluded that dreams might provide insight into our unconscious.
Manifest content includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience. Latent content includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream.
To understand a dream we must distinguish manifest from latent content.
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But even Freud said, not everything in dreams is symbolic…
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Dreams as reflections of current concerns Dreams may reflect ongoing conscious issues such as concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health.
Dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than chance would predict. Example: college students and testing
Males and females appear to dream about similar issues now that lives and concerns of the two sexes have become more similar.
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Dreams as thinking Dreaming is the same kind of activity we engage in when we are awake.
The difference is that the cerebral cortex is cut off from external stimulation.
Predicts that if we were awake, but cut off from external stimulation, our thoughts would have the same hallucinatory quality we experience in dreams!
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Dreams as interpreted brain activity Activation-‐synthesis theory Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain.
At the same time, brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world are shut down.
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Evaluating dream theories Psychoanalytic Interpretations are often far fetched
Problem-‐focused Skepticism about the ability to solve problems during sleep
Cognitive Some specific claims remain to be tested
Activation-‐synthesis Does not explain coherent, story-‐like dreams or non-‐REM dreams
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Hypnosis A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject. Hypnosis doesn’t increase accuracy of memory.
Hypnosis doesn’t produce a literal re-‐experiencing of long-‐past events.
Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for many medical and psychological purposes, including pain relief, anxiety and many others.
You can read more in chapter 5…..
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Learning objectives 5.15 – The major types of psychoactive drugs
5.16 – How recreational drugs affect the brain
5.17 – How people’s prior drug experiences, individual characteristics, expectations, and mental sets influence their reaction to drugs
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Classifying drugs Psychoactive drug Substance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior
Types Stimulants speed up activity in the CNS. Depressants slow down activity in the CNS. Opiates relieve pain. Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought processes.
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What do you think? Binge drinking is extremely prevalent on college campuses.
A. Yes B. No
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What do you think? Marijuana should be legalized.
A. Yes B. No
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What do you think? The drug ecstasy should or could be used for therapeutic purposes, such as treatment of depression and anxiety from the loss of a loved one or painful experiences?
A. Yes B. No
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What do you think? Is Ritalin overprescribed for children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)?
A. Yes B. No
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What do you think? Should nicotine be made illegal?
A. Yes B. No
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Physiology of drug effects Psychoactive drugs work by acting on neurotransmitters. They can. . . Increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters
Prevent the re-‐absorption of excess neurotransmitters by the cells that release them
Block the effects of neurotransmitters on receiving cells
Bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator
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Blocks the brain’s reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, raising levels of these neurotransmitters. Results in over-stimulation of certain brain circuits and a brief euphoric high
When drug wears off, depletion of dopamine may cause user to “crash.”
Cocaine’s effect on the brain
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Psychology of drug effects Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on several factors. Physical factors such as body weight, metabolism, initial state of emotional arousal, and physical tolerance
The number of times a person has used a drug
Environmental factors such as where and with whom one uses a drug
Mental set or expectations of a drug’s effects
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Psychology of drug effects Expectations can sometimes even have a more powerful effect than the chemical properties of the drug itself.
The “think-‐drink” effect studies p.173.
Set and Setting again. Drinking Bourbon at 9am with a doctor in a florescent lit hospital room not the same experience as at your favorite nicely lit bar with a best friend. This includes culture…
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In the 1920’s cocaine was advertised as an “instantaneous cure”.
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Expecta(ons and beliefs about drugs are shaped by the culture in which you live. In the 19th century, Americans regarded marijuana as a mild seda7ve, they did not expect it to get them high and it didn’t. It merely put them to sleep. That changed in the 1930’s…And scare tac7c ads are s7ll being used
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…And scare tac7c ads are s7ll being used
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5 Psychology of drug effects This does not mean drugs are only placebos, they can have very powerful effects. Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on several factors, and not merely the chemical itself. Understanding the psychological and sociocultural factors can help us think critically about the both the national drug debates & increasing pharmaceutical advertising!
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The Drug Debate Drug USE can turn into drug ABUSE. And drug abuse, in some but not all kinds of drugs can lead to addiction which we will cover as a psychological disorder in chapter 15.
Because the consequences of drug abuse and addiction be so devastating for people and their families we often have trouble thinking critically about drug use and our arguments and stances can become overly emotional.
For example, tobacco contributes to over 400,000 deaths in the US each year…that’s 24 times the number of deaths from all illegal forms of drug use combined.
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The Drug Debate Currently the debate over marijuana and its legitimate medical uses runs high. At the same time, new research is studying the possibility that psychedelic and other similar drugs can be used as part of psychotherapy to treat anxiety, distress and other psychological problems (Griffiths et al 2008 listed in your textbook)
Controversy over MDMA (ecstasy) currently seems to the most controversial, probably because it reached such high numbers of users in the early 2000’s and research published by the journal Science had to retracted for serious. Textbooks can not agree on the consequences of MDMA use and even yours has removed explicit reference to this drug. See my website links about this issue.
At one extreme, some people refuse to accept that their favorite drugs may have some harmful effects. At the other extreme, many people refuse to accept that their most hated or feared drug may not be harmful psychologically for all people, in all amounts, in all settings. Or even that some currently illegal drugs may have medical or psychological benefits.
Where do you Stand? Examine the evidence. Think Critically.
