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Learning DifficultiesSOME SOURCES OF LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
1. STUDENT’S PROBLEM * Student’s perception and attitude toward mathematics and mathematics teacher * The nature of mathematical thinking * The student’s ability to learn mathematics 2. TEACHER PROBLEM * The presentation of mathematics in the classrooms * The nature of the teaching methods and strategy used by the teacher
3. CURRICULUM * The non-flexibility of the curriculum * The nature of the syllabus * The use of resources that is not fit to the individual student 4. CLASS ORGANISATION * Difficulties Attribute to school or Class organization * The environment that is not supporting the student to learn
5. THE SUBJECT ITSELF * The written form of mathematics * The abstract nature of mathematics * The complexity of the concepts * The hierarchical of the mathematics concepts * The formal notation 6. etc. DR. IDA KARNASIH, SEAMEO RECSAM
PM – 6522Integrating Constructivism and Meaningful Learning
In Student-Centred Primary Mathematics Classroom
31 March – 25 April 2008
Facilitator : Dr. Ida KArnasih
What is a Concept?
(John son & Rising,1972)A Concept is mental abstraction of common properties
of a set of experience or phenomena
Ausubel (1968) – concept formation Concept as abstraction from experience involving
examples of concepts
Hunt, Martin, Stone (1966) – concept assimilationA concept is a decision rule which, when applied to the
description of an object, specifies whether or not a name can be applied.
Henderson (1970)Verbal concepts are those for which a conventional
name or designating expression exit, they are learned by concept assimilation or by definition – e.g. rhombus, polygon, variable, mean
Non-verbal concepts are learned by concept formation or by abstraction from example – e.g. number, time, color, space
Kinds of Concepts
Concepts can represent: Objects Acttivities Living things
Concept can also represent: Properties, such color, size Things that are abstract Relations (for example: better
that, smaller than, bigger than)
Forms of Concepts:
Concrete concepts
Abstract concepts
Verbal concepts
Non-verbal concepts
Process concepts
The ability to form or understand mental concepts and abstractions.
Something conceived in the mind; a concept, plan, design, idea, or thought
CONCEPTION
Concept,
idea,
image,
notion,
perception,
thought.
exists in the mind as the product of careful mental activity
How Concept can be developed
1. Markle’s model (1969)
The building up of concept can be seen as the result of the learner making separate discriminations related to the concept and classifying them as an example or non-example
2. Skemp’s Model (1971) Primary concept are derived from sensory and
motor experience
Secondary concept are derived from previosly
abstract concepts – (verbal concepts)
Hence , “ hierachical order” of concept is postulated where the highest order concepts are those furthest removed from the primary concepts
Problems in Learning of Concept
1. Students’ Cognitive ability
2. Language factor
3. Abstract Nature of Mathematics
1. Complexities of Mathematical concepts
Misconception
Misconception are crucially important to learning and teaching, because:
Misconception from part of pupil’s conceptual structure that will interact with new concepts,
Misconceptions influence new learning, mostly in a negative way,
Misconceptions generate errors.
Slips, Errors and Misconception
Slips are wrong answers due to planning
Errors are wrong answers due to a planning. Errors are the symptoms of underlying conceptual structures that are the cause of errors;
Misconceptions: Beliefs and principles in the cognitive structure that are the cause of systematic conceptual errors.
Group tasks1. Get some manipulatives, think of
activities, or living things 2. Try to find out as many as concepts
you can from activity 1 (concrete, abstract, verbal, non verbal, formation, and assimilation concepts)
3. Think of the possibility of students’ misconceptions in learning those
concepts (if any)
4. Think of how to re-educate/ help students’ away from those misconceptions
5. Discuss your results in front of our class.