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Learning Design for Personal Adaptive Learning Prof. Rob Koper ([email protected]) Educational Technology Expertise Center Open University or the Netherlands   Prolearn Workshop on Personalized Adaptive Corporate Learning, January, 13th, Fraunhover, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany Jan. 13 th  2005

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Page 1: Learning Design for Personal Adaptive Learningdspace.ou.nl/bitstream/1820/299/1/LearningDesignProlearn.pdf · Learning Design for Personal Adaptive Learning ... Latent Semantic Analysis

Learning Design for Personal Adaptive Learning

Prof. Rob Koper ([email protected])Educational Technology Expertise Center

Open University or the Netherlands

  Prolearn Workshop on Personalized Adaptive Corporate 

Learning, January, 13th, Fraunhover, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany Jan. 13th 2005

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Content

● Some background about our RTD programme● Learning Design Concepts, Model & Spec● Learning Design Tools● Roadmap and dissimination activities

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Note

● Most of the concepts discussed in this presentation are published in journals or books:Please ask for the reference when you want to know more about an issue.

● Most preprints of publications can be found at:http://dspace.ou.nl

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Open University of the Netherlands

Two missions:1. provide open higher distance education and2. innovate higher education (incl. R&D)

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OUNL

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RTD Programmes into Learning Technologies

● 1998­2003: Competency Based Learning in VLE (EML, Edubox, Learning Design, ...)

● 2003 – 2008: Self­organized Learning Networks for Lifelong Learners (development of learning technologies to realise learning networks) 

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Programme themes

1. Learning Networks IntegratedOverall functionality, use­cases, models & infra

2. Make & Use Units of Learning in Learning Networks How to Make and Use UoLs in Learning Networks

3. Learner Positioning in Learning NetworksHow to position new and existing learners in a Learning Network (e.g. measure and map existing competencies)

4. Navigation in Learning NetworksHow to navigate in Learning Networks, using & exchanging  learning tracks, learning routes and learning patterns in Learning Networks

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Programme themes

1. Learning Networks IntegratedOverall functionality, use­cases, models & infra

2. Make & Use Units of Learning in Learning Networks How to Make and Use UoLs in Learning Networks

3. Learner Positioning in Learning NetworksHow to position new and existing learners in a Learning Network (e.g. measure and map existing competencies)

4. Navigation in Learning NetworksHow to navigate in Learning Networks, using & exchanging  learning tracks, learning routes and learning patterns in Learning Networks

Learning Design

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General Approach in the Programme

Educational Modelling

Infra & Tools

Use, Evaluation & Dissimination

Outcomes:1. Publications2. Open Source Prototypes3. Open Specifications

All outcomes in:http://dspace.ou.nl 

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Educational Modelling

Educational Modelling

Infra & Tools

Use, Evaluation & Dissimination

Major Model Requirements:● Formal, semantic, abstract, 

interoperable, and computer interpretable model of an educational (sub) system

● Model describes structure & process● In line with:

­ Pedagogical models & theories­ Pedagogical Patterns­ Best practices

● In line with existing open standards & specifications

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Educational Modelling

Educational Modelling

Infra & Tools

Use, Evaluation & Dissimination

MODELS:● Units of Learning (EML, IMS Learning Design) 

● Assessment● Learner / Teacher Support● Curriculum / Route planning● Learning Networks (integrates 

previous models)● Portfolio's & Learner Positions● Learning Design Patterns (E­LEN)

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Part of Testing Model

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Infra & Tools

Educational Modelling

Infra & Tools

Use, Evaluation & Dissimination

● CopperCore OS LD engine (EU, JISC)● Authoring & Players for LD (EU Alfanet)● Application profiles and conformance 

tests for LD (EU Telcert)● Simulation of Learning Networks● Learning Network Architecture & Infra● Collaborative Filtering for Navigation● Agent technologies for teacher & learner 

support● Latent Semantic Analysis for learner 

positioning

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Use, Evaluation & Dissimination

Educational Modelling

Infra & Tools

Use, Evaluation & Dissimination

● LN pilots: ­ peer­to­peer infra in­house training­ LN for Learning Design­ LN for advanced internet user skills 

● EU Unfold project: building European communities for the support of IMS Learning Design

● EU Telcert LD demonstrators● “Standardization” and dissimination 

activities in: IMS, CEN/ISSS, NEN, SURF SIX, Valkenburg Group, ...

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Any Questions?

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Learning Design Concepts, Model & IMS Specification

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What is IMS Learning Design?

● An open eLearning ‘Standard’ published by the IMS consortium in February 2003

● It is based on the Educational Modelling Language (EML) developed at the OUNL and released in December 2000

● Physically it is a set of three types of documents:

InformationModel

XMLschema

Best PracticeGuide

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General Objectives of Open eLearning Standards like Learning 

Design1. Support the exchange of eLearning Resources

independent of the delivery system(includes: system interoperability, sharing, selling, ...)

2. Define the minimum set of requirements for any delivery system and for any resource for exchange.

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Terminology

● learning design: the human activity of designing “units of learning”, learning activities or learning environments

● “Unit of Learning” is the abstract term for a course, a lesson, a workshop, or any other learning or teaching event (including self­defined learning activities and routes)

● Learning Design (LD): The IMS specification

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Central learning design question:How can we help people to learn in an effective, efficient, attractive and accessible way?● What support do people need in order to learn?● How can we assess and communicate the 

results of a learning process?● How can we make learning and support as 

effective, efficient, attractive and accessible as possible for everyone involved in the process?

=> Answers are captured in 'learning design knowledge'

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learning design

● A learning design is the application of learning design knowledge when developing a concrete unit of learning, e.g. a course, a lesson, a curriculum, a learning event. 

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Assumptions

● the effectiveness of instruction is, among other things, dependent on the quality of an UOL

● the quality of an UOL depends largely on the quality of the learning design

● every learning practice (e.g. a course) has an underlying (implicit or explicit) learning design

● a learning design can be developed by developers, teachers and learners 

● a learning design can evolve during the learning (generative learning)

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Capturing learning designs

● Most learning designs of teachers are implicit. In some situations (e­learning, adaptive learning, distance teaching, etc.) we need explicit designs that can be re­used over and over again at different times and places for more or less the same course (or building). 

● Several descriptions of learning designs:­ instructional design theories­ descriptions of best­practices   (e.g. lesson plans)­ pedagogical patterns

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Instructional Design Theories

● 4C/ID model for the acquisition of complex skills in authentic task situations (e.g. pilots training)

● Problem­based learning for medical training● Performance­based learning in companies like 

Cisco● Explorative learning in research and 

development● Adaptive learning● ...

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Example lesson plan Masciarelli 2004

Title: Beginning of the Year or Semester Review for returning students 

Primary Subject: Language Arts ­ Spanish; Grade Level ­ 6­8 

General Goal: Student will be able to converse with peer in target language as a way of reviewing previously learned material.

Required Materials: ­ Textbook (Ven Conmigo)­ Lined Paper­ Name sticks (for random pairing)

Step­By­Step Procedures:●Students should be assigned partners by random pairing of name sticks.●Students should begin by reviewing key phrases and verbs. They should do this in pairs using a read and quiz method.●To reinforce the review, students should write an outline of what they'd like to say in their conversation, either as homework or in the next class. When students have completed their outline, they should create a realistic conversation.● ...

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Basic Function of IMS LD

● An XML schema for the representation of the structure and processes within a “Unit of Learning”

● Units of Learning that are represented in Learning Design can run in an LD runtime environment like CopperCore (www.coppercore.org at sourceforge) or any other LD compatible player (e.g. Edubox)

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What it does...● it models different kinds of pedagogical models

(behaviourist, cognitivist, social­constructivist)● describes all processes, content and services 

within a course in an interoperable way● supports personalisation and adaptation● supports reuse of (components of courses)● supports multi­role workflow within 

teaching/learning● stores all kinds of user­data, e.g. portfolio's● supports versioning, archiving, instantiation of 

different runs from the same source● Integrates resources, services (and standards)

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Which standards are Integrated in LD

● Metadata specifications: LOM, Dublin Core or others

● IMS Content Packaging● IMS Question and Test interoperability spec.● IMS ePortfolio● IMS Reusable Competence Definition● IMS Simple Sequencing● SCORM (including SCORM 2004)● Can use: IMS LIP, IMS ePortfolio and IMS 

enterprise 

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How does Learning Design Integrate other Open Standards

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DigitalRepository

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Interoperable 'Course'Package

DigitalRepository

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Interoperable 'Course'Package

DigitalRepository

LearningObjectives

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Interoperable 'Course'Package

Content Aggregates

LOMetadata

LOMetadata

LearningObject

LearningObject

DigitalRepository

LearningObjectives

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Interoperable 'Course'Package

Content Aggregates

LOMetadata

LOMetadata

LearningObject

LearningObject

Services

Search,etc.

Forum,ChatTests

DigitalRepository

LearningObjectives

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Interoperable 'Course'Package

Content Aggregates

LOMetadata

LOMetadata

LearningDesign

Multi­roleActivities

LearningObject

LearningObject

Multi­roleWorkflow

Adap­tation

Services

Search,etc.

Forum,ChatTests

DigitalRepository

LearningObjectives

uses

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Interoperable 'Course'Package

Content Aggregates

Learner Info  

LOMetadata

LOMetadata

LearningDesign

Multi­roleActivities

LearningObject

LearningObject

Multi­roleWorkflow

LearningObjectives

Adap­tation

Services

Search,etc.

Forum,ChatTests

DigitalRepository

Portfolio StudentAdmin

uses

uses

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Interoperable 'Course'Package

Content Aggregates

Learner Info  

LOMetadata

LOMetadata

LearningDesign

Multi­roleActivities

LearningObject

LearningObject

Multi­roleWorkflow

LearningObjectives

Adap­tation

Services

Search,etc.

Forum,ChatTests

DigitalRepository

Portfolio StudentAdmin

Learning Design

Content Package Reusable Def.Competenciesor EducationalObjectives

CP OrganizationSimple SequencingRSS

LOM, Dublin CoreTaxonomiesOntologies

QTI eg nntp

Digital Rep. Inter.

identifiers

uses

ePortfolioLIP

Enter­priseAICCCMI

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How it works...

Basic Ideas● Create a standard course notation (like the 

music notation)● Capture only the design, not the runtime

(to make it reusable)● Provide a complete description of workflow, 

content, & services in a unit of learning● Use a Pedagogical meta­model to describe 

pedagogical models:

ROLE performs ACTIVITIES using RESOURCES

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The IMS Learning Design Model

In the next slides you will find some figures:● The IMS LD Model in UML● Where IMS LD elements are declared in an IMS 

Content Package● One of the IMS LD Players

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Structure of Learning Design

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Content Packaging & Learning Design

PACKAGE

Manifest

Physical Files

The actual content: HTML, Media, Activity descriptions, Collaboration and other files

Meta-data

Organizations:Organization

Resources:Resource

(sub)Manifest

Unit of Learning

Manifest

Physical Files

The actual content: HTML, Media, Activity descriptions, Collaboration and other files

Meta-data

Organizations:L. Design

Resources:Resource

(sub)Manifest

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<manifest>   <metadata/>   <organizations>       <learning­design xmlns="[standard­

namespace­for­learning­design]">            [add learning design elements here]       </learning­design>   </organizations>   <resources/></manifest>

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Structure of the XML Schema

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Learning Design Method (play)Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5

Role-part 1

Role-part 2

Role-part 4

Role-part 5

Role Activity Environment

Learning objects

Learning services

Activity-Description

Play script Metaphor

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example

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Example lesson plan Masciarelli 2004

Title: Beginning of the Year or Semester Review for returning students 

Primary Subject: Language Arts ­ Spanish; Grade Level ­ 6­8 

General Goal: Student will be able to converse with peer in target language as a way of reviewing previously learned material.

Required Materials: ­ Textbook (Ven Conmigo)­ Lined Paper­ Name sticks (for random pairing)

Step­By­Step Procedures:●Students should be assigned partners by random pairing of name sticks.●Students should begin by reviewing key phrases and verbs. They should do this in pairs using a read and quiz method.●To reinforce the review, students should write an outline of what they'd like to say in their conversation, either as homework or in the next class. When students have completed their outline, they should create a realistic conversation.● ...

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LEARNING DESIGN METHODMetadata:

Title: Beginning of the Year or Semester Review for returning students 

Primary Subject: Language Arts, Spanish; 

Students: Grade Level ­ 6­8 

Setting: classroom, students grouped in pairs 

Learning Objectives: Student will be able to ….

Play:

Act I (Anticipatory Set):

Teacher: Show scene from accompanying video series… (video set)

Act II (Step­by­step procedure):

Sequence:

1. Teacher: Assign students in random pairs, using name sticks…   

2. Student: Review key phrases and verbs….(Ven Conmigo)

Conditions:

IF conversation is complete THEN students check with the teacher before 

          memorising.

IF teacher wants to grade THEN students do not carry out self­assessment.

Etc.

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Activity Diagram

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Then...

● Coding the design with an LD editor, e.g.Reload (http://www.reload.ac.uk)

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Learning Design Tools

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Status of Tool Development● Reload editor (Level A editor) ● Alfanet level C editor and player (June 2005)● LAMS (Level A editor + player (mid 2005)● CopperCore Engine (Level C LD Engine dec)● eLive Visual LD Editor (level B, april 2005).● Educreator (Chronotech) level A LD/EML editor● Service Based Learning Design System 

OUNL/BOU JISC (Nov)● MOT+ input/output filters● Edubox (EML 1.1)● CopperAuthor (LD level A editor)

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Unfold Event

● 16­18 February, Valkenburg (near Maastricht in the Netherlands)

● Hands­on workshop to learn to use the tools (Reload and CopperCore). Other tools are demonstrated

● Information: http://www.unfold­project.net 

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CopperCore API’s

- Provides 3 Application Programming Interfaces 1. dealing with administrative tasks2. dealing with run­time delivery of the IMS LD 

specification3. dealing with time dependent events

- Two levels of APIs are supported- native Java, based on the J2EE framework- web services through SOAP

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CopperCore layered architecture

Relational DBMS

SOAP Interface Layer

LDEngine SessionBean

CourseManagerSession Bean

Timer MessageBean

Data Access Layer

Property Acess Layer

LD Components Layer

LDEngine DelegateCourseManager

DelegateTimer Delegate

J2EE Container

Delegates

Client using CopperCore

SOAP over HTTP

Native Java call

EJB remote call

JDBC call

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The CopperCore add­ons

1. Clicc- very basic command line access to the 

administrative API

2. Publisher - a basic web interface allowing the validation and 

publication of IMS LD manifests

3. WebPlayer- very simple LD player demonstrating the use of 

the run­time delivery API

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CopperCore integration: Alfanet

AdministrationModule

J2EE Application Server

Security Layer Presentation Layer

Dispatcher

IMS-LD Interpreter

Tracker

InteractionModule

ContentsServer

User Manager

AuditModule

Server

CoursesManager

Services

Data

CommonRepositories

WebDAV Serv er

Authoring Tool

WebDAV Client

Object Model

System Manager

IMS-QTIInterpreter

Adaptat.Module

MAPM

CopperCore

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CopperCore integration: JISC ELF Framework

Service Based Learning Design

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Additional information

● CopperCore http://copercore.org

● Unfold http://www.unfold­project.net

● Reload http://reload.ac.uk

● The SLeD player http://ldplayer.sourceforge.net

● JISC E­Learning Framework http://www.jisc.ac.uk/

● Alfanet http://alfanet.ia.uned.es

● And the stand of the Open University

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Roadmap, Dissimination and 

standards related projects

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Roadmap for LD implementation

a. Specification (febr. 2003)b. Awareness raising (febr. 2004)c. First generation tools (febr.2005)d. Demonstrators (during 2005),     usability improvement of tools, and     application profiles and conformance testinge. Development of community of users    (from 2006)

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Valkenburg Group● Ad hoc community of persons interested in 

developing tools for IMS LD incl. R&D issues● European partners in Valkenburg are now 

funded by EU (UNFOLD project)● Tool development projects (Reload, etc.)● Test suite/application profiles for LD (Telcert)● February 2004: group wrote chapters of Springer 

Book Learning Design● During the Unfold period, we invite non­

europeans to participate in co­organized Valkenburg meetings.

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● Main PartnersUPF, JISC/CETIS, EUCEN and OUNL

● Focus of UNFOLD?Adoption of IMS Learning Design

● Target Group ­ Systems Developers ­ Learning Designers ­ Teachers and Learning Providers ­  PhD students working on LD or EML

understanding new frameworksof learning design

A Sixth Framework IST European Project

http://www.unfold­project.net

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Major Activities● Setup of CoPs for every level of target group

­ support for tool developers (installation CD)­ support for learning designers (demo materials)­ support for providers (through EUCEN)­ support for PhD students in LD

● Setting up (a pilot) Learning Network forLearning Designers (ln4ld.learningnetworks.org)

● Organization of Conferences, workshops, etc.incl. Valkenburg Group Meetings

● Publication and dissemination activities

understanding new frameworksof learning design

A Sixth Framework IST European Project

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Technology Enhanced Learning: Conformance ­ European Requirements 

& Testing

TELCERT

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Key Aspects of the Project

● A Model for Conformance● Application Profiles● Application Profiling Tool● Content Re­Engineering Tool● Testing Technology Research● Test Suite Architecture● Key Deliverables● Outreach Workshops

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LD RTD

● Work of PhD students (see dspace server),mostly on extensions or implementations 

● Work on LD automatically generated, reusable LD patterns

● Validation of pedagogical expressiveness requirement

● ...

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Recent Book about LD (2005)

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Thank You!

References:● http://dspace.ou.nl  (publications, preprints, software)

● http://www.unfold­project.net ● http://ln4ld.learningnetworks.org● Sheets: http://hdl.handle.net/1820/299 ● email: [email protected]● Springer book (see folder)