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Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 1


SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Sentence

A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense. A sentence has two main parts –

a) Subject & b) Predicate

A subject denotes the person or thing about which something is said. Whereas a predicate is what is

said about the person or thing denoted by the subject.

Subject Predicate

The travelers learn a lot of things by travelling.

Journalists are always busy with preparing news.

Indeed, a sentence has two main basic parts- a) subject b) verb

Structure of Sentence

Five basic structures of English Sentence are given below:

Structure Example

Subject + Intransitive verb The newly admitted boy in our school can swim.

Most of the birds in the African regionfly very

high in the sky.

Subject + Transitive verb +

Direct Object The authority of Citi group has hiredsome new

sophisticated employees.

Every theme song made for the world cup

conveyssome ideas.

Subject: + Linking Verb +

Subject Complement The CEO of Berger Paints Bangladesh Limitedisa

very gentle man.

Liquidity crisis in the banking system is transitory.

Subject + Transitive Verb +

Indirect Object + Direct

Object

Knowing the result of Job recruitment test, his

parentsboughthima nice red car.

The pitcherthrewthe catchera curve ball.

Subject + Transitive verb +

Direct Object + Object

Complement

General people of Dhaka North City

Corporationmadehimchairman.

The British Queendeclaredhimthe knight.

COMPONENTS OF SENTENCE

1. SUBJECT

The subject is the agent of the sentence

Every sentence in English must have a subject.

In the case of commands, the subject [you] is understood

The subject may be a single noun or a noun equivalent or a pronoun.

Tea is delicious

Walking in the morning is good for health.


„There‟ & “here” can act as a pseudo subject where the true subject appears after the verb

There was a fire in that building last month.

Here are many shirts in the table.

Subject may be impersonal

It is raining. (Here „It‟ is an impersonal subject)

2. VERB

Verbs generally express action or a state of being. It is such a word that tells or asserts something

about a person or thing.

A verb may tell us-

What a person or thing does: Ferdous laughs. The bell rings.

What is done to a person or thing: Ferdous was bitten. The window was broken.

What a person or thing is: The cat is dead. The glass is brittle.

Please Note:

Every sentence must have a verb. The verb may be a single word. For Example- Fahim drives too

fast. On the other hand, the verb may be a verb phrase. A verb phrase consists of one or more

auxiliaries and one main verb. The auxiliaries always precede the main verb. It is also called verbal

phrase. For example- Tareq is going to Cox-Bazar tomorrow. Here Auxiliary -is; main verb –going&

Verbal phrase - is going

3. OBJECT

The object of a verb is created, affected or altered by the action of a verb, or appreciated or sensed by

the subject of the verb. An object is always either a noun or a pronoun.

He wrote the book. ('book' is the object, created by the action of writing)

I saw the film. ('film' is the object, sensed by the subject seeing it)

Alternatively, if the verb can be asked a question with “What” or “Whom”, the answer, unless it‟s the

subject itself, will always be the object of the sentence.

He plays violin well. [“What” does he play well? – Violin (object)]

We should respect our teachers. [“Whom” should we respect? – Teachers (object)]

A sentence can have more than one object.

I submitted the report to my teacher.

They sent hima postcard.

Types of object

Indirect object is called personal object. The indirect object is an animate object or object to whom or

for whom something is done. Normally in a sentence, indirect object comes before direct object. An

indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?", "for what?"

He writes me a letter. (Here me is indirect object)

Direct Objectis called impersonal object. The direct object can be a thing and is first receiver of the

action. And usually direct comes after the indirect object. He writes me a letter. (Here a letter is

direct object). A direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?"

Direct object can be placed before the indirect object but for this a preposition is required.

He bought his son a bike => He bought a bike for his son

http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/verb.html

http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/subject.html


Please Note:

An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the

event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In other words

an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object.

Class Practice 01:

Decide whether the words in bold are subjects, direct objects or indirect objects

1. Shaila sent her friend an email.

2. Himel will help you with your housework.

3. Where did you put the books?

4. Tonmoy gave them a bag full of money.

5. Alice bought a book on architecture.

6. I need your help.

7. He offered her coffee.

8. My father bought us a new flat

9. John sold me his bike

10. I wish you good luck

4. COMPLEMENT

A complement is the part of a Sentence that comes after the Verb and is needed to make the sentence

complete. A complement is NOT an object of the sentence. A complement can be either noun or

adjective.

Types of complement

Subject complement: It describes the subject and completes the sentence.

He is Adnan.

They seem happy.

The house is to let.

Object Complement: It describes the object and completes the sentence.

We elected him chairman.

The jury found him guilty.

Class Practice 02:

Decide whether the words in bold are subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, Subject

complement or object Complement:

Pablo(a) was extremely intelligent(b). He grew up in Oklahoma and became an expert horse

rider(c) before reaching his 18th birthday. His sister, Paula(d) was a good dancer(e). After our

disagreement on the first day of university, they(f) both became my friends(g) for life. We used to

play together every afternoon. My father(h) once bought a dog(i) for me(j). Paula named my dog

Lucy(k). Thinking about them always makes me (l)sad(m).

http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/sentence.html

http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/verb.html


CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE (ACCORDING TO PURPOSE)

Assertive sentences

Assertive sentences most commonly function as statements. They can be affirmative or negative.

They make statements about how things are or how they are not. The usual word order is subject (s) +

verb (v) + …..

I saw them last week.

Some courses don’t begin until March.

Interrogative sentences

Interrogative sentences most commonly function as questions. Interrogative sentences can be

affirmative or negative. The usual word order is:

(wh-word) + auxiliary or modal verb (aux/m) + subject + verb + …. Note of Interrogation (?)

Or

auxiliary or modal verb (aux/m) + subject + verb + …. Note of Interrogation (?)

What are you doing?

Does she play tennis well?

Didn’t I work for you?

Exception: Who/What + verb + object + Note of Interrogation (?).

Who entered the room?

Who said it?

What happened here?

Imperative sentences

Imperative sentences most commonly function as commands, instructions or orders. The subject is

not usually included in an imperative clause and the base form of the verb is used. Imperative

sentences can be affirmative or negative. Negative imperatives are made with auxiliary verb do + not.

Don’t be late

Let’s go.

Do not keep it in the microwave for more than two minutes.

Sometimes you (subject pronoun) can be with an imperative clause to make a command stronger or to

strengthen a contrast.

Don’t you ever read my letters again.

Optative Sentences

The sentence which expresses a prayer, keen wish, curse etc. is called an optative sentence. This kind

of sentence generally starts with „may‟ and „wish‟. Sometimes, „may‟ remains hidden.

May you two live long enough to see your grandchildren.

May God bless us all.

May you become successful enough to buy love.


Exclamatory sentences

Exclamatory sentences are most commonly used to express surprise or shock. In writing an

exclamation mark is used. Exclamatory sentences usually have one of the following word orders:

What + noun + subject + verb

or

How + adjective or adverb + subject + verb

What a lovely sister you are!

How beautiful that house was!

NOUN

Noun can be used as/in:

Subject or object of a sentence Cooperation is a must for a good governance in a country. Perseverance makes you successful. I enjoyed seeing his bravery. I wanted to know the destination.

Object of Gerund, Participle or Infinitive To mean symbol we mean something accepted by all. Developing strategy needs a lot of knowledge of the environment. Planned conspiracy must be protected. A rolling stone gathers no moss.

Lone word after Preposition She is fond of money, not fame. I’m afraid of cruelty in a battlefield. She had no faith in imagination.

Lone word after Articles (a, an, the)

The poor are not always poor in mind.

A thing of beauty is joy forever.

She wrote an essay which emphasizes on humanity.

Lone word after adjective

She chose that apartment for its excellent interior decoration.

I rebuked her for such a bad behavior.

Between “The + of”

The beauty of Marlene Monroe charmed all.

The greatness of Czar becomes a history.

Class Practice 03:

1. Publishers of modern encyclopedias employ hundreds of -----------------.

A. specialists and large editorials staffs.

B. specialists and largely editorials staffs.

C. specialists and large edits staffs.

D. special and large editorials staffs.

E. specialists and large editorial staffs.


2. Many kinds of vegetables ----------------.

A. are growth in California's Imperial Valley

B. are grown in California's Imperial Valley

C. are grow in California's Imperial Valley

D. are growth in California Imperial Valley

E. is growth in California's Imperial Valley

3. ----------------- collected two blades of grass to cover the hidden treasures.

A. The Garden B. The Gardening

C. Gardening D. The Gardener

E. Gardens

4. For -------------- who have very little money, Sivler or bonds are good option.

A. investor B. the investors C. a investor

D. an investor E. the investor

5. _______

the seal to move her pups.

A. The disturb caused B. The disturbed caused

C. The disturber caused D. The disturbance caused

E. The disturbing caused

COUNTABLE NOUN AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

1. Countable noun can be either singular or plural. Uncountable noun does not have any gender

but it always takes singular verb unless used with countable noun.

Honey tastes sweet.

Two spoons of honey were prescribed by doctor

2. Some determiners precede both countable and uncountable none whereas some precede only

the former:

Countable Uncountable Singular Plural the the boat the boats the water a /an a boat some (some boat) some boats some water no no boat no boats no water this/ that this boat this water these/those these boats Countable Uncountable Possessive our boat our boats our water Numbers one boat two boats a lot of a lot of boats a lot of water many/few many boats much/little much water all all the boat all (the) boats all (the) water each/ every every boat Number of A/the number of

students

Amount of A large amount of water


3. Use of Some:

i) Some + singular noun shows an undefined person/thing/situation

Some idiot dropped a milk bottle.

The flight was delayed for some reason.

ii) Some + day/Time means a undefined future time

I will be doctor some day

Come and meet me some time

iii) Some + noun can also show the intensity or strong feeling about something

This was some lecture

iv) Some shows approximation when used with numerical word

Some twenty people attended the meeting.

4. Learn the following uncountable nouns and consider the countable forms given in the

parenthesis:

accommodation laughter (uncount)

laugh(s) (count)

research scenery(uncount)

sight(s) (count)

English (the language) equipment leisure rubbish

advice land lightning rice

applause evidence (uncount)

fact(s) (count)

clue(s) (count)

litter (rubbish) shopping

(uncount)

shop(s) (count)

baggage (uncount)

bag(s) (Count)

fruit(result) (uncount)

Fruit(s) (edible item)

(count)

Luck sightseeing

behavior luggage (uncount)

suitcase(s) (count)

fun thunder(uncount)

storm(s) (count)

bread furniture machinery stuff

camping (uncount)

camp(s) (Count)

gossip (uncount)

rumor(s) (count)

money

(uncount)

Dollar(s)

(count)

clothing (uncount)

clothes (Count)

cash (uncount)

coin(s) (count)

permission (uncount)

permit(s) (count)

news transport

(uncount)

vehicle(s) (count)

toast health pay (= wages) traffic

countryside harm help damage

crockery homework pollution violence

cutlery housework Progress weather

travel (uncount)

journey(s)(count)

housing (uncount)

house(s) (count)

Proof work (uncount)

job(s)(count)

education jewellery (uncount)

jewel(s) (count)

rain knowledge


Please Note:

a. Damage means “loss or injury to a person or property”. It is an uncountable singular

noun and has no plural form.

The cost of the damage to the US caused by Hurricane Ike was huge

Damages means “money claimed by, or ordered to be paid to, a person as

compensation for loss or injury”. It is an uncountable plural noun and has no singular

form.

The Claimant wishes to sue Acme for damages for its failure.

b. Work can be countable: a work of art, the works of Shakespeare.

c. We cannot use clothes in the singular or with a number. We can say some clothes but

NOT four clothes. We can say four garments or four pieces of clothing.

5. According to usage a noun can be either countable or uncountable:

Countable Uncountable

They had a nice carpet in the living-

room. We bought ten square meters of carpet.

The opposition threw stones at the

police. The statue is made of stone.

buy a (whole) chicken put some chicken in the sandwiches

peel some potatoes eat somepotato

a glass/some glasses of water someglass for the window

a daily paper (= newspaper) some writing paper

aniron (for ironing clothes) iron (a metal)

atin of beans tin (a metal)

a bedside light (= lamp) the speed of light

I‟ve been here lots of times. (=

occasions) I haven‟t got much time.

an interesting experience (= an event) experience in the job (= length of time doing it)

a small business (=company) do business (= buying and selling)

I heard a noise. constant traffic noise

He led a good life. Life isn‟t fair.

Class Practice 4:

1. He doesn't have (many/much) money. 2. I would like (a few/a little) salt on my vegetables. 3. She bought (that/those) cards last night. 4. There are (less/fewer) students in this room than in the next room. 5. There is (too much/too many) bad news on television tonight. 6. I do not want (these/this) water. 7. This is (too many/too much) information to learn. 8. A (few/little) people left early. 9. Would you like (less/fewer) coffee than this? 10. This jacket costs (too much/too many).


Home Practice

1. ------------ are playing amicably. A. Boys B. The boy C. The boys D. A boy E. Much of the boys 2. Developing ---------------- needs a lot of knowledge of the environment. A. the strategy B. a bit strategy C. strategical D. strategically E. a strategy 3. A dolphin six ———————— length can move as fast as most ships. A. foot in B. feet in C. foot of D. feet of E. foots of 4. Price level depends on --------------- level prevailing in the market. A. consume B. the consumption C. a consumption

D. lots of the consumption E. a lots of consumption 5. They represented ------------------ against the verdict. A. hundreds of arguments B. hundreds of argument C. hundreds of arguments D. hundreds of argument E. a hundreds of argument

6. ———— partners can usually sell their mutually owned property without consulting each

other unless they have agreed to a separate contract.

A. A big businesses B. The Businesses C. Business D. One business E. For business

7. A desert receives less than twenty-five ——— of rainfall every year.

A. centimeter B. a centimeter C. centimeters D. of centimeters E. a cetremeters

8. —— at 212 degrees F, and freezes at 32 degrees F.

A. Waters boils B. The water boils C. Water boils D. Waters boil E. A water

9. It is generally believed that an M. B. A. degree is good preparation for a career in ————

A. a business B. business C. businesses D. one business E. a businesses

10. Unemployment compensation is money to support an unemployed person while he or she is

looking for —.

A. job B. a job C. works D. a work E. the job

11. Fire-resistant materials are used to retard ——— of modern aircraft in case of

accidents.

A. a damage to the passenger cabin B. that damages to the passenger cabin

C. damage to the passenger cabin

D. passenger cabin's damages E. a damages to the passenger cabin

12. Accounting, in general, refers to a combination ———— both science and arts.

A. for branches of B. of the branches of C. of the branches for

D. of the branch of E. of branch of

13. According to estimates by some botanists, there are ———— of plants.

A. seven thousand type B. seven thousand type‟s C. type of seven thousand

D. types seven thousand E. sevens thousand types

14. A good -------------------------- makes trade deal much more flexible.

A. affiliate B. affiliates C. affiliation D. affiliated E. affiliating

15. ———— is not a new idea.

A. The planning of cities B. Cities to plan them C. Plan cities

D. To planning cities E. Plans cities

Choose the Correct Sentence/s (16-20).

16. A. A greater number of conveyance media were introduced by the company. B. A greater number of conveyance expense was incurred by the committee. C. A greater amount of expense was incurred by the committee. D. A greater number of expense was incurred by the committee. E. Both A or C can be correct.


17. A. The supervisor offered us any of these type of topics out of the population. B. The supervisor offered us any of this types of topics out of the population. C. The supervisor offered us any of these types of topics out of the population. D. The supervisor offered us any of these types of topic out of the population. E. The supervisor offer us any of these types of topics out of the populated. 18. A. Teacher gave a lot of homework to us. B. Teacher gave us a lot of home works C. Teacher gave us a lots of home works D. Teacher gave us a lots of homework E. Teacher gave to us a lot of home works 19. A. Planting trees is a custom that much people engage in to celebrate Arbor Day. B. Planting tree are a custom that many people engage in to celebrate Arbor Day. C. Planting trees is a customary that many people engage in to celebrate Arbor Day. D. Planting trees is a custom that many people engage in to celebrate Arbor Day. E. Planting trees is a custom that many people engage in to celebration Arbor Day. 20. A. When the Red Cross brought fooding, the situation was mercifully improved.

B. When the Red Cross brought food, the situation was mercifully improved. C. When the Red Cross brought food, the situated was mercifully improved. D. When the Red Cross brought food, the situation was mercifully improvement. E. When the Red Cross brought food, the situation was merciful improved. 21. No, I prefer to wear tank tops. I only have ____ dress shirts.

A. a lots of B. much C. a few D. a little E. None of the above

22. May I borrow ____ books about economics from you? A. the little B. much C. a few D. a little E. None of the above

23. I wash all my clothes, but I only iron ___ of them. A. the little B. much C. a few D. a little E. None of the above

24. I tried on ____ pairs of high heels, but I bought a pair of sneakers. A. the little B. much C. a few D. a little E. None of the above

25. I only carry ____ money and my glasses in my handbag. A. many B. few C. a D. a few E. a little

26. I love swimming very ____. A. many B. few C. a many D. much E. a much

27. I have ___ scarves. I like to wear them when it's cold outside.

A. a few B. much C. many D. A or C E. None 28. I have got ____ friends abroad, not many.

A. the little B. much C. a plenty of D. a little E. a few 29. I don't like to wear a lot of jewelry, but I put on____ make-up every day.

A. many B. few C. a little D. much E. a few 30. I don't have ____ pairs of pants.

A. the little B. much C. many D. a little E. a much 31. I bring ____ water when I go shopping.

A. many B. few C. a little D. a much E. a few 32. How ---------- money do you have?

A. many B. few C. a D. much E. a many 33. How -------- jewelry do you have?

A. many B. few C. a D. a much E. much 34. How ____ does that cost?

A. many B. few C. a D. much E. None of the above

35. How -------- do you swim in a training session? A. many B. few C. a D. very much E. much


36. Do you wear ____ blouses? A. the little B. much C. many D. a little E. less

37. Do you have ____ denim in your closet?

A. many B. few C. a D. much E. None of the above

38. Do you carry ____ things in your purse? A. many B. much C. a few D. a little E. much many

39. Are all your undershirts dirty? No, there are ____ left in my closet. A. the little B. much C. few D. a little E. a few

40. How much have you earned? Not a lot, only ____. A. a lot of B. few C. many D. a little E. a many

41. There's no need to hurry. We've got ---------time. A. plenty of B. many C. little D. few E. a few

42. I've had -------to eat. I don't want any more. A. a much B. many C. plenty D. few E. None of the above

43. We didn't spend ----------- money. A. much B. many C. a lot of D. A or C E. a much

44. Do you know ----------- people? A. much B. many C. a lot of D. B or C E. None of the above

45. I don't go out -------------. A. much B. a lot C. plenty D. A or B E. lot

46. We spent ------------- money. A. a many B. many C. a lot of D. few E. much

47. He goes out ----------. A. a lot B. much C. little D. a little E. a much

48. -------------- People drive too fast. A. Much B. Little C. Many D. Few E. None of the above

49. —— ten species of deer have been identified. A. As many B. As many as C. As much as D. Much as E. Many as

50. There are —— dangerous drivers. A. a very lot of B. a very many of C. very much of D. a lot of E. very many of

Writing

1. Translate the following into Bangla.

In an attempt to promote the widespread use of paper goods rather than plastic and thus reducing non-

biodegradable waste, Government decided to ban the production and sale of disposable plastic goods for which

substitutes made of paper exist. Government argues that since most paper is entirely biodegradable, paper

goods are environmentally preferable. Although biodegradable plastic goods are available, Government

believes paper goods to be safer for the environment, so the reopening of the laid-off Newsprint Mills at

Khulna and laying-off the industrial units producing non-biodegradable plastic products should be the next

logical step expected from the government. The part of the population working in those industries can be re-

employed in Newsprint Mills and several other paper Mills.

2. Write three arguments refuting/weakening/countering/against the statement below.

Since more students failed in the H.S.C examination in 2017 than in 2016, it can be said that the HSC

questions was harder in 2017 than in 2016.

3. Argument

A high Gross Domestic Product does not necessarily represent high level of happiness. Therefore, we need

different measure such as Gross Domestic Happiness as in Bhutan to measure real economic well-being. Do

you agree? Write your arguments….


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