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1. BASIC PHRASES
¡Buenos días! bway-nohs dee-ahs Hello! / Good morning!
¡Buenas tardes! bway-nahs tard-ays Good afternoon!
¡Buenas noches! bway-nahs noh-chays Good evening! / Good night!
¡Hola! / ¡Chao!oh-lah / chowHi! / Bye!
Adiós. ah-dee-ohs Good bye.
Por favor. por fah-bor Please.
Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah loo-ay-go See you / See you later.
Hasta pronto. ah-stah prohn-toh See you soon.
Hasta mañana. ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah See you tomorrow.
(Muchas) Gracias. (moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs Thank you (very much).
De nada.day nah-dahYou're welcome.
Bienvenidosbyen-veh-nee-dohsWelcome
Lo sientoloh see-ehn-tohI'm sorry
Con permiso / Perdón / Disculpe kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehr-dohn /dees-kool-peh Excuse me / Pardon me
¡Vamos!bah-mohsLet's go!
¿Cómo está usted? koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted How are you? (formal)
¿Cómo estás? koh-moh ay-stahs How are you? (informal)
¿Qué tal? kay tahl How's it going?
Bien / Muy bien bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn Good / Very good
Mal / Muy mal / Más o menos mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh may-nohs Bad / Very bad / OK
Sí / Nosee / nohYes / No
¿Cómo se llama usted? koh-moh say yah-mah oo-sted What is your name? (formal)
¿Cómo te llamas? koh-moh tay yah-mahs What is your name? (informal)
Me llamo... / Mi nombre es... may yah-moh / mee nohm-breh ess My name is...
Mucho gusto. / Encantado.moo-choh goo-stoh / en-cahn-tah-dohNice to meet you.
Igualmente. ee-guahl-mehn-tay Same here. / Same to you.
Señor / Señora / Señorita sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / sayn-yor-ee-tah Mister / Mrs. / Miss
¿De dónde es usted? ¿De dónde eres? Yo soy de...
day dohn-day ehs oo-sted Where are you from? (formal)
day dohn-day eh-rehs Where are you from? (informal)
yoh soy day I'm from...
¿Cuántos años tiene usted? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ay-nay oo-sted How old are you? (formal)
¿Cuántos años tienes? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ayn-ays How old are you? (informal)
Yo tengo _____ años. yoh tayn-goh _____ ahn-yohs I am _____ years old.
¿Habla usted español?ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yolDo you speak Spanish? (formal)
¿Hablas inglés?ah-blahs een-glehsDo you speak English? (informal)
(No) Hablo...noh ah-blohI (don't) speak...
¿Entiende usted? / ¿Entiendes?ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-tyen-dehsDo you understand? (formal / informal)
(No) Entiendo.noh ehn-tyen-dohI (don't) understand.
Yo (no lo) sé.yoh noh loh sehI (don't) know.
¿Puede ayudarme?pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-mehCan you help me? (formal)
Claro / Claro que síklah-roh / klah-roh keh seeSure / Of course
¿Cómo?koh-mohWhat? Pardon me?
¿Dónde está / Dónde están... ?dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh eh-stahnWhere is ... / Where are ... ?
Aquí / Ahí ah-kee / ah-ee Here / There
Hay / Había...eye / ah-bee-ahThere is / are... / There was / were...
¿Cómo se dice ____ en español?koh-moh seh dee-seh ___ en eh-spahn-yolHow do you say ____ in Spanish?
¿Qué es esto?keh ehs ehs-tohWhat is that?
¿Qué te pasa?keh teh pah-sahWhat's the matter (with you)?
No importa.noh eem-por-tahIt doesn't matter.
¿Qué pasa?keh pah-sahWhat's happening?
Sin novedad.seen noh-veh-dahd Nothing much.
No tengo ninguna idea.noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah ee-deh-ahI have no idea.
¡Buena idea!bweh-nah ee-deh-ah Good idea!
¡Pase!pah-sehGo ahead!
Estoy cansado / enfermo.eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehn-fehr-mohI'm tired / sick.
Tengo hambre / sed.tehn-goh ahm-breh / sedI'm hungry / thirsty.
Tengo calor / frío.tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-ohI'm hot / cold.
Estoy aburrido.eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-dohI'm bored.
No me importa.noh meh eem-por-tahI don't care.
No se preocupe.noh seh preh-oh-koo-pehDon't worry
Está bien.ehs-tah bee-ehnThat's alright. / It's ok.
Me olvidé.meh ohl-vee-dehI forgot.
Tengo que ir ahora.tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rahI must go now.
¿Listo?lees-tohReady?
Quizás / Depende. kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh Maybe / It depends.
Todavía no. toh-dah-vee-ah noh Not yet.
¡Qué chistoso!keh chees-toh-soh How funny!
¡Que le vaya bien! keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn Have a nice day!
¡Nos vemos!nohs veh-mos We'll see you!
¡Salud!sah-loodBless you!
¡Felicitaciones!feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehsCongratulations!
¡Buena suerte!bweh-nah swehr-tehGood luck!
Te toca a ti.teh toh-kah ah teeIt's your turn. (informal)
¡Callate!kah-yah-tehShut up!
Te amo. tay ah-moh I love you. (informal and singular)
Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.)
Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida
In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the Spanish language is calledcastellano instead of español.
2. PRONUNCIATIONSpanish Letter English Sound
a ah
e ay
i ee
o oh
u oo
ll y
vb at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels
ñ ny (as in canyon)
r almost like a d when in between 2 vowels
rr r with a roll of the tongue
d almost like a th when in between 2 vowels
j hard h
g g, sometimes a h
qu k
ai / all / ay eye
z s
z, ce, ci th (in northern Spain only)
The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be sure that you do not pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end).
Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n, the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pájaro (bird).
Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many countries, there are several regional dialects and accents so
pronunciation rules may not apply to all countries. This tutorial is mostly concerned with the language that is spoken inMexico and Spain.
3. ALPHABET
a ah j hoh-tah r air-ay
b bay k kah rr airr-ay
c say l ay-lay s ay-say
ch chay ll ay-yay t tay
d day m ay-may u oo
e ay n ay-nay v bay chee-kah
f ay-fay ñ ayn-yay w vay doh-blay
g hey o oh x ah-kees
h ah-chay p pay y ee-gree-ay-gah
i ee q koo z say-tah
The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters in dictionaries, but they are still separate letters in the alphabet. In Spain, you can say oo-bay for v, but in Latin America most dialects just use bay and an adjective, such as chica (Mexico and Peru) or corta (Argentina and Chile).
4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES Masc. Singular Fem. Singular Masc. Plural Fem. Plural
the el (ail) la (lah) the los (lohs) las (lahs)
a, an un (oon) una (oon-ah) some unos (oon-ohs) unas (oon-ahs)
this este esta these estos estas
that ese esa those esos esas
that aquel aquella those aquellos aquellas
El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable. Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la mano (hand), la foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud.
Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquelforms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas.
5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS
yo yoh I nosotros / nosotrasnoh-soh-trohs / noh-soh-trahs
we
tú too you (informal) vosotros / vosotrasboh-soh-trohs / boh-soh-trahs
you all
él / ella /ustedail / ay-yah / oo-sted
he / she / it / you (formal)
ellos / ellas /ustedesay-yohs / ay-yahs / oo-sted-ays
they / they / you (plural)
Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Nosotras andvosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also
be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs.
6. TO BE & TO HAVE
ser - to bepresent past future
soy I am fui I was seré I will be
eres you are fuiste you were serásyou will be
eshe/she/it is / you are
fuehe/she/it was / you were
seráhe/she/it / you will be
somos we are fuimos we were seremos we will be
sois you are fuisteis you were seréisyou will be
sonthey / you are
fueronthey / you were
seránthey / you will be
estar - to bepresent past future
estoy I am estuve I was estaré I will be
estás you are estuviste you were estarásyou will be
estáhe/she/it is / you are
estuvohe/she/it was / you were
estaráhe/she/it / you will be
estamos we are estuvimos we were estaremos we will be
estáis you are estuvisteis you were estaréisyou will be
estánthey / you are
estuvieronthey / you were
estaránthey / you will be
tener - to have
present past futuretengo I have tuve I had tendré I will have
tienes you have tuviste you had tendrásyou will have
tienehe/she/it has / you have
tuvohe/she/it / you had
tendráhe/she/it / you will have
tenemos we have tuvimos we had tendremoswe will have
tenéis you have tuvisteis you had tendréisyou will have
tienenthey / you have
tuvieronthey / you had
tendránthey / you will have
Highlighted forms are only used in Spain.
Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels.
Uses of Ser
Identify person/objectInherent characteristicsor qualitiesNationality/OccupationTelling timeExpress ownershipImpersonal expressionsPassive voice
El edificio es un templo.La casa es grande.Carlos es pobre.Es carpintero.Son las tres.Los libros son de Juan.Es necesario.El teléfono fue inventado por Bell.
The building is a temple.The house is large.Charles is poor.He is a carpenter.It's three o'clock.The books are John's.It is necessary.The telephone was invented by Bell.
Uses of Estar
Location/positionTemporary condition/stateState of healthForm progressive tense
El libro está en la mesa.La ventana está abierta.Juan está enfermo.Miguel está estudiando.
The book is on the table.The window is open.John is sick.Michael is studying.
Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan.
Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but not all):
to be afraid
tener miedoto be in a hurry
tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be against
estar en contra
to be jealous tener celos
to be at fault
tener la culpa
to be lucky tener suerte
to be careful
tener cuidado
to be patient tener paciencia
to be cold tener frío to be sleepy tener sueño
to be curious
ser curioso/ato be successful
tener éxito
to be estar to be thirsty tener sed
happy contento/a
to be hot tener calor to be tired estar cansado/a
to be hungry
tener hambreto be ___ years old
tener ___ años
7. QUESTION WORDS
what qué which cuál(es)
who quién(es) how much cuánto (-a)
how cómo how many cuántos (-as)
when cuándo whom a quién(es)
where dónde whose de quién(es)
why por qué
8. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS
0 cero say-roh
1 uno oo-noh first primero
2 dos dohs second segundo
3 tres trays third tercero
4 cuatro kwah-troh fourth cuarto
5 cinco seen-koh fifth quinto
6 seis says sixth sexto
7 siete see-ay-tay seventh séptimo
8 ocho oh-choh eighth octavo
9 nueve new-ay-vay ninth noveno
10 diez dee-ays tenth décimo
11 once ohn-say eleventh undécimo
12 doce doh-say twelfth duodécimo
13 trece tray-say thirteenth décimo tercero
14 catorce kah-tor-say fourteenth décimo cuarto
15 quince keen-say fifteenth décimo quinto
16 diez y seis dee-ays ee says sixteenth décimo sexto
17 diez y sietedee-ays ee see-ay-tay
seventeenth décimo séptimo
18 diez y ocho dee-ays ee oh-choh eighteenth décimo octavo
19diez y nueve
dee-ays ee new-ay-vay
nineteenth décimo noveno
20 veinte bayn-tay twentieth vigésimo
21veinte y uno
bayn-tay ee oo-noh twenty-firstvigésimo primero
22 veinte y dos bayn-tay ee dohstwenty-second
vigésimo segundo
30 treinta trayn-tah thirtieth trigésimo
40 cuarenta kuar-ain-tah fortieth cuadragésimo
50 cincuenta seen-kuain-tah fiftieth quincuagésimo
60 sesenta say-sain-tah sixtieth sexagésimo
70 setenta say-tain-tah seventieth septuagésimo
80 ochenta oh-chain-tah eightieth octogésimo
90 noventa noh-bain-tah ninetieth nonagésimo
100 cien(to) see-ain-(toh) hundredth centésimo
1000 mil meel thousandth milésimo
If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers.
Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun.
9. DAYS OF THE WEEK Monday lunes loo-nays
Tuesday martes mar-tays
Wednesday miércoles mee-air-coh-lays
Thursday jueves hway-bays
Friday viernes bee-air-nays
Saturday sábado sah-bah-doh
Sunday domingo doh-ming-oh
day el día dee-ah
week la semana say-mahn-ah
weekend el fin de semana feen day say-mahn-ah
today hoy oy
tonight esta noche es-tah noh-chay
last night anoche ah-noh-chay
yesterday ayer eye-yair
tomorrow mañana mahn-yahn-ah
my birthday mi cumpleaños mee coom-play-ahn-yohs
next próximo / próxima prok-see-moh / mah
last pasado / pasada pah-sah-doh / dah
day before yesterday anteayer ahn-teh-eye-yair
day after tomorrow pasado mañana pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah
the following day el día siguiente dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh
the day before la víspera vees-peh-rah
Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays
10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR January enero ay-nair-oh
February febrero fay-bray-roh
March marzo mar-soh
April abril ah-breel
May mayo mi-oh
June junio hoo-nee-oh
July julio hoo-lee-oh
August agosto ah-gohs-toh
September septiembre sayp-tee-aim-bray
October octubre ohk-too-bray
November noviembre noh-bee-aim-bray
December diciembre dee-see-aim-bray
month el mes mais
first of [a month] el primero de [month] pree-mair-oh day _____
year el año ahn-yoh
decade la década deh-kah-dah
century el siglo see-gloh
millennium el milenio mee-leh-nee-oh
The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not capitalized in writing.
¿Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date?Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st.
11. SEASONS spring la primavera in spring en primavera
summer el verano in summer en verano
winter el invierno in winter en invierno
autumn el otoño in autumn en otoño
12. DIRECTIONS
to the right a la derecha
to the left a la izquierda
straight ahead
todo derecho
north el norte northeast el noreste
south el sur northwest el noroeste
east el este southeast el sureste
west el oeste southwest el suroeste
13. COLORS & SHAPES
red rojo / roja circle el círculo
pink rosado / rosada square el cuadrado
orange anaranjado / anaranjada rectangle el rectángulo
yellow amarillo / amarilla triangle el triángulo
green verde oval el óvalo
blue azul cube el cubo
light blue celeste sphere la esfera
purple morado / morada cylinder el cilindro
violet violeta cone el cono
brown marrón octagon el octágono
black negro / negra box la caja
gray gris pyramid la pirámide
white blanco / blanca
golden dorado / dorada dark oscuro / oscura
silver plateado / plateada light claro / clara
All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrón) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s.
a red house = una casa roja
14. TIME ¿Qué hora es? What time is it?
Es la una. It's one.
Son las dos/tres/cuatro... It's two/three/four...
Es mediodía. It's noon.
Es medianoche. It's midnight.
Son las cinco y cinco. It's 5:05
Son las ocho y cuarto. It's 8:15
Son las diez menos cuarto. It's 9:45
Son cuarto para las diez. It's 9:45 (common in Mexico)
Son las nueve menos diez. It's 8:50
Son diez para las nueve. It's 8:50 (common in Mexico)
Son las tres y media / treinta. It's 3:30
de la mañana in the morning / AM
de la tarde in the afternoon / PM
de la noche in the evening / PM
en punto exactly / sharp
¿A qué hora? At what time?
15. WEATHER ¿Qué tiempo hace? What's the weather like?
Hace buen tiempo. The weather's nice.
Hace mal tiempo. The weather's bad.
Hace frío. It's cold.
Hace calor. It's hot.
Hace sol. It's sunny.
Hace viento. It's windy.
Hace fresco. It's chilly.
Está nublado. It's cloudy.
Hay niebla. It's foggy.
Hay neblina. It's misty.
Hay humedad. It's humid.
Hay granizo. It's hailing.
Llueve. It's raining.
Nieva. It's snowing.
Truena. It's thundering.
Llovizna. It's sprinkling.
16. PREPOSITIONS a at, to al lado de beside, alongside of
con with alrededor de around
contra against cerca de near, close to
de of, from lejos de far from
en in, on delante de in front of
entre between, among debajo de below, under
hacia towards, about en frente de opposite
para for, in order, by detrás de behind
por for, through, along, via encima de above, on top of
sobre on, over hasta till, until
sin without desde from, since
There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del.
17. FAMILY & ANIMALS family la familia cousin (m) el primo
parents los padres cousin (f) la prima
husband el marido / el esposo cousins los primos
wife la mujer / la esposa relatives los parientes
father / dad el padre / el papá stepfather el padastro
mother / mom la madre / la mamá stepmother la madrastra
son el hijo stepbrother el hermanastro
daughter la hija stepsister la hermanastra
children los hijos stepson el hijastro
brother el hermano stepdaughter la hijastra
sister la hermana godfather el padrino
brothers & sisters los hermanos godmother la madrina
only child (m) el hijo único baby el bebé
only child (f) la hija única teenager el adolescente
kid / boy el muchacho boy el niño
kid / girl la muchacha girl la niña
half-brother el medio hermano boys & girls los niños
half-sister la media hermana man el hombre
father-in-law el suegro woman la mujer
mother-in-law la suegra adult el adulto
brother-in-law el cuñado twins (m) los gemelos
sister-in-law la cuñada twins (f) las gemelas
son-in-law el yerno dog el perro
daughter-in-law la nuera cat el gato
grandfather el abuelo bird el pájaro
grandmother la abuela fish el pez
grandparents los abuelos gold fish la carpa dorada
grandson el nieto horse el caballo
granddaughter la nieta goat la cabra
grandchildren los nietos pig el cerdo
uncle el tío cow la vaca
aunt la tía rabbit el conejo
aunts & uncles los tíos turtle la tortuga
nephew el sobrino mouse el ratón
niece la sobrina deer el ciervo
nieces & nephews los sobrinos duck el pato
18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS conocer - to know people saber - to know facts
conozco conocemos sé sabemos
conoces conocéis sabes sabéis
conoce conocen sabe saben
19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa → las casas
2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel → los papeles
3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz → las luces
4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural: el lápiz → los lápices
20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Initial Forms Terminal Forms
singular plural singular pluralmy mi mis mío / mía míos / mías
your tu tus tuyo / tuyatuyos / tuyas
your/his/her/its su sus suyo / suyasuyos / suyas
ournuestro / nuestra
nuestros / nuestras
nuestro / nuestra
nuestros / nuestras
yourvuestro / vuestra
vuestros / vuestras
vuestro / vuestra
vuestros / vuestras
your/their su sus suyo / suyasuyos / suyas
Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain).
Because su and sus can have so many meanings, de + a pronoun may be used following the noun: de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas.
los libros de ellos their books
The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc.
el libro mío my bookQué haces, hijo mío? What are you doing, my son?un amigo mío a friend of mine
21. TO DO / MAKE
hacer - to do or make
hago hacemos
haces hacéis
hace hacen
22. WORK & SCHOOL
accountant el contador musician el músicoactor / actress el actor / la actriz nurse el enfermeroarchitect el arquitecto official / civil servant el funcionarioauthor el autor optician el ópticobaker el panadero painter el pintorbanker el banquero pharmacist (chemist) el químicobarber el barbero pharmacist el farmacéuticobookseller el librero photographer el fotógrafobusinessman el comerciante pilot el pilotobutcher el carnicero plumber el fontanero
carpenter el carpintero policemanel agente de policía
computer programmer
el programador postman el cartero
cook el cocinero priest el curacustomer el cliente professor el profesordentist el dentista publisher el editor
doctorel médico / el doctor
salesman el vendedor
electrician el electricista scientist el científicoemployee el empleado secretary la secretariaengineer el ingeniero servant el criadofirefighter el bombero shoemaker el zapaterofisherman el pescador singer el cantantegardener el jardinero soldier el soldadogrocer el dependiente student el estudiantehair stylist el peluquero surgeon el cirujanojeweler el joyero tailor el sastrejournalist el periodista teacher el profesorjudge el juez teacher (grade school) el maestro
lawyer el abogado typist el mecanógrafolibrarian el bibliotecario waiter / server el camareromason el albañil watchmaker el relojeromechanic el mecánico worker (blue-collar) el obreromodel el modelo writer el escritor
accounting la contabilidad law el derechoalgebra el álgebra linguistics la lingüísticaarchitecture la arquitectura literature la literaturaart el arte mathematics la matématicaastronomy la astronomía medicine la medicina
biology la biologíamodern languages
las lenguas modernas
botany la botánica music la música
business el comercio natural sciencelas ciencias naturales
chemistry la química painting la pinturacomputing (IT) la informática philosophy la filosofía
drawing el dibujophysical education
la educación física
earth science la ciencia terrestre physical science las ciencas físicaseconomics la económia physics la física
engineering la ingeniería political sciencelas ciencias políticas
English el inglés Portuguese el portuguésFrench el francés psychology la psicología
geography la geografíareligious education
la enseñanza religiosa
geometry la geometría science la cienciaGerman el alemán sociology la sociologíaGreek el griego Spanish el españolhistory la historia technology la technologíaItalian el italiano zoology la zoologíaLatin el latín
23. COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES
Africa el Africa Indonesia IndonesiaAfrican africano/a Indonesian indonesio/aAlbania Albania Ireland la IrlandaAlbanian albano/a Irishman irlandés/esaAmerica la América Israel IsraelAmerican americano/a Israeli israelíArgentina la Argentina Hebrew hebreo/aArgentine argentino/a Italy ItaliaAsia el Asia (f) Italian italiano/aAsian asiático/a Japan JapónAustralia Australia Japanese japonés/esaAustralian australiano/a Latvia LetoniaAustria el Austria (f) Latvian letón/onaAustrian austríaco/a Lithuania LituaniaBelgium la Bélgica Lithuanian lituano/aBelgian belga Luxembourg LuxemburgoBolivia la Bolivia Luxembourger luxemburgués/esaBolivian boliviano(a) Macedonia MacedoniaBosnia la Bosnia Macedonian macedonio/aBosnian bosnio/a Malta MaltaBrazil el Brasil Maltese maltés/esaBrazilian brasileño/a Mexico MéxicoBulgaria la Bulgaria Mexican mexicano/aBulgarian búlgaro/a Netherlands los Países BajosCanada Canadá Dutch holandés/esaCanadian canadiense New Zealand Nueva ZelandaChina China New Zealander neozelandés/esaChinese chino/a Nicaragua NicaraguaChile la Chile Nicaraguan nicaragüenseChilean chileno/a Norway NoruegaColombia Colombia Norwegian noruego/aColombian colombiano/a Panama Panama
Costa Rica la Costa Rica Panamanian panameño/aCosta Rican costarricense Paraguay ParaguayCroatia la Croacia Paraguayan paraguayo/aCroatian croata Peru PerúCuba la Cuba Peruvian peruano/aCuban cubano/a Poland la PoloniaCzech Republic la República Checa Polish polaco/aCzech checo/a Portugal PortugalDenmark Dinamarca Portuguese portugués/esaDanish danés/esa Romania RumaniaDominican Republic
República Dominicana
Romanian rumano/a
Dominican dominicano/a Russia RusiaEcuador Ecuador Russian ruso/aEcuadorian ecuatoriano/a Scotland la EscociaEgypt Egipto Scottish escocés/esaEgyptian egipcio/a Serbia SerbiaEl Salvador El Salvador Serbian serbio/a
Salvadorean salvadoreño Slovakiala República Eslovaca
England la Inglaterra Slovak eslovaco/aEnglish inglés/esa Slovenia EsloveniaEstonia Estonia Slovene esloveno/aEstonian estonio/a South Africa SudáfricaEurope la Europa South African sudafricano/aEuropean europeo/a Spain EspañaFinland Finlandia Spanish español/aFinnish finlandés/esa Sweden SueciaFrance Francia Swedish sueco/aFrench francés/esa Switzerland la SuizaGermany Alemania Swiss suizo/aGerman alemán/ana Turkey la TurquíaGreat Britain la Gran Bretaña Turk turco/aBritish británico/a Ukraine UcraniaGreece Grecia Ukrainian ucraniano/a
Greek griego/aUnited Kingdom
Reino Unido
Guatemala Guatemala United States Estados UnidosGuatemalan guatemalteco/a Uruguay UruguayHonduras Honduras Uruguayan uruguayo/aHonduran hondureño Venezuela VenezuelaHungary Hungría Venezuelan venezolano/aHungarian húngaro/a Wales el país de GalesIceland Islandia Welsh galés/esaIcelandic islandés/esaIndia IndiaIndian indio/a
24. TO / IN AND FROM
to a
from de
in en
Remember to use the prepositional contractions when a noun with an article follows the preposition.
25. TO COME & TO GO
venir - to come ir - to go
vengo venimos voy vamos
vienes venís vas vais
viene vienen va van
26. COMMON WORDS
a lot mucho always siempre
very much muchísimo everyday todos los días
a little poco now ahora
very little muy poco usually usualmente
sometimes a veces there ahí
well bien over there allí
after después too bad demasiado malo
poorly mal
27. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS
Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive. Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing, while cant- is the stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings to the stems:
-ar -er -iro amos o emos o imosas áis es éis es ísa an e en e en
Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here are some more regular verbs:
-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbsbailar to dance aprender to learn vivir to livedesear to want comer to eat escribir to writeescuchar to listen correr to run compartir to shareestudiar to study leer to read recibir to receivehablar to speak vender to sellpracticar to practice beber to drinktomar to take comprender to understandviajar to travel
To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb.
28. REFLEXIVE VERBS
The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with case and gender and precedes the verb when not used in the infinitive form. Reciprocal verbs are the same as
reflexive except the action passes from one person to another. It can only be used in the first and third person plural forms. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other."
reflexive pronounsme noste osse se
Some common reflexive verbs:
acostarse - to go to bedbañarse - to bathe oneselfcasarse - to get marrieddespertarse - to wake upirse - to go awaylevantarse - to risesentarse - to sit downvestirse - to dress oneselfatreverse - to darequejarse - to complain
29. IRREGULAR CONJUGATIONS
Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and second person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while verbs ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural.
e to ie o to ue e to i ui to uypensar - to thinkquerer - to want, like, lovecerrar - to closecomenzar - to begindespertar - to awakenempezar - to beginentender - to understandperder - to losepreferir - to prefersentar - to seat
contar - to countpoder - to be ablecostar - to costdormir - to sleepencontrar - to find, meetjugar - to playmorir - to diemostrar - to showvolar - to fly
pedir - to ask (for)repetir - to repeatseguir - to followservir - to servevestir - to dress
construir - to build
sentir - to regret, feel volver - to return
pensar contar pedir construirpienso pensamos cuento contamos pido pedimos construyo construimos
piensas pensáis cuentas contáis pides pedís construyes construíspiensa piensan cuenta cuentan pide piden construye construyen
A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. The rest of the forms follow the regular pattern:
traer to carry traigo I carrysalir to go out salgo I go outhacer to do hago I dosaber to know sé I knowdar to give doy I givever to see veo I seetener to have tengo I haveponer to put pongo I putdecir to say digo I sayvaler to be worth valgo I am worthcaer to fall caigo I fallconocer to know conozco I knowdeducir to deduce deduzco I deduce
Generally, verbs that end in -cer and -cir add z before the first person singular ending.
30. PERSONAL A
When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if a number precedes the object though. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone), nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) requirea as well, when used as the direct object.
Veo a Juan. I see John.Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend.Veo a alguien. I see somebody.
31. PRETERITE TENSE
The preterite tense expresses an action in the past. It is used to describe events that are finished or complete. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem.
-ar verbs -er and -ir verbs-é -amos -í -imos
-aste -asteis -iste -isteis-ó -aron -ió -ieron
Viví en España dos años. I lived in Spain for two years.Ellos hablaron con los niños. They spoke with the children.Quién comió la fruta? Who ate the fruit?
32. IRREGULAR PRETERITE TENSE
A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. The following are the most common:
dar - to give decir - to say, tell estar - to bedidistedio
dimosdisteisdieron
dijedijistedijo
dijimosdijisteisdijeron
estuveestuvisteestuvo
estuvimosestuvisteisestuvieron
hacer - to do, make ir - to go / ser- to be poner - to put, placehicehicistehizo
hicimoshicisteishicieron
fuifuistefue
fuimosfuisteisfueron
pusepusistepuso
pusimospusisteispusieron
tener - to have traer - to bring venir - to cometuvetuvistetuvo
tuvimostuvisteistuvieron
trajetrajistetrajo
trajimostrajisteistrajeron
vinevinistevino
vinimosvinisteisvinieron
Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the meaning clear.
33. IMPERFECT TENSE
The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past, as repeated or habitual. It is also used with mental and physical conditions and for descriptions. The preterite tense is used much more often than the imperfect tense though, except with these verbs: querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem.
-ar verbs -er and -ir verbs-aba -ábamos -ía -íamos
-abas -abais -ías -íais-aba -aban -ía -ían
Yo vivía en España. I used to live in Spain.Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad.El vendía radios. He was selling radios.
Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:
ser - to be ir - to go ver - to seeeraerasera
éramoseraiseran
ibaibasiba
íbamosibaisiban
veíaveíasveía
veíamosveíaisveían
34. FOOD AND MEALS
bacon el tocino salad la ensalada beef la carne de vaca salami el salchichón beer la cerveza salt la sal beverage la bebida sandwich el bocadillo biscuit el bizcocho sauce la salsa bread el pan sausage la salchicha
breakfast el desayuno soft drink el refresco gaseoso
butter la mantequilla soup la sopa cake la torta sour cream la crema agria candy los dulces steak el bistec cheese el queso stew el guisado chicken el pollo sugar el azúcar chocolate el chupete supper la cena
chop la chuleta tea (iced) el té (helado) coffee el café toast las tostadas cookie la galleta turkey el pavocottage cheese el requesón veal la ternera
cotton candy el algodón de azúcar
vegetable la legumbre
cream la crema vinegar el vinagre custard las natillas water el agua
dessert el postre whipped cream
la nata montada
dinner la comida wine el vinoduck el pato yogurt el yoguregg el huevo bag la bolsafat la grasa bowl el tázonflour la harina bottle la botellafried eggs los huevos fritos box la cajagoose el ganso can la lataham el jamón can opener abrelatashamburger la hamburguesa carton el tetrabrikhoney la miel chopsticks los palilloshot dog el perro caliente coffee pot la cafeteraice el hielo colander el coladorice cream el helado corkscrew el sacacorchosjam la jalea cup la tazajuice el jugo dish el platolamb el cordero fork el tenedorlobster la langosta frying pan la sarténlollipop el chupete glass el vasolunch el almuerzo jar el tarromeal la comida jug la jarrameat la carne kettle la calderamilk la leche knife el cuchillomilkshake la malteada lid la tapamustard la mostaza napkin la servilletamutton la carne de carnero plate el plato
oil el aceite saucer el platilloomelet la tortilla saucepan la cacerola / el cazopepper la pimienta spoon la cucharapie el pastel spray can el spraypork el cerdo table la mesarice el arroz tablecloth el mantelroast el asado teapot la teteraroll el panecillo tube el tubo
35. GUSTAR
Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means to please and takes an indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject.
Me gusta(n) I like Nos gusta(n) we likeTe gusta(n) you like Os gusta(n) you likeLe gusta(n) you/he/she likes Les gusta(n) you/they like
Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is also possible to add a + complement pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not necessary. The complement pronouns are the same as the suject pronouns except a mí and a ti.
Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the flowers are pleasing to me.)A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house.No me gusta. I don't like it.Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it?A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.
36. FRUITS & VEGETABLES
almond la almendra barley la cebadaapple la manzana beans los frijoles / las judíasapricot el albaricoque beet la remolacha avocado el aguacate broccoli el brócoli
banana el plátano cabbage la colberry la baya carrot la zanahoriablackberry la zarzamora cauliflower la coliflorblueberry el arándano celery el apiocherry la cereza chives la cebollanachestnut la castaña corn el maízcoconut el coco cucumber el pepinocurrant la grosella eggplant la berenjenadate el dátil garlic el ajofig il higo green bean la habichuela fruit la fruta herbs le hierbagrapefruit el pomelo horse-radish el rabano picantegrapes la uva leek el puerrohazelnut la avellana lentil la lentejakiwi el kiwi lettuce la lechugalemon el limón mint la mentalime la lima mushroom la seta / el hongolychee el lichi oats la avenamango el mango onion la cebollamelon el melón parsley el perejilolive la aceituna pea el guisanteorange la naranja pepper el pimientopapaya la papaya potato la patata / la papapeach el melocotón pumpkin la calabazapear la pera radish el rábanopineapple la piña rhubarb el ruibarbo plum la ciruela rice el arrozprune la ciruela pasa rye el centenoraisin la uva pasa sage la salviaraspberry la frambuesa seed la semillastarfruit la carambola spinach la espinacastrawberry la fresa sweet potato el camote / la batatawalnut la nuez tomato el tomatewatermelon la sandía turnip el nabo
artichoke la alcachofa wheat el trigoasparagus el espárrago zucchini el calabacín
Los frijoles is used in South America, whereas las judías is used in Spain.
37. TO TAKE OR DRINK
tomar - to take or drinktomo tomamos
tomas tomáistoma toman
When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol. In Mexico, tomar can be intransitive, as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa - to have a drink and tomar un café - to have a coffee.
38. COMMANDS / IMPERATIVE
To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the tú form and change the final -r of the infinitive to -d for the vosotros form. The other imperative conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms. (More about the Subjunctive at #70.) You use the nosotros form when you mean Let's + infinitive. Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive conjugations for all forms. So the only forms that differ between affirmative and negative commands are tú and vosotros. Verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar have the following changes in commands as well: c becomes qu, g becomes gu, and z becomes c.
Affirmative Negative
-ar -er or -ir -ar -er or -ir
tú -a -e -es -as
Usted -e -a -e -a
nosotros -emos -amos -emos -amos
vosotros -ad -ed / -id -éis -áis
Ustedes -en -an -en -an
¡Habla! = Speak! (tú form)¡Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form)¡No comáis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form) ¡Beba! = Drink! (Usted form)¡Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form)¡No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form)
There are 8 irregular verbs in the imperative, but they are only irregular for the tú form. The rest of the commands follow the pattern above.
infinitive tú formdecirhacerirponersalirsertenervenir
dihazveponsalsétenven
There are several irregular stems that appear in the present subjunctive, and therefore in the imperative.
infinitive imperative stemdar d-decir dig-estar est-haber hay-hacer hag-ir vay-poder pued-poner pong-querer quier-saber sep-salir salg-ser se-tener teng-traer traig-
venir veng-
39. MORE NEGATIVES
To make sentences negative, you place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The word order is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means ever when it follows a comparative; jamás means ever when it follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb means the same thing as no + verb + más (no more, no longer).
más no more, no longernada nothing, (not) anythingnadie nobody, (not) anybodyninguno (a) no, nonetampoco neither, eitherni norni...ni neither... norni siquiera not evennunca, jamás never, ever
No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance.No juego más. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.
40. HOLIDAY PHRASES
Feliz Navidad Merry ChristmasFeliz Año Nuevo Happy New YearFeliz Cumpleaños Happy BirthdayFeliz Pascua Happy Easter
Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Real
There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental.
Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerraby Francisco González Bocanegra
Mexicanos, al grito de guerraEl acero aprestad y el bridón;y retiemble en sus centros la tierraAl sonoro rugir del cañón.
Ciña ¡oh patria! tus sienes de olivaDe la Paz el arcángel divino,Que en el cielo tu eterno destinoPor el dedo de Dios se escribió.Mas si osare un extraño enemigoProfanar con su planta tu suelo,Piensa ¡oh patria querida! que el cieloUn soldado en cada hijo te dio.
¡Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que intenteDe la patria manchar los blasones!¡Guerra, guerra! Los patrios pendonesEn las olas de sangre empapad.¡Guerra, guerra! En el monte, en el valleLos cañones horrísonos truenenY los ecos sonoros resuenenCon las voces de ¡Unión! ¡Libertad!
Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijosBajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen,Tus campiñas con sangre se
Mexicans, at the cry of battlelend your swords and bridle;and let the earth tremble at its centerupon the roar of the cannon.
Your forehead shall be girded, oh fatherland, with olive garlandsby the divine archangel of peace,For in heaven your eternal destinyhas been written by the hand of God.But should a foreign enemyProfane your land with his sole,Think, beloved fatherland, that heavengave you a soldier in each son.
War, war without truce against who would attemptto blemish the honor of the fatherland!War, war! The patriotic bannerssaturate in waves of blood.War, war! On the mount, in the valeThe terrifying cannon thunderand the echoes nobly resoundto the cries of union! liberty!
Fatherland, before your children become unarmedBeneath the yoke their necks in sway,May your countryside be watered with blood,On blood their feet trample.And may your temples, palaces and towerscrumble in horrid crash,and their ruins exist saying:The fatherland was made of one thousand heroes here.
Fatherland, fatherland, your children swearto exhale their breath in your cause,If the bugle in its belligerent toneshould call upon them to struggle with bravery.For you the olive garlands!For them a memory of glory!
rieguen,Sobre sangre se estampe su pie.Y tus templos, palacios y torresSe derrumben con hórrido estruendo,Y sus ruinas existan diciendo:De mil héroes la patria aquí fue.
¡Patria! ¡patria! Tus hijos te juranExhalar en tus aras su aliento,Si el clarín con su bélico acentoLos convoca a lidiar con valor.¡Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva!¡Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria!¡Un laurel para ti de victoria!¡Un sepulcro para ellos de honor!
Mexicanos, al grito de guerraEl acero aprestad y el bridón,y retiemble en sus centros la tierraAl sonoro rugir del cañón.
For you a laurel of victory!For them a tomb of honor!
Mexicans, at the cry of battlelend your swords and bridle;and let the earth tremble at its centerupon the roar of the cannon.
41. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Hay There is/areHabía There was/wereHay que + infinitive It is necessary to + infinitiveTener que + infinitive
To have to + infinitive
Ir a + infinitive To go to + infinitiveAcabar de + infinitive
To have just + past participle
Hace + time time + ago
42. PROGRESSIVE TENSES
The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and adding the following endings to the stem:
Present Participles-ar -ando-er -iendo-ir -iendo
Juan está hablando. Josh is talking.Estaban cantando. They were singing.Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter.
A few irregular present participles: poder - pudiendo, dormir - durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo, venir - viniendo, pedir -pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir - yendo, reír - riendo.
43. HABER
haber - to have (auxiliary verb)hehasha
hemoshabéishan
This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in past tenses as an auxiliary verb.
44. PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as have or has done something.
Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than this tense when expressing the past.
Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:
Past Participles-ar-er-ir
-ado-ido-ido
The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened); escribir (to write) - escrito(written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) - visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto(returned); decir (to say) - dicho (said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done).
No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house.Dónde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key?Hemos ganado mucho dinero. We have earned a lot of money.Qué ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?
45. PLACES
airportel aeropuerto
embassy la embajada pier el muelle
bakeryla panadería
factory la fábricapolice station
la comisaría
bank el banco farm la granja port el puerto
bar el barfire hydrant
la boca de agua prison la prisión
barn el granero fountain la fuenterestaurant
el restaurante
barracks el cuartel garage el garajeroad (highway)
la carretera / la vía
bench el bancogrocery store
el supermercado
school la escuela
bridge el puente hospital el hospital sidewalk la acerabookstore la librería hotel el hotel square la plaza
building el edificio house la casa stable la cuadra
butcher'sla carnicería
hut la cabaña stadium el estadio
castle el castillo inn la posada stop signla señal de alto
cathedral la catedrallane (town)
la calleja store la tienda
cemeteryel cementerio
library la biblioteca street la calle
church la iglesia market el mercado suburbel barro residencial
cinema el cine ministry el ministerio theater el teatro
consulateel consulado
monument
el monumento tower la torre
corner la esquina museum el museo town la ciudad
courtyard el patio palace el palacio town hallel ayuntamiento
crosswalkel cruce peatonal
path la sendatraffic light
el semáforo
dock la dársena pavement la acera universityla universidad
dry cleaner's
la tintorería
pharmacy la farmacia village el pueblo
46. TRANSPORTATION
by bus en autobúsby bicycle en bicicletaby car en cocheby motorcycle en motocicletaby subway en metroby taxi en taxiby plane en aviónby train en tren
by boat en barcoon foot a pie
47. TO WANT, TO BE ABLE TO, TO HAVE TO
querer-to want poder-to be able to, can deber-to have to, mustquiero queremos puedo podemos debo debemosquieres queréis puedes podéis debes debéisquiere quieren puede pueden debe deben
48. PAST PERFECTThe past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more common.
Carlos había vivido en México. Carlos had lived in Mexico.Habíamos aprendido el español. We had learned Spanish.
49. HOUSE & FURNITURE
alarm clock
el despertador
drawer el cajón pipe la pipa
armchair el sillón dresser el tocadorpipe (water)
el tubo
ashtray el cenicero drivewayla entrada del garaje
poker el atizador
attic el desvánDVD player
el lector de DVD
radio la radio
balcony el balcón fence la cerca record el discobasement el sótano film la película refrigerator el refrigeradorbasket la cesta fire el fuego roof el tejadobathroom el baño flame la llama room el cuartobathtub la bañera flashlight la linterna rug la alfombra
batteries las pilas flatel apartamento
sheet la sábana
bed la cama floor el suelo shelf el estante
bedroomla alcoba / el dormitorio
floor (levels)
el piso / la planta
shovel la pala
bell (door)la campanilla
flower la flor shower la ducha
blanket la cobija freezerel congelador
sideboard el aparador
blinds la persiana front walk la vereda sink el fregadero
bookcase la librería furniturelos muebles
sink (bathroom)
el lavabo
box la caja garage el garaje sitting room la salabroom la escoba garden el jardín smoke el humo
bucket el baldeground floor
la planta baja
sofa el sofá
camcorder
la cámara hearth la chimenea stairs las escaleras
camerala máquina de fotos
hook el gancho steps los escalones
candle la vela house la casa story el pisocarpet la alfombra iron (flat) la plancha stove la estufacassette la cinta kerosene el petróleo study el estudio
CD playerel lector de CD
key la llave switch el conmutador
ceiling el techo kitchen la cocina table la mesachair la silla ladder la escalera tap (faucet) el grifochimney la chimenea lamp la lámpara telephone el teléfono
cigarel puro / el cigarro
lawn el césped television el televisor
cigarette el cigarrillo light bulb la bombilla toaster la tostadora
clock el relojliving room
la sala toilet (WC) el inodoro
closet el armario lock la cerradura towel la toallacompact disc
el disco compacto
mailbox el buzónvacuum cleaner
el aspirador
computerla computadora
matches las cerillas vase el jarrón
corner el rincón mattress el colchón VCRel magnetoscopio
cupboard la alacenamicrowave oven
el horno microondas
wall (house)
el muro
curtain la cortina mirror el espejo wall (room) la paredcushion el cojín oven el horno window la ventanadesk el escritorio pantry la despensa yard el jardíndining room
el comedor picture el cuadro
door la puerta pillowla almohada
50. COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE
Comparisons are expressed as follows:
más [adjective] quemenos [adjective] quetan [adjective] comotanto (-a, -os, -as) [noun] como
more [adjective] thanless [adjective] thanas [adjective] asas much/many [noun] as
El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog.Mi prima tiene más discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone.No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you.
To form comparatives, just add más or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express in after a superlative.
más alta tallerla más alta the tallestRosa es la niña más alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.
51. IRREGULAR FORMS
Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most common are:
Adjective/Adverb Comparative Superlativegoodbadgreatsmallwellbadlymuchlittle
buenomalograndepequeñobienmalmuchopoco
betterworsegreaterlessbetterworsemoreless
mejorpeormayormenormejorpeormásmenos
the bestthe worstthe greatestthe leastbestworstmostleast
el mejorel peorel mayorel menorel mejorel peorel másel menos
Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeño change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.
52. CLOTHING
apron el delantal pants los pantalonesbarrette el pasador pin el alfilerbathrobe la bata pocket el bolsillobelt el cinturón purse el bolsoblouse la blusa raincoat el impermeableboot la bota ring el anillobracelet la pulsera sandals las sandaliasbrush un cepillo del pelo scarf la bufandabuckle la hebilla shirt la camisabutton el botón shoe el zapatocap el gorro shoelace el cordónclothes la ropa shorts los pantalones cortoscoat el abrigo silk la sedacollar el cuello skirt la faldacomb el peine sleeve la mangacotton el algodón slippers las pantuflasdress el vestido soap el jabónearmuffs las orejaras sock los calcetinesearrings el arete stocking la mediafashion la moda suit el traje
glasses los lentes sunglasses las gafas de solglove el guante suspenders los tiranteshandbag el bolso sweater el jerseyhandkerchief el pañuelo sweatsuit el chándalhat el sombrero swimsuit el traje de bañojacket la cazadora tie la corbatajeans los vaqueros T-shirt la camisetamittens los mitones umbrella el paraguasnecklace el collar underwear la ropa interiornightgown el camisón waistcoat el chalecoovercoat el sobretodo watch el relojpajamas los pijamas wool la lana
53. TO WEAR
llevar - to wear ponerse - to put onllevollevaslleva
llevamoslleváisllevan
me pongote ponesse pone
nos ponemosos ponéisse ponen
You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article.
54. FUTURE TENSE
The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive:
-é-ás-á
-emos-éis-án
Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above:
caber (to fit) cabr- cabrédecir (to say, tell) dir- diráshaber (to have) habr- habrá
hacer (to do, make) har- haremospoder (to be able) podr- podréisponer (to put, place) pondr- pondránquerer (to want) querr- querrésaber (to know) sabr- sabrássalir (to leave, go out)
saldr- saldrá
tener (to have, to own)
tendr- tendremos
valer (to be worth) valdr- valdréisvenir (to come) vendr- vendrán
55. ADJECTIVESAdjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun.
In general, masculine adjectives end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white).
Adjectives that end in -ín, -án, -ón, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine.
Adjectives that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine.
Adjectives of nationality add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francés - francesa (French).Notice that when you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent.
To form the plural of adjectives, follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns.
Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some; ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third
When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of either gender. Santo(saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning with Do- or To-.
56. MORE ADJECTIVES
large grande high, tall altosmall pequeño low, short bajolong largo pretty lindo, bonitoshort corto beautiful hermosogood bueno ugly feobad malo wide anchorich rico narrow estrechopoor pobre heavy pesadostrong fuerte light ligeroweak débil hard duroeasy fácil soft blandodifficult difícil sweet dulcefat gordo sour agriothin delgado bitter amargo
When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective becomes a noun.
pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man
If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an abstract noun.
bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)
57. SPORTS
ball la pelota pool la piscina
game el juego basketball el baloncesto
match el partido tennis el tenis
team el equipo swimming la natación
player el jugador boxing el boxeo
soccer el fútbol wrestling la lucha
football el fútbol americano hockey el hockey
baseball el béisbol volleyball el vóleibol
racket una raqueta net una red
ball (small) una pelota cleats unos zapatos de fútbol
bat un bate skis unos esquís
glove un guante ski poles unos bastones
ball un balón boots unas botas
basketball hoop una canasta helmet el casco
58. NATURE
air el aire grass la hierba sea el mar
archipelagoel archipiélago
gulf el golfo shadowla sombra
bank la orilla hail el granizo sky el cielobay la bahía hay el heno snow la nievebarn el granero high tide la marea alta soil el suelobeach la playa hill la colina south el sur
branch la rama ice el hielospring (water)
la fuente
bridge el puente island la isla starla estrella
bud el capullo isthmus el istmo stem el tallo
bush el arbusto jungle la jungla stormla tormenta
cape el cabo lake el lago strait el aprietocave la cueva leaf la hoja stream el arroyocity la ciudad light la luz street la calleclimate el clima lightning el relámpago sun el solcloud la nube lily la azucena sunflower el girasol
coast la costa low tide la marea baja thawel deshielo
comet el cometa meadow el prado thunder el trueno
constellationla constelación
moon la luna tornadoel tornado
country el país mountain la montaña tree el árbol
country(side) el campomountain range
la sierra trunk el tronco
current la corrientemouth (river)
la desembocadura
tulip el tulipán
daffodil el narciso mud el barro valley el valledaisy la margarita nature la naturaleza view la vista
darknessla obscuridad
north el norte waterel agua (f)
desert el desierto peninsula la penínsulafresh water
el agua dulce
dew el rocío plain el llano salt waterel agua salada
dust el polvo planet el planetawatering can
la regadera
earth la tierra plant la planta waterfallla cascada
east el este pond el estanque wave la ola
farm la granjapot (for plants)
la maceta weather el tiempo
field el campo rain la lluvia west el oesteflower la flor rainbow el arco iris wind el vientofoam la espuma river el río world el mundofog le niebla rock la roca foliage el follaje root la raíz forest el bosque rose la rosa frost la helada sand la arena
59. TO SAY & TO GO OUT
decir - to say salir - to go outdigodicesdice
decimosdecísdicen
salgosalessale
salimossalíssalen
60. PARA VS. POR & PERO VS. SINO
Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time (for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive - though this is not used in all dialects of Spanish.)
La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha.Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn.
Lo tendré para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday.Juan está para salir. John is about to leave. (not used in all dialects)
Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at); exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason. It is also used after a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to be done or to be in favor of.
por el pueblo through the townpor la mañana in the morningPagó un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book.Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound.Voy por tren. I'm going by train.Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice.Voté por Juanita. I voted for Juanita.Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes.La carta está por escribir. The letter is yet to be written.Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it.
Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows.
Bebe leche pero no bebe café. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee.
Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated.
No bebe café sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.
61. OBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject Direct Indirect Object of Prepositionsyo I me me me to me mí metú you te you te to you ti youél he/it lo him/it le to him/it él him/itella she/it la her/it le to her/it ella her/itUsted you la you le to you Usted you
nosotros (as) we nos us nos to us nosotros (as) usvosotros (as) you os you os to you vosotros (as) youUstedes you los, las you les to you Ustedes youellos (as) they los them les to them ellos (as) them
1.An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund. Then it is attached to the verb as one word. Déme Ud. el libro. Give me the book.
2.When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. If both pronouns begin with the letterl, then the first one is changed to se.
3.When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word.
4.For clearness or emphasis, the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition may be used. Nos envió a Ud. He sent us to you.
5. When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).
62. PARTS OF THE BODY
ankle el tobillo fever la fiebre pain el dolorarm el brazo finger el dedo nose la narizartery la arteria fist el puño palm la palmaback la espalda flesh la carne pulse el pulsobeard la barba foot el pie rib la costillabelly el vientre forehead la frente shin la espinillabladder la vejiga gum la encía shoulder el hombro
blood la sangre hairel cabello / el pelo
skeleton el esqueleto
body el cuerpo hand la mano skin la pielbone el hueso head la cabeza skull el cráneobrain el cerebro health la salud sole la plantabreast el seno heart el corazón spine la espina
dorsalbreath el aliento heel el talón stomach el estómagocalf la pantorrilla hip la cadera tear la lágrimacheek la mejilla intestine el intestino temple la sienchest el pecho jaw la quijada thigh el muslo
chinla barba / la barbilla
kidney el riñón throat la garganta
coccyx el coxis knee la rodilla thumb el pulgar
cold el resfriado leg la pierna toeel dedo del pie
complexion la tez lip el labio tongue la lenguacough la tos liver el hígado tooth el dientedisease la enfermedad lung el pulmón vein la venaear la oreja moustache el bigote wound le heridaelbow el codo mouth la boca waist la cinturaeye el ojo muscle el músculo wrist la muñecaeyebrow la ceja nail la uña eyelid el párpado neck el cuello face la cara nerve el nervio
To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part.
Me duele la cabeza. My head hurts.Le duelen los pies. His feet hurt.
63. ASKING QUESTIONS
Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence.Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence.Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement. These translate to many phrases in English, such as Isn't it? Aren't you? Don't you? Didn't he? Isn't she? etc.
64. TO GIVE AND TO BRING
dar - to give traer - to bringdoy damos traigo traemos
dasda
daisdan
traestrae
traéistraen
65. RELATIVE PRONOUNSA relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something already mentioned (the antecedent.) This pronoun may serve as the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Que and quienare the most commonly used relative pronouns.
Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it refers to things only. El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace que or quien. These pronouns are used for clearness when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions.
La casa en que vivo es pequeña. The house in which I live is small.He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive. I visited the city near which he lives.
Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause. When used with a preposition, it means whom. Quien (-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one who, those who, etc.
Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence.
Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed, which is always the word that follows it.
66. DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS
Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb. They are the pronouns which follow prepositions, or show emphasis.
mítiélellaUsted
nosotros (-as)vosotros (-as)ellosellasUstedes
Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it. Sí can mean yourself, himself, herself, yourselves or themselves. When con combines with mí, ti or sí, the words become conmigo, contigo and consigo. For clearness, the forms ofmismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these pronouns.
67. TO HEAR, TO SMELL AND TO SEE
oír - to hear oler - to smell ver - to seeoigooyesoye
oímosoísoyen
huelohueleshuele
olemosoléishuelen
veovesve
vemosveisven
68. ANIMALS
animal el animal lark la alomdraant la hormiga lion el leónantelope el antílope lizard el lagartoantenna la antena lobster (spiny) la langostaantler el asta louse el piojobadger el tejón mackerel el escombrobat el murciélago mole el topobeak el pico monkey el monobear el oso mosquito el mosquitobee la abeja moth la polillabeetle el escarabajo mouse el ratónbird el pájaro mule el muloblackbird el mirlo mussel la almejabull el toro nest el nidobutterfly la mariposa nightingale el ruiseñorcalf el ternero octopus el pulpocarp la carpa ostrich el avestruzcat el gato owl el buhocaterpillar la oruga ox el bueycheetah el guepardo oyster la ostrachicken el pollo parrot el lorochimpanzee el chimpancé partridge la perdizclaw la zarpa paw la patacockroach la cucaracha penguin el pingüinocod el bacalao pig el cerdo
cocoon el capullo pigeon el pichóncow la vaca pike el sollocrab el cangrejo pony el potrocrayfish el cangrejo rabbit el conejocrocodile el cocodrilo raccoon el mapachecrow el cuervo rat la ratadeer el ciervo rooster el gallodog el perro salmon el salmóndonkey el burro scale la escamadragonfly la libélula scorpion el escorpiónduck el pato sea gull la gaviota
eagle el águila (f) seahorseel caballito de mar
eel el anguila seal la focaegg el huevo shark el tiburónelephant el elefante sheep la ovejafeather la pluma shrimp la gambafin la aleta skin la pielfish el pez slug la babosaflea la pulga snail el caracol
fly la mosca snakela serpiente / la culebra
fox el zorro sole el lenguadofrog la rana sparrow el gorriónfur el pelo spider la arañagill la branquia squid el calamargiraffe la jirafa squirrel la ardilla
goat la cabra starfishla estrella de mar
goose el ganso stork la cigüeñagorilla el gorila swallow la golondrinagrasshopper el saltamontes swan el cisnehamster la marmota tadpole el renacuajohare la liebre tail la colahedgehog el erizo tiger el tigre
hen la gallina toad el sapoheron la garza trout la truchaherring el arenque tuna el atúnhoof la pezuña turkey el pavohorn el cuerno turtle la tortugahorse el caballo wasp la avispahummingbird el colibri weasel la comadrejaiguana la iguana whale la ballenainsect el insecto wing el ala (f)jellyfish la medusa wolf el lobokitten el gatito worm el gusanoladybug la catarina zebra la cebralamb el cordero
69. SUFFIXES
Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Unaccented vowels should be dropped before adding the suffixes. The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a). They express size, affection, admiration, appreciation or pity. The ending -ero (a) indicates the maker or dealer in charge of something. To indicate where something is made or sold, add -ería. When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns. When -dor is added to a verb (minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action.
70. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Start with the first person singular yo conjugation in the present indicative tense, remove the final -o and add these endings:
Present Subjunctive
-ar verbs -er and -ir
-e-es-e
-emos-éis-en
-a-as-a
-amos-áis-an
(Notice that -ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a)
Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. (Review #29 from Spanish I) Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present subjunctive:
mentir in present
subjunctivemientamientasmienta
mintamosmintáismientan
The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings:
Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive
all verbs
-a-as-a
-amos-ais-an
An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often. You must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera mi padre. It's as if he were my father.
The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.
Present perfect subjunctive Past perfect subjunctive
hayahayashaya
hayamoshayáishayan
+ past participle hubierahubierashubiera
hubiéramoshubieraishubieran
+ past participle
You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.
71. IRREGULAR SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Many verbs are considered irregular in the present subjunctive mood. However, only six verbs (marked in grey below) do not follow the pattern described above when starting with the yo conjugation of the indicative. Nevertheless, these verbs are still somewhat easy to remember even if they don't follow the pattern because the imperative form will help you determine the stem to use for the subjunctive conjugation.
dar - to give decir - to say/tell estar - to bedédesdé
demosdeisden
digadigasdiga
digamosdigáisdigan
estéestésesté
estemosestéisestén
haber - to have hacer - to do/make ir - to gohayahayashaya
hayamoshayáishayan
hagahagashaga
hagamoshagáishagan
vayavayasvaya
vayamosvayáisvayan
poder - to be able to poner - to put/place querer - to wantpuedapuedaspueda
podamospodáispuedan
pongapongasponga
pongamospongáispongan
quieraquierasquiera
queramosqueráisquieran
saber - to know salir - to go out ser - to besepasepassepa
sepamossepáissepan
salgasalgassalga
salgamossalgáissalgan
seaseassea
seamosseáissean
tener - to have traer - to bring venir - to cometengatengas tenga
tengamostengáistengan
traigatraigastraiga
traigamostraigáistraigan
vengavengas venga
vengamosvengáisvengan
Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:
dar - to give decir - to say/tell estar - to bedieradierasdiera
diéramosdieraisdieran
dijeradijerasdijera
dijéramosdijeraisdijeran
estuvieraestuvierasestuviera
estuviéramosestuvieraisestuvieran
haber - to have hacer - to do/make ir - to gohubierahubierashubiera
hubiéramoshubieraishubieran
hicierahicierashiciera
hiciéramoshicieraishicieran
fuerafuerasfuera
fuéramosfueraisfueran
poder - to be able to poner - to put/place querer - to wantpudierapudieraspudiera
pudiéramospudieraispudieran
pusierapusieraspusiera
pusiéramospusieraispusieran
quisieraquisierasquisiera
quisiéramosquisieraisquisieran
saber - to know ser - to be tener - to havesupierasupierassupiera
supiéramossupieraissupieran
fuerafuerasfuera
fuéramosfueraisfueran
tuvieratuvierastuviera
tuviéramostuvieraistuvieran
traer - to bring venir - to cometrajeratrajerastrajera
trajéramostrajeraistrajeran
vinieravinierasviniera
viniéramosvinieraisvinieran
72. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb):
1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject)
2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.
3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a change of subject.
4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well as after quizás, tal vez andacaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt.
5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a subject for the subordinate verb.
6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite
7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before)
8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied.
9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal!
10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain.
In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)
73. ADVERBS
Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much).
Adjective Adverb
correctofácilclaroabsolutorápido
correctamentefácilmenteclaramenteabsolutamenterápidamente
correctlyeasilyclearlyabsolutelyrapidly
Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo más + adverb + an expression of possibility is translated: as ... as ...
lo bien que how welllo más pronto posible as soon as possible
74. PASSIVE VOICE
In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence.
Active El viento destruye la casa. The wind destroys the house.
PassiveLa casa fue destruida por el viento.
The house was destroyed by the wind.
Predicate AdjectiveCuando la vi, la casa estaba destruida.
When I saw it, the house was destroyed.
El niño fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father.Rosa es amada por todos. Rose is loved by everyone.
75. USES OF THE INFINITIVE
The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or oír.
El correr es un buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise. Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking.Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.
76. SHOPPING
department store
el almacén shop/store la tienda
shopping mallel centro comercial
(open-air) marketel mercado (al aire libre)
belt el cinturón (fixed) price el precio (fijo)glasses las gafas sale la rebajagloves los guantes to bargain regatearsunglasses los lentes de sol to spend money gastar
77. POST OFFICE AND BANK
post office el correo bank el banco
envelope el sobre (traveler's) checkel cheque (de viajero)
mailbox el buzón to cash (a check) cobrarmail carrier el cartero to save (money) ahorrarstamps las estampillas to deposit depositarpackage el paquete account la cuenta
78. CONDITIONAL TENSEThe conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.
To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense.
-ía-ías-ía
-íamos-íais-ían
79. INFINITIVES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS
The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English.
Verb + a + another infinitive Verb + de + another infinitiveacostumbrarseaprenderatreverseayudarcomenzarconvidardecidirsededicarse
to become used toto learn toto dare toto helpto begin toto invite toto decide toto devote oneself to
acabaracordarsealegrarseaprovecharsearrepentirsecansarsecesardejar
to have justto rememberto be glad toto profit byto repentto tire ofto ceaseto cease
empezarenseñarinvitarirnegarsepersuadirprincipiarrehusarresignarseresistirseresolversevenirvolver
to begin toto teach toto inviteto go toto refuse toto persuade toto begin toto refuse toto resign oneself toto resistto resolve toto come toto return to
encargarsegozarjactarseolvidarsetratar
to take charge ofto take pleasure into boast ofto forget toto try to
Verb + en + another infinitive Verb + con + another infinitiveconsentirconsistir divertirseempeñarseesforzarseinsistirocuparsepensarpersistirtardar
to consent toto consistto amuse oneselfto insist onto endeavor toto insist onto busy oneselfto think ofto persist into delay in
contarcontentarsesoñar
to count onto content oneself withto dream of
80. OFFICE / SCHOOL SUPPLIES
pencil el lápiz dictionary el diccionarioeraser la goma tape (audio) la cintapen la pluma map el mapaink la tinta newspaper el periódicopaper el papel novel la novelaletter la carta backpack la mochilanotebook el cuaderno stapler la grapadorabook el libro scissors unas tijeras
81. PARTS OF A CAR & GAS STATION
cargaragetankgasolineoilairgreasetirespare tirewheelsteering wheelbrakespeedslowdangerstopgoservice station
el cocheel garageel tanquela gasolinael aceiteel airela grasala llantallanta picadala ruedael volanteel frenola velocidaddespaciopeligroaltosiga, adelantela estación de servicio
82. TRAVELLING & VACATION
passport el pasaporte airport el aeropuertocustoms la aduana parking lot el aparcamientoarrival la llegada bus stop la paradadeparture la salida traffic jam los atascos(round-trip) ticket
el pasaje (de ida y vuelta) map el mapa
luggage el equipaje countryside el campo
single/double room
la habitación individual/doble
mountain la montaña
train (bus) station
la estación de tren (de autobuses)
beach la playa
subway la estación de metro paths los caminosto take a trip hacer un viaje vacation las vacacionesto go on vacation
ir de vacaciones to drive conducir
to pack hacer las maletas to visit visitarto travel viajar to walk pasearseto fly volar to get lost perderse
83. COSMETICS / TOILETRIES
shampoo el champú brush el cepillosoap el jabón comb el peinemakeup el maquillaje toothpaste la pasta de dientesshaving cream la crema de afeitar toothbrush el cepillo de dienteslotion la loción towel la toalla
nail polishel esmalte para las uñas
electric razorla maquinilla de afeitar
84. OTHER PERFECT TENSES
Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle.
The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como(as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until).
The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the present.
The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the past.
85. DURATIONS OF TIME
Ago : hace + a period of timeSe fue hace quince días. He left fifteen days ago.
Since / For : desde hace + a period of time (careful with verb tenses here: present tense in Spanish, present perfect orpresent perfect continuous in English)No vienes a verme desde hace un mes. You haven't come to see me for a month.
In : dentro de + a period of time (time at which something will happen)Te llamo dentro de media hora. I'll call you in a half hour.
86. TELEPHONE
Hello Diga telephone book la guía telefónica
Hello (reply) Oiga yellow pageslas páginas amarillas
This is... Soy... to transfer someone poner con alguien
phone carduna tarjeta telefónica
to call telefonear
phone booth una cabina to pick up descolgarcall una llamada to hang up colgar
ringtoneel timbre del teléfono
to leave a message dejar un recado
dialtone el tono de marcar to be very talkativehablar por los codos
wrong number
un número equivocado
to dial a number marcar un número
busy signalla señal de ocupado
87. EXCLAMATIONS
Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qué, cuánto, and cómo. Qué can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or más are also used with the adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. ¡Qué mujer!What a woman! ¡Qué familia tan unida! What a united family!
Cuánto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows. It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que can replace cuánto when a verb follows. ¡Cuánta comida! How much food! / There's a lot of food! ¡Cuánto comes! How you eat! / You eat a lot!
Cómo expresses the manner in which something is done. It can only be followed by a verb. ¡Cómo baila! How he dances! / He dances well!
88. COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS
la pandillagroup of friends
¡qué pasada! that's awesome!
el colega / el socio friend ¡qué rollo! it's boring!el profe teacher ¡chulo! ¡chula! great!el cole middle school ser un lince to be very clever
un(a) chaval(a) guy/girl llevarse un chascoto be disappointed
un tío guyestar hasta la gorra
to be fed up
un ligue flirt ligar to flirt
un empollón hard-workerestar hecho papilla
to be sad
un cabeza de chorlito
scatterbrain estar hecho polvo to be tired
un cabeza cuadrada stubborn estar mal del coco to be crazyun cara de mala leche
mean look/face
estar harto to be fed up
89. ASPECTS OF ACTION
To express an action that is planned (going to happen): ir a + infinitive. Voy a acostarme. I'm going to go to bed.
To express an action that is just about to happen: estar a punto de + infinitive or estar para + infinitive. El avión está para aterrizar. The plane is about to land.
To express an action that repeats: volver a + infinitive. Vuelve a escribir su nombre. You write your name again.
To express an action that has just happened: acabar de + infinitive. Acabo de llegar. I just arrived.
90. VERBS OF FEELINGS
Several verbs in Spanish that express feelings (pleasure, pain, etc.) have different word order than in English. These verbs have the same construction as gustar (#35): Indirect object + verb + subject. Me, te, le, nos, os, les are the indirect object pronouns. The verb is conjugated in third person singular or plural because it agrees with the subject, not the indirect object.
gustar to like dar asco to hateapetecer to feel like dar miedo to scareencantar to adore dar lástima to troubledar ganas to feel like doler to hurt
Te apetece salir. You feel like going out.Le duelen los dientes. His teeth hurt.Les da miedo la película. The film scares them.
You can also add a mí, a ti, a él, a ella, a usted, a nosotros/-as, a vosotros/-as, a ellos, a ellas, or a ustedes before the indirect object for emphasis.
A mí me gusta el fútbol. Me, I like soccer.
