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A Short Introduction to Hindiby Poul Williams
Namaskar
These pages contain information on Hindi. I have written them while learning Hindi myself. Please note that I am not fluent in Hindi and that the pages are probably filled with mistakes. Use them at your own risk.
The following abbreviations are used:
f feminine genderm masculine genderpl pluralr respectfuls singular
You are welcome to put a link to my Hindi site on your pages. Please link to the top page http://www.it-c.dk/people/pfw/hindi/ and not to the sub-pages. I might move the pages around and links to sub-pages would then become invalid. If you add a link, drop me an e-mail.
These pages ( the pages with URLs starting with http://www.it-c.dk/people/pfw/hindi/ and http://www.it.dtu.dk/~pfw/hindi/ ) are copyright (c) 1996-2000 by Poul Williams. You may view them on the Internet. You may make printed copies for your own personal use. Selling or making a profit of these pages is not allowed. You may not modify the pages. You may not put them on another server on the Internet. Basically, treat the pages like you want me to treat your pages!
These pages come with absolutely no guarantees of correctness. If you are serious about learning Hindi, buy a book, or even better, take a class.
If you have any comments, please feel free to write me at [email protected].
Pronunciation
Hindi is written using the Devanagari script. The Hindi you see on these pages have been transcribed using the English alphabet. Because the Devanagari script contains more letters than the English alphabet, sometimes it is necessary to use two or even three English letters to represent one Devanagari letter. Below is a list of vowels and consonants in Hindi together with guidelines for pronouncing them. Hindi makes widely use of nasal sounds; vowels exist in both a regular and a nasalized version. When transcribing Hindi, one often writes the letter 'n' after a nasalized vowel. Example:
Mera naam Poul hai. Kyaa aap John hain? (My name is Poul. Are you John?)
The 'ai' in "hai" is a non-nasalized vowel, while the 'ai' in "hain" is nasalized.
There are no upper and lower case letters in Hindi; all letters have only one case. Any capitalization of Hindi words on these pages is only to aide the reader.
Vowels
a normal, formal, woman, popular.
aa father, par, car, far.
i hit, pin, gin, tin, win, sin.
u bull, full, pull, put.
uu crucial.
e set, pet, let.
ee they, hey.
ai said
o over, lower.
oo mole, pole, post.
au audit, August, Paul.
Consonants
g get, gun, mug, give.gh g + h.n sing, wing, bring.ch much, such.chh ch + h.
jh j + h.t tree, tea.th t + h (hard).d day, do, deed.d then, this, the.dh d + h (hard).th thin, both.sh she, show, shop.s seen, sun.
Syntax
Hindi uses a different word order than English. The main differences are that verbs are placed at the end of the sentence (like in German) and that Hindi (like other Indian languages) uses postpositions instead of prepositions. Postpositions are like prepositions except that they are written after the noun.
Normal sentences
English: Subject Verb Object => I learn HindiHindi: Subject Object Verb => I Hindi learn
English: Subject Verb Preposition Object => I go to the shopHindi: Subject Object Postposition Verb => I shop to go
Imperative sentences
English: Verb Place Adverb => Come here nowHindi: Place Adverb Verb => Here now come
English: Verb Negative Verb Adverb => Do not eat quicklyHindi: Adverb Negative Verb => Quickly not eat
Interrogate sentences
English: Adverb Aux.Verb Subject Verb => What are you drawing?Hindi: Subject Adverb Verb => You what draw?
Pronouns
First Person
I - mainTo me - mujhkoMy - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)We - hamTo us - hamko
Our - hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare (pl)
Second Person
You - tum , ap (r)To you - tumko , apko (r)
Your - tumhara (m) , tumhari (f) , tumhare (pl)
Your (r) - apka (m) , apki (f) , apke (pl)
Third Person
He, she, it (there) - vah , ve (r)He, she, it (here) - yah, ye (r)To him, her, it (there) - usko, unko (r)To him, her, it (here) - isko, inko (r)His, her, its - uska (m) , uski (f) , uske (pl)They - veTo them - unkoTheir - unka (m) , unki (f) , unke (pl)
Demonstrative & relative
This - yahThis very, this same - yahinThat - vahThat very, that same - vahinThese - yeThose - veWho - kaunWhom (s) - kis koWhom (pl or r) - kin koWhose - kis ka (m) , kis ki (f)Which (s) - kaun siWhich (pl) - kis ko
Of which (s) - kis kiOf which (pl) - kin ki
Pronouns in the direct and indirect cases
Singular Plural Direct - Indirect | Direct - Indirectyah - is | ye - inyahin - isin | ye hin - inhinvah - us | ve - unvahin - usin | ve hin - unhinkaun - kis | kaun - kinkoin - kisin | koin-koin - kinhinjo - jis | jo - jin
Hindi Verbs
Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to
gender of the subject (masculine, feminine) number of the subject (singular, plural) tense (present, past, future) action (perfect, imperfect, continuous) degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect)
Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.
Examples:
bolna to speaklikhna to writelena to takeana to come
The stem of a verb is the infinitive form minus the na ending.
Examples:
bollikhlea
Present Tense
Present tense of hona (to be):
main hun I amtu hai you are (intimate)yah hai this, he, she, it isvah hai that, he, she, it isham hain we aretum ho you are (familiar)ap hain you are (respect)ye hain these, they areve hain those, they are
Present Imperfect
The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, or ti to the stem of the verb followed by the present tense of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.
main bolta hun I speaktu bolta hai you speak (intimate)yah bolta hai this, he, it speaksvah bolta hai that, he, it speaksham bolte hain we speaktum bolte ho you speak (familiar)ap bolte hain you speak (respect)ye bolte hain these, they speakve bolte hain those, they speak
Present Continuous
The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is formed like this: stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense of hona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing raha and rahe with rahi.
main bol raha hun I am speakingtu bol raha hai you are speaking (intimate)yah bol raha hai this, he, it is speakingvah bol raha hai that, he, it is speakingham bol rahe hain we are speakingtum bol rahe ho you are speaking (familiar)ap bol rahe hain you are speaking (respect)ye bol rahe hain these, they are speakingve bol rahe hain those, they are speaking
Past Tense
Past tense of hona (to be):
main tha / thi I wastu tha / thi you were (intimate)yah tha / thi this, he, she, it wasvah tha / thi that, he, she, it washam the / thin we weretum the / thin you were (familiar)ap the / thin you were (respect)ye the / thin these, they wereve the / thin those, they were
(The slash seperates masculine and feminine forms)
Past Imperfect
The past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the present imperfect but with the past tense of hona instead of the present tense.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
main bolta tha I used to speaktu bolta tha you used to speak (intimate)yah bolta tha this, he, it used to speakvah bolta tha that, he, it used to speakham bolte the we used to speaktum bolte the you used to speak (familiar)ap bolte the you used to speak (respect)ye bolte the these, they used to speakve bolte the those, they used to speak
Past Continuous
The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is formed like this: stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense of hona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
main bol raha tha I was speakingtu bol raha tha you were speaking (intimate)yah bol raha tha this, he, it was speakingvah bol raha tha that, he, it was speakingham bol rahe the we were speakingtum bol rahe the you were speaking (familiar)ap bol rahe the you were speaking (respect)ye bol rahe the these, they were speakingve bol rahe the those, they were speaking
Future Tense
Future Imperfect
The future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions about the presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i, or oge/i to the stem.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing the ending a or e with i.
main bolunga I will speaktu bolega you will speak (intimate)yah bolega this, he, it will speakvah bolega that, he, it will speakham bolenge we will speaktum bologe you will speak (familiar)ap bolenge you will speak (respect)ye bolenge these, they will speakve bolenge those, they will speak
Future Continuous
The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed as the present imperfect but with the future of raha instead of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing the ending a or e with i in both verbs.
main bolta rahunga I will be speaking
tu bolta rahega you will be speaking (intimate)
yah bolta rahega this, he, it will be speakingvah bolta rahega that, he, it will be speakingham bolte rahenge we will be speakingtum bolte rahoge you will be speaking (familiar)ap bolte rahenge you will be speaking (respect)ye bolte rahenge these, they will be speakingve bolte rahenge those, they will be speaking
Imperative
There are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative. The tu imperative is the stem itself The tum imperative is the stem + o The ap imperative is the stem + ie or iye
Examples:
pani la bring water (intimate)pani lao bring water (familiar)pani laie bring water (respect)
The imperatives are made negative by adding mat, na, or nahin. Use mat with the tu imperative. Use mat or na with the tum imperative. Use na or nahin with the ap imperative.
Examples:
vahan mat ja don't go there (intimate)vahan na jao don't go there (familiar)vahan nahin jaie don't go there (respect)
To Have
There is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.
Movable Objects
Possession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.
Examples:
Ram ke pas gari hai Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")mera pas kitab hai I have a book ("near me a book it is")
Immovable Objects
Possession of immovable objects and of relatives is expressed using the possessive particles ka, ki, ke.
Examples:
uska makan hai he has a house ("of him a house it is")Ram ke do bete hain Ram has two sons ("of Ram two sons there are")
Verb list
A
to advance - age barhnato answer - jawab denato arrive - ana, pahunchanato attack - hamla karnato attempt - koshish karna
B
to bathe - nahanato be - honato bear - sahnato beat - marnato beg - mangna
to behave - bartav karnato believe - vishwas karnato be sleepy - nind anato be tired - thaknato bind - bandhnato bite - katnato break - tornato breakfast - nasta karnato bring - lanato bring up - palnato burn - jalna, jalanato burst - phutanato bury - dafnana
C
to call - bulanato care - parwah karnato cast - dhalnato catch - pakarnato change - badalnato clean - saf karnato climb - charhnato comb - kanghi karnato come - anato converse - bat karnato cook - pakanato copy - nakal karnato cover - dhaknato creep - rengnato cry - chillana, ronato cruch - kuchalnato cut - katna
D
to depart - juda hona, alag hona, jana
to decend - utarnato dig - khodnato die - marnato dine - khana khanato do - karnato dream - sapna dekhnato drink - pinato dry - sukhna, sukhana
to dye - rangna
E
to eat - khanato excuse - maf karnato expect - asha karnato explain - samjhanato express - vichar prakat karna
F
to fall - girnato fear - darnato fight - larnato fill - bharnato fly (in air) - urnato fly (run away) - bhag janato forget - bhulnato forgive - maf karna
G
to get - panato get up - uthanato give - denato go - jana
H
to have - hona, rakhnato hate - nafarat karnato hear - sunnato help - sahayata dena, madad denato hide - chhipana
I
to improve - thik karnato irrigate - pani denato irritate - chirhana, naraz karna
J
to jump - kudnato join - jornato judge - vichar karna
K
to keep - rakhnato kick - thokar marnato kill - marna
to kiss - chumna, chumma lena
to know - janna
L
to laugh - hansnato lead - karne denato learn - sikhnato let - makan kiraye denato lie (on bed) - letnato lie (speak) - jhuth bolnato lift - uthanato like - chahnato live (reside) - rahnato live (not to die) - jinato look - dekhnato lose - khonato love - pyar karna
M
to make - bananato measure - napnato mould - dhalnato move - sarkana
N
to nibble - kutarna
O
to open - kholnato order - hukum dena
P
to pat - thapthapanato pay - denato play - khelnato play (music)
- baja bajana
to pour - dalnato promise - vada karnato pronounce - bolnato pull - khinchnato push - dhakka denato put - rakhna
Q
to quarral - jhagra karna
R
to read - parhnato receive - panato recollect - yad karnato recommend - sifarish karnato reject - napasnd karnato reply - jawab denato ride - charhnato rise - uthana
S
to say - kahnato scold - dantnato see - dekhna, talash karnato seek - dhundhanato sell - bechnato send - bhejnato sew - sinato shake - hilnato shout - chillanato show - dikhanato shut - band karnato sing - ganato sit - baithnato sleep - sonato smell - sunghanato solve - hal karnato sow - bona
to speak - bolnato spin - katnato spit - thuknato stay - thaharnato steal - churanato stop - thaharna, tharanato swim - tairna
T
to take - lenato talk - batchit karnato taste - chakhnato tear - pharnato tease - tang karnato tell - kahna, batanato think
- sochna
U
to understand - samajhna
V
to vomit - ulti karna
W
to walk - chalna, ghumnato wander - idhar-udhar phirnato wash - dhonato waste - barbad karnato weep - ronato weave - bunna
Nouns
Gender
There are two genders in Hindi: masculine and feminine.
Rule of thumb: nouns ending on a are masculine and nouns ending on i are feminine. There are exceptions.
Number
There are two numbers in Hindi: singular and plural.
Case
There are two cases in Hindi: direct and indirect case.
Indirect case: Used when the noun is followed by a postposition.
Direct case: Otherwise
Masculine nouns on -a
Direct Indirect (larka = boy)Singular larka larkePlural larke larkon
Other masculine nouns
Direct Indirect (guru = teacher)Singular guru guruPlural guru guruon
Feminine nouns on -i
Direct Indirect (larki = girl)Singular larki larki
Plural larkiyan
larkiyon
Other feminine nouns
Direct Indirect (kitab = book)Singular kitab kitabPlural kitaben kitabon
Postpositions
Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the noun.
The noun in front of the postposition is always in the indirect case.
The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.
nominative larki the girl (direct case)genitives, m larki ka kam the work of the girls, f larki ki bat the word of the girlpl, m larki ke kam the works of the girlpl, f larki ki baten the words of the girldative larki ko to the girlaccusative
larki a girl (direct case)larki ko the girl
vocative larki girl! (direct case)ablative larki se from / with / of the girlagentive larki ne the girllocative
larki men in the girllarki par on / upon / after the girllarki tak as far as / as long as / up to the girl
Adjective list
easy - asandifficult - mushkilsweet - mithabitte - karwasour - khattagood - achchhabad - kharabblunt - bhauntasharp - painadark - lightopen - khulaclosed - bandfull - bharaempty - khalitired - thakafresh - tazastale - basifat - motalean - dubladirty - gandaclean - safthick - motathin - patlatrue - sachchafalse - jhuthadistant - durnear - pashot - garamcold - thandahonest - imandardishonest - beimanhollow - polasolid - thosliquid - taralglad - khusksad - ranjidawealthy - maldarrich - dhanipoor - garibhealthy - tandurustsick - bimar
long - lambashort - chhotanew - nayaold - puranayoung - jawanold - buddhalight (color) - halkadark (color) - gahralight - halkaheavy - bharipolite - namrarude - badtamizmannerless - badtamiznarrow - sankra, tangwide - chaurabroad - chauraactive - phurtilalazy - sustsmart - hoshiyardull - mattha, mandaangry - narazkind - meharbanpleased - khushdispleased - narazproud - ghamandihumble - namracheap - sastadear - mahngadry - sukhawet - gilaclever - hoshiyarstupid - bewakufdeep - gahrashallow - uthlaurban - shahrirural - dehatibrave - vircoward - kayarhandsome - sundarpretty - sundarbeautiful - sundarugly - kurupraw - kachchacooked - pakasmelling good - khushbudarsmelling bad - badbudar
noisy - shorgul kaquiet - shantall - sablittle - kuchhinteresting - dilchaspadull - ubane waladurable - mazbutnot durable - kamzorstrong - takatwarweak - kamzorelder - (usase) barayounger - (usase) chhotabig - barasmall - chhotahigh (person) - barelow (person) - chhotehigh (things) - unchalow (things) - nichasome - thoramuch - zyadafew - kuchhmany - bahutright - sahiwrong - galatexcellent - barhiyaworthless - raddiwise - buddhimanfoolish - bewakufsweet - mithaharsh - karanational - deshi ya rashtriyaforeign - videshithis much - itna, itnias many - jitne, jitnaseveral - kaithat much - utna, utnisuch - aisa, aisiwhatever - jo kuchhhard - sakhtasoft - mulayamother - dusrasame - vahi
Different words
Questions
who - kaunwhat - kyawhy - kyonwhen - kabwhere - kahanhow - kaisewhich - kaunsahow many - kitnehow much - kitna
Cardinal numbers
0 - sunya, sifar1 - ek2 - do3 - tin4 - char5 - panch6 - chhah7 - sat8 - ath9 - nau10 - das20 - bis30 - tis40 - chalis50 - pachas60 - sath70 - sattar80 - assi90 - nabbe100 - ek sau101 - ek sau ek200 - do sau1.000 - ek hazarlac - ek lakh (100.000)crore - ek karor (10.000.000)
Other words having to do with numbers
1st - pahla2nd - dusra3rd - tisra4th - cautha5th - pancvan6th - chatha7th - satvan8th - athvan9th - nauvan10th - dasvan1/2 - adha1/3 - tihai1/4 - cauthai3/4 - pauna
Colors
black - kalablue - nilabright - chamkilabrown - bhuracolor - ranggolden - sunahragray - bhuragreen - haraindigo - baingniorange - naranjired - lalrosy - gulabiwhite - safedyellow - pila
Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...
about (place) - as-pasabout (pertaining to) - bare menabove - uparacross - usparafter - bad men
again - phiragain & again - bar-baragainst (opposite) - khilafagainst (touching) - bhira karalas - afsosaloof - duralmost - karib-karibalso - ohialthough - halankialtogether - ekdamalways - hameshaamong - unke bich menand - auraround - asas if - manoas far as - jahantakas soon as - jyonhiat - tarafbackward - pichhebackwards & forwards - age-pichhebecause - kyonkibecause (him) - vajah se (uski)before - pahlebehind - pichhebelow - nichebeneath - nichebetween - bich menbeyond - us parbravo - shabashbut - lekinby - secertainly - zarurcertainly not - hargiz nahindown - nichedownward - niche ki tarafduring - us bich menearly - jaldieither - ya toenough - kafiespecially - khas kareven - bhieven then - tab toever - hameshaevery moment - hardamfar - durfor - (uske) liye
for ever - hamesha ke liyeforward - agefrom - segenerally - am taur pargradually - dhire-dhirehence (place) - yahan sehence (time) - ab sehere - yahanhere and there - yahan vahanhither - yahanhow - kaisehow much - kitnaif - agarif not - agar nahin toif possible - ho sake toif so - agar aisa hai toimmediate - zaruri, turamt andarin - andarin brief - thore menindeed - vastav menin front of - samneinparticular - khas taur sein general - am taur sein short - thore meninside - andarjust now - abhi-abhilate - der selittle by little - thora-thora karkenear - pasnever - kabhi nahinneither - na vahno - nahinnor - na vahnot - nahinnothing - kuchh nahinnot yet - abhi tak naninnow - abnow or never - abhi ya phir kabhi nahinof - kaof course - albattaoff - duroft / often - aksaron - uparonce - ek baronly - kewalor - ya
out - baharout and out - bilkulover (higher) - uparover (finished) - khatamperhaps - shayadplease - krpayaquite - bilkulquietly - chupchapreally - sachmuchscarcely - mushkil seseldom - kabhi-kabhisince (time) - tab sesince (conditional) - chunkiso - isliyasome - kuchhsomehow - jyon tyon karkeso much - itnaso and so - falanaso late - itni der seso soon - itni jaldisoon - jaldistill - phir bhisorry - afsossuddenly - achanaksurely - zarurthat (conjunction) - kithan - sethen - to, tabthere - vahantherefore - isliyethither - yahan sethough - yadyapithrough - us mensethrice - tin barthus - aisetill - tab taktoday - ajtogether - ek sathtomorrow - kaltonight - rat kotowards - taraftruly - sach taur partruly - sahitwice - do barunder - nicheuntil - tab tak
up - uparunless - jab takvery - bahutwell - achchhawhen - kabwhenever - jab kabhiwhenever it de - jab kabhi ho sakewhere - cahanwherever - kahin bhiwhereas - chunkiwhile - jab takwhy - kyonyes - hanyesterday - kal
Examples of sentences in Hindi
Greetings
Good morning - subh prabhatGood day - subh dinGood afternoon - subh sandhyaGood night - subh ratriHello - namaskar / namaste / subh dinGood bye (hindus) - namasteGood bye (muslims) - khuda hafizHow are you (r,m) - ap kaise hain?How are you (r,f) - ap kaisi hain?I am fine, thanks - bahut accha, sukriyaI am fine, thanks - main thik hun, dhanyavad
Hindus greet each other with namaste. The answer is also namaste.
Muslims greet each other with salam alekum. The answer is valekum as salam.
Questions
Who is that? - yah kaun hai?What is this? - yah kya hai?What is that? - vah kya hai?Where is it? - vah kahan hai?Where is ...? - ... kahan hai?
How much is it? - yah kitne ki hai?Who are you? - ap kaun hai?What is your name? - apka subh nam kya hai?Where are you from? - ap kahan ke rahne vale hain?Which country are you from?
- ap kis des ke hain?
How old are you? - ap ki umar kya hai?What is your job? - ap kya kam karte hain?What are you studying? - ap kya padethe hain?What is wrong? - Kya bat hai?Do you speak Hindi? - kya ap hindi bol sakte hain?What time is it? - kya samay hua?What time is it? - kya baja hai?
Misc. sentences
(Masculine forms used) My name is Poul - mera nam poul haiI live in Denmark - main denmark men rahta hunI am a student - main vidyarthi hunI go to school in Lyngby - lyngby men main skul jata hunI speak a little Hindi - main hindi kuch-kuch bol sakta hunI would like some tea - mujhe cay cahiyeI am tired - main thak gaya haiI am thirsty - mujhe pyas lagi haiI am hungry - mujhe bhukh lagi haiI am not hungry - mujhe bhukh nahin haiI have to go - mujhe jana haiI don't understand it - mujhe samajh men yah nahin a rahaI understand (now) - (ab) main samajhaIt is important - yah zaruri haiI would like to buy a ... - main ... karidhna chahtha hunI would like a ... - mujhe ... chahiyaI would like some ... - mujhe kuch ... chaheinPoul speaking (on the phone)
- yah poul bol raha hai
Who is it? (on the phone) - kaun bol raha hai?