LEANN MORRISWALDEN UNIVERSITY - EDUC 8841

DIFFUSION AND INTEGRATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

FALL 2010

Wikis in Education

What is a wiki?

A website where anyone can edit anything anytime they want. (Richardson, 2006)

4 Stages of Innovation Development of the Wiki

1. Need2.Research3. Development4. Commercialization

1. Need

Class Communication Web 1.0 One Way Communication Web 2.0 Two Way Communication

Collaboration between teachersProfessional DevelopmentCommunication with ParentsAuthentic and Purposeful WorkContent DrivenStudent PortfoliosGroup Project AssignmentsLiterature Circles for Collaborative Writing

2. Research

Philosophy: The process is the product.

Social Constructivism – Piaget Active Learning vs. Passive

LearningEveryone has an opportunity to

contribute to knowledge.Develop writing and social skills

by learning about group consensusWikipedia Founder, Jimmy Wales

in 2001

3. Development

Inventor – Ward Cunningham – Programmer in Portland, OR in 1995

Originally for businessKnowledge RepositoryCommunities of PracticeSpreading Awareness and

Benefits for EducationEducational Uses

4. Commercialization

www.wikispaces.comwww.projectforum.comwww.pbwiki.comwww.wikicities.comwww.editme.com

Unblock first at schools for education use

5 Stages in the Innovation-Decision Process for the Wiki

1. Knowledge (1994)2. Persuasion (1994 -2001)3. Decision (2001-2003)4. Implementation (2004-2006)5. Confirmation (2007-Present)

1. Knowledge of the Wiki (1994)

Ward Cunningham, Inventor in Portland, OR

Recall of information – similar to original Hypercard

Pre- World Wide Web hypertext systemsComprehension of information about the

wikiSkills needed for effective adoption of the

wiki

2. Persuasion of the Wiki (1994-2001)

Formation of a positive image with Wiki Wiki Web, the first wiki

Support for early wiki websites for software development

Liking the wikiAcceptance of information

about the wikiDiscussion of the wiki with

others

3. Decision of the Wiki (2001-2003)

Intention to seek additional information about the wiki

Intention to try the wiki – Wikipedia

Development of wiki software

Wikimedia Foundation created

4. Implementation of the Wiki (2004-2006)

Explosion in interest for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects

Acquisition of additional information about the wiki

Use of the wiki is now on a regular basisContinued use of the wiki by many people.

5. Confirmation of the Wiki (2007-Present)

Integration of the wiki into routinesWikis enter the mainstreamRecognition of the benefits of using the wikiPromotion of wikis to others in every facet of

work, play and education

Communication Channels (1994 – Present)

Interpersonal networks needed among colleagues, friends and family is critical. VerbalNon-VerbalFace-to-FaceVirtual

S-Curve for Adoption Rate of the Wiki in Society

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

Number of Named Wikipedia Accounts

Adoption Rate of the Wiki in Society

The number of wiki accounts across the Internet is unknown due to the varied wiki hosting sites that continue to grow for different purposes.

The S-Curve for the adoption rate of Wikipedia is shown on the previous slide with 13,211,465 named accounts with about 250,o00 new accounts created every month, and the number is growing.

Wikipedia – Sum of All Human Knowledge

“Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.”

-- Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia Founder

(Wales, 2004)

How do we trust the content of Wikipedia?

Most everyone’s first reaction to that is it sounds more like Whackypedia, and how can the information read there be trusted.

Thankfully, there are vastly more editors who want to make it right than those who want to make it wrong.

Five Perceived Attributes of Innovations

1. Relative Advantage2. Compatibility3. Complexity4. Trialability5. Observability

1. Relative Advantage

Will the football be pulled again, Charlie Brown?

The degree to which the wiki is perceived as better than previous forms of collaborative communication.

(Rogers, 2003)

2. Compatibility

The degree to which the wiki is perceived as consistent with existing values, past experiences and needs of potential adopters.

(Rogers, 2003)

3. Complexity

The degree to which the wiki is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and to use. (Rogers, 2003)

Wikis are shown in a very simplistic manner on YouTube!

4. Trialability

The degree to which the wiki may be experimented with on a limited basis.(Rogers, 2003)

5. Observability

The degree to which the results of using a wiki are visible to others.

Innovators and Early Adopters

Teachers who are technology literate and: See the value and benefit of using a wiki with their

students Understand the simple ease of use

Laggards

Teachers who are not comfortable using technology and: Do not see the benefit

of using a wiki with their students

Think it is just one more thing to do

Do not see the advantage for communication and collaboration

Meeting Critical Mass in Education

All teachers must be able to experiment using a wiki, to understand how simple and easy to use they are, and why they should use it for a communication and collaboration tool with their students.

We can send the Wiki Patrol out!

Perceived Attributes Relative Advantage Complexity Trialability

Decentralized Diffusion of Wikis

Wide sharing of knowledge and control among the teachers about.

Teachers diffuse wikis to other teachers at own school and other schools.

Wikis come from experimentation by teachers, who are the innovators.

Use of wikis are created by perceived need by teachers as a communication and collaboration tool.

Key Change Agents and Roles for Carson City School District

Technology teachers at each schoolClassroom teachers who are technology innovators

1. Develop a need to use wikis.2. Establish an information exchange relationship with other teachers about how to use a wiki.3. Diagnose problems.4. Create an intent for other teachers to use wikis.5. Translate an intent into action through working with

peers in interpersonal networks.6. Stabilize adoption and prevent discontinuance.7. Promote teachers to obtain self-reliance when using wikis.

Strategy for Getting to Critical Mass with the Wiki

The wiki should be introduced to specific groups of teachers at each school who are likely to be relatively more innovative.

Need for 21st Century Learning

We want our students to be able to use 21st Century tools in able to collaborate effectively not only with their classmates, but also with peers throughout the district and indeed, the world.

We need to enhance opportunities for research, writing, and editing for a real life audience and in authentic situations.

Our students do not have email accounts.Safety and security of our K-12 students.

Wiki Hosting Sites for Education

PB Works http://pbworks.com/content/edu+overview

Edmodo http://www.edmodo.com/home

WikiSpaces http://www.wikispaces.com

National Educational Technology Standards for Students (NETS-S) – Advancing Digital Age Learning

21st Century Learning Skills

Demonstrate creativity and innovationCommunicate and collaborateConduct research and use informationThink critically, solve problems, and make

decisionsUse technology effectively and productively

References

Adoption Rate of Using Wikis. (2010). Retrieved from Timeline at www.google.com and www.wikipedia.org Chatfield, T.B. (2009). The Complete Guide to Wikis. Ocala, FL: Atlantic Publishing Group, Inc. Eight Ways to Use School Wikis. (2009). Retrieved fromhttp://www.techlearning.com/article/22064 Engrstrom, M.E., & Jewett, D. (2005). Collaborative learning the wiki way. TechTrends, 49(6), 12-16. Everything Wiki (n.d.) Retrieved from http://wiki.wetpaint.com / History of wikis (2010). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wikis ISTE (2007). NETS-S. Retrieved from http://www.iste.org/standards/nets-for-students.aspx Lamb, B. (2004). Wide open spaces: Wikis, ready or not. Educause Review, 39 (5). Retrieved from

http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM0452.pdf Leu, D.J., Kinzer, C.K., Coiro, J., Cammck, D.W. (2004). Toward a theory of new literacies emerging from the Internet and other

information and communication technologies. Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading, 5, 1570-1613. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Retrieved from

http://www.reading.org/Publish.aspx?page=bk50254Leu.pdf&mode=retrieve&D=10.1598/0872075028.54&F=bk502-54-Leu.pdf&key=C08F75C1-038F-418B-A9AA-86A73794E160

Oatman, E. (2005). Easy-to-use software that lets students collaborate is heading to your school. School Library Journal. Retrieved from http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6277799.html

Oliver, K.M., & Corn, J.O. (2008). Student-reported differences in technology use and skills after the implementation of one-to-one computing. Educational Media International, 45(3), 215-229. Retrieved from http://

dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523980802284333 Pandolph, A. (2008). Interview: The state of wikis in education. Retrieved from

http://www.futurechanges.org/2008/04/10/interview-the-state-of-wikis-in-education/ Richardson, W. (2006). Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press. Schroeder, B. (2008). 10 best practices for using wikis in education. Retrieved from

http://itcboisestate.wordpress.com/2008/05/21/10-best -practices-for-using- wikis-in-education/ Sheehy, G. (2008). The wiki as knowledge repository: Using a wiki in a community of practice to strengthen K-12 education.

TechTrends, 52 (6), 55-60. Wales, J. (2004). Jimmy Wales. Wikiquote. Retrieved from http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales What is a wiki? (2010). Retrieved from http://www.wiki.com/whatiswiki.htm Wheeler, S., Yeomans, P., Wheeler, D. (2008). The Good, the Bad and the Wiki: Evaluating Student-Generated Content for Collaborative

Learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(6), 987-99. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00799.x Woods, D. & Thoeny, P. (2007). Wikis for Dummies. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Publishing, Inc.

References for Images

Slide 1 – www.butlertech.wikispaces.com Slide 2 – www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu Slide 3 – www.innovationamerica.us Slide 4 – www.usf-web2.wikispaces.com Slide 6 – www.cdlibre.com Slide 7 – www.lisatripp.com Slide 8 – www.consultglobal.wordpress.com Slide 9 – www.encefalus.com Slide 11 – www.cosmosmagazine.com Slide 12 – www.cloudtp.com Slide 13 – www.growinginteractive.com Slide 14 – www.businessihub.com Slide 15 - www.manipulating-media.co.uk Slide 18 – www.neoavatara.com Slide 20 – www.blognotes.in Slide 22 – www.canstockphoto.com Slide 25 – www.blog.deri.ie Slide 28 – www.blog.orbeon.com Slide 29 – www.wiki.urbandead.com Slide 30 – www.fcw.com Slide 31 – www.managing-turbulence.org Slide 32 – www.collaborativeconsumption.com Slide 36 - www.iste.org/standards/nets-for-students.aspx