Leading to Life Long Exercise

8/14/2019 Leading to Life Long Exercise

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Leading to Life Long Exercise; What can group fitnessLeading to Life Long Exercise; What can group fitnessparticipants tell us about fitness leadership?participants tell us about fitness leadership?

Presented by:Presented by:Kathleen A. Cameron, B.A.,Kathleen A. Cameron, B.A.,

University of Victoria, 2007University of Victoria, 2007


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Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

IntroductionIntroductionSummary of LiteratureSummary of LiteratureStatement of Purpose / Research QuestionsStatement of Purpose / Research QuestionsResearch DesignResearch DesignMethodsMethodsResultsResultsDiscussionDiscussionImplications for Research / PracticeImplications for Research / Practice


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IntroductionIntroductionThe benefits of physical activity may aid in the prevention of chronicThe benefits of physical activity may aid in the prevention of chronic

disease (e.g., diabetes, cancer & cardiovascular disease)disease (e.g., diabetes, cancer & cardiovascular disease)38% of BC residents and 53.5% of Canadians are inactive38% of BC residents and 53.5% of Canadians are inactiveAn estimated $ 2.1 billion in health care costsAn estimated $ 2.1 billion in health care costs werewere attributable toattributable tophysical inactivity in 1999.physical inactivity in 1999. Annually = a loss of $ 236 million through employee illness, disability, or Annually = a loss of $ 236 million through employee illness, disability, or

deathdeathApproximately 50% of sedentary North Americans who begin anApproximately 50% of sedentary North Americans who begin anexercise program will drop out within the first six months.exercise program will drop out within the first six months.While there is a strong history of group fitness leadershipWhile there is a strong history of group fitness leadershipdevelopment & instruction, at present there is little attention beingdevelopment & instruction, at present there is little attention being

given to various leadership strategies for group fitnessgiven to various leadership strategies for group fitness

(Coleman & Walker, 2004; Dishman, 1994; Katzmarzyk, Gladhill, & Shephard, 2000;(Coleman & Walker, 2004; Dishman, 1994; Katzmarzyk, Gladhill, & Shephard, 2000;Klein-Geltink, Choi, & Fry, 2006; Strachan, 1983; Tomlinson & Strachan, 1982; WankelKlein-Geltink, Choi, & Fry, 2006; Strachan, 1983; Tomlinson & Strachan, 1982; Wankel

1984; Warburton, 2006)1984; Warburton, 2006)


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Summary of LiteratureSummary of LiteratureThere is growing interest in the relationship approaches to leadership as it relates toThere is growing interest in the relationship approaches to leadership as it relates tothe health care fieldthe health care field .. Researchers have supported the claim that the leadership styleResearchers have supported the claim that the leadership styleof the group fitness leader (GFL) relates to the experiences and adherence of theof the group fitness leader (GFL) relates to the experiences and adherence of theparticipantparticipant ..

Leadership research in the realm of fitness has focused on bland and sociallyLeadership research in the realm of fitness has focused on bland and sociallyenriched styles as they relate to enjoyment, adherence, and anxiety of GFenriched styles as they relate to enjoyment, adherence, and anxiety of GFparticipantsparticipants ..

Leadership strategies are important in enhancingLeadership strategies are important in enhancing fitnessfitness class enjoyment.class enjoyment.

The group fitness leader has 3 roles; instructor, social director & counsellor.The group fitness leader has 3 roles; instructor, social director & counsellor.

The Stages of ChangeThe Stages of Change modelmodel has been applied to a broader range of healthhas been applied to a broader range of healthbehaviours such as PA, sun tanning, and eating behavioursbehaviours such as PA, sun tanning, and eating behaviours

It is important to match PA intervention strategies to individuals stage of changeIt is important to match PA intervention strategies to individuals stage of change ..

(Bain, Wilson, & Chaikind, 1989; Bray, Millen, Eidsness, & Leuzinger, 2005; Carron, Hausenblas, &(Bain, Wilson, & Chaikind, 1989; Bray, Millen, Eidsness, & Leuzinger, 2005; Carron, Hausenblas, &Estabrooks, 2003; Carron, Hausenblas, & Mack, 1996; Fox, Rejeski, & Gauvin, 2000; Gellis & Zvi, 2001;Estabrooks, 2003; Carron, Hausenblas, & Mack, 1996; Fox, Rejeski, & Gauvin, 2000; Gellis & Zvi, 2001;

Martin & Fox, 2001; Neiger, Thackary, Merrill, Miner, Larsen, & Chalkey, 2001;Martin & Fox, 2001; Neiger, Thackary, Merrill, Miner, Larsen, & Chalkey, 2001; Prochaska, & Marcus,Prochaska, & Marcus,1994;1994; Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 1997; Tomlinson & Strachan, 1982; Turner, Rejeski, & Brawley,Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 1997; Tomlinson & Strachan, 1982; Turner, Rejeski, & Brawley,

1997; Strachan,1983 Vandenberghe, Stordeur, & Dhoore, 2002;1997; Strachan,1983 Vandenberghe, Stordeur, & Dhoore, 2002; Wankel, 1984Wankel, 1984 ))


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Statement of PurposeStatement of Purpose The purpose of this study was to gain an understandingThe purpose of this study was to gain an understanding

of the lived experiences of novice, female group fitnessof the lived experiences of novice, female group fitnessparticipants and the feelings and attitudes they haveparticipants and the feelings and attitudes they haveabout their group fitness experiences as they relate toabout their group fitness experiences as they relate tothe leadership of the fitness class.the leadership of the fitness class.

Research Questions1. How do novice, group fitness participants

experience fitness leadership in group fitnessclasses?

1. What are the characteristics of group fitnessleadership that may positively influence their

exercise experience and adherence?


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Research DesignResearch Design

Orientational, qualitative inquiryOrientational, qualitative inquiry behavioural andbehavioural and r r elationship leadershipelationship leadershiptheor theor iesies as guiding frameworkas guiding framework

EthnomethodologyEthnomethodologyPurposefully sampledPurposefully sampledParticipant recruitment through posters atParticipant recruitment through posters atYM-YWCA of Greater Victoria and theYM-YWCA of Greater Victoria and theHenderson Recreation Center andHenderson Recreation Center andsnowball recruitmentsnowball recruitmentN =6; Age =3N =6; Age =3 99--5858 years; Gender =years; Gender =

FemaleFemale


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MethodMethod

6 Individual interviews & 1 focus group6 Individual interviews & 1 focus groupInitially hand coded with secondary codingInitially hand coded with secondary codingthrough NVivo data management softwarethrough NVivo data management softwareIn addition to leadership codes, data were codedIn addition to leadership codes, data were codedwith fitness culture, leadership culture, socialwith fitness culture, leadership culture, socialsupport, and stages of change in mindsupport, and stages of change in mind

ConsiderationsResearchers professional history

Small, homogeneous sample

Confirmability


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ResultsResultsLeadership CultureLeadership Culture

Embedded in the data were the importance of languageEmbedded in the data were the importance of languageas it related to verbal cues, sincerity of message &as it related to verbal cues, sincerity of message &exercise choice.exercise choice.

she [the instructor] was like that little annoying person on TVshe [the instructor] was like that little annoying person on TVsaying come on nowone, two it was like someone wassaying come on nowone, two it was like someone was

seducing the microphone tooThat was annoying (Veronica,seducing the microphone tooThat was annoying (Veronica,interview).interview).

Fitness CultureFitness Culture All participants made references to their expectations of All participants made references to their expectations of

physical changes to their body due to group fitnessphysical changes to their body due to group fitnessparticipation.participation.

I have been going to the gym for five years and I work out hardI have been going to the gym for five years and I work out hardenough and I havent lost a pound. Im strong and Im probablyenough and I havent lost a pound. Im strong and Im probablyhealthy and my heart is doing well, but I still want to lose 20healthy and my heart is doing well, but I still want to lose 20pounds (Simone, interview).pounds (Simone, interview).


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ResultsResults

Social SupportSocial Support Although this theme emerged as one of the mostAlthough this theme emerged as one of the most

important aspects to continual participation, thereimportant aspects to continual participation, there

were a few conflicting comments relating to leader were a few conflicting comments relating to leader initiated social support.initiated social support.Based upon my recent experiencewe went to JazzerciseBased upon my recent experiencewe went to Jazzerciseclasses two or three times and one of them was aboutclasses two or three times and one of them was aboutgetting a little group together and having a sort of contestgetting a little group together and having a sort of contest

and we were out of there so fast, you couldnt see us for and we were out of there so fast, you couldnt see us for dust. Not just not interested, actively opposing it (Bobbi,dust. Not just not interested, actively opposing it (Bobbi,focus group).focus group).


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ResultsResultsLeadershipLeadership

Autocratic - The metaphor of drill sergeant was used separately by 3Autocratic - The metaphor of drill sergeant was used separately by 3participants to define this type of leadership.participants to define this type of leadership. drill sergeants, you know, like come ondrill sergeants, you know, like come on !! they are more yelling at your they are more yelling at your than encouraging you (Jane, interview)than encouraging you (Jane, interview)

Democratic -This was represented in the data through commentsDemocratic -This was represented in the data through commentsrelating to the provision of various alternatives during the fitness class.relating to the provision of various alternatives during the fitness class.

[the leader] gives you options, you know, if you really want to knock[the leader] gives you options, you know, if you really want to knockyourself out heres how you do it and she will show you and if you dontyourself out heres how you do it and she will show you and if you donther her ee is an option (Bobbi, interview).is an option (Bobbi, interview).

Transactional -Transactional - Such issues as instructional safety and technique cues wereSuch issues as instructional safety and technique cues were

noted as an important and positive influence for fitness class adherence.noted as an important and positive influence for fitness class adherence.Transformational - There was a fine line between positive and negativeTransformational - There was a fine line between positive and negativeindividual considerationindividual consideration ..

Im a person who, if anybody phoned me and said dont forgetIm a person who, if anybody phoned me and said dont forgetJazzercise on Tuesday I would never go again (Bobbi, Interview).Jazzercise on Tuesday I would never go again (Bobbi, Interview).


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ResultsResultsTransformational Leadership ContinuedTransformational Leadership Continued Idealized influenceIdealized influence related to an instructor similar to the participantrelated to an instructor similar to the participant

in age and appearance.in age and appearance.Im more likely to go to spin class ifsomeone my age is teaching. MyIm more likely to go to spin class ifsomeone my age is teaching. Mycharacteristics of a fitness leader would be someone that is a heavycharacteristics of a fitness leader would be someone that is a heavyset person (Veronica, Interview)set person (Veronica, Interview)

Inspirational motivationInspirational motivation was observed through the leaders energywas observed through the leaders energyand enjoyment during the fitness class.and enjoyment during the fitness class.

I think part of the overall enjoyment for meis that she obviouslyI think part of the overall enjoyment for meis that she obviouslyenjoys it herself and, somehow she transfers that (Bobbi, Interview).enjoys it herself and, somehow she transfers that (Bobbi, Interview).

Participants did not report much experience withParticipants did not report much experience with intellectualintellectualstimulationstimulation , yet offered suggestions that would enhance their fitness, yet offered suggestions that would enhance their fitnessclass enjoyment.class enjoyment.

There could have been weekly or monthly newsletters or handouts withThere could have been weekly or monthly newsletters or handouts withsome more fitness tips. Something to do when you are away from aquasome more fitness tips. Something to do when you are away from aqua

fit, between classes (Jane, interview).fit, between classes (Jane, interview).


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Stages of Change and Leadership StylesStages of Change and Leadership Styles


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DiscussionDiscussionRelationship approaches to leadership are more conducive to enjoyment andRelationship approaches to leadership are more conducive to enjoyment andadherence among novice participants.adherence among novice participants. a combination of both transactional and transformational is important to increasea combination of both transactional and transformational is important to increase

adherence and decrease barriers to participationadherence and decrease barriers to participation

All components of transformational leadership were noted as important for All components of transformational leadership were noted as important for enjoyment and adherence with a focus on individual concern.enjoyment and adherence with a focus on individual concern. Although supported in the literature, it may also be a deterrent for some if one feelsAlthough supported in the literature, it may also be a deterrent for some if one feels

singled out or put on the spotsingled out or put on the spot

Idealized influence was defined as critical to class enjoyment & defined as theIdealized influence was defined as critical to class enjoyment & defined as thephysical presentation of the fitness leader.physical presentation of the fitness leader.

4/6 participants described an older, more4/6 participants described an older, more heavy setheavy set fitness leader as their fitness leader as their ideal.ideal.

Personal identification with the leader has been identified as the greatest influencePersonal identification with the leader has been identified as the greatest influenceon empowerment.on empowerment. Female group fitness participants appreciate a normal or real looking fitnessFemale group fitness participants appreciate a normal or real looking fitness

leader.leader.

(Bain et al., 1989; Beauchamp, Welch, & Hulley, 2007;(Bain et al., 1989; Beauchamp, Welch, & Hulley, 2007; Collins, 2002;Collins, 2002; Kark, Shamir, &Kark, Shamir, &Chen, 2003; Longhead & Carron, 2003; Markula, 1995 ; Spink & Carron, 1994)Chen, 2003; Longhead & Carron, 2003; Markula, 1995 ; Spink & Carron, 1994)


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DiscussionDiscussionAlthough all participants claimed they exercisedAlthough all participants claimed they exercisedfor health, when pressed, they admitted tofor health, when pressed, they admitted toparticipating for aestheticsparticipating for aesthetics There is a constant contradiction of understanding the healthThere is a constant contradiction of understanding the health

benefits of PA but wanting to achieve the goal of having a toned,benefits of PA but wanting to achieve the goal of having a toned,fit, and slender body.fit, and slender body.

50% of participants noted a fine line between50% of participants noted a fine line betweenpositive and negative social support. Exercisepositive and negative social support. Exercisewith a friend was beneficial to adherence andwith a friend was beneficial to adherence andenjoyment but instructor lead inter-class socialenjoyment but instructor lead inter-class socialsupport was a deterrent.support was a deterrent. In the literature, social support may be based upon individualIn the literature, social support may be based upon individual

need; those with higher levels of adherence appreciate group-need; those with higher levels of adherence appreciate group-task more than those with lower levels.task more than those with lower levels.

Belton, Fernandez, Henriquez-Roldan, & DeVellis, 2000; Carron, Widmeyer, & BrawleyBelton, Fernandez, Henriquez-Roldan, & DeVellis, 2000; Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley(1998); Markula, 2006; Mutrie & Choi, 2000; Poole, 2001; Reardon, Reardon, &(1998); Markula, 2006; Mutrie & Choi, 2000; Poole, 2001; Reardon, Reardon, &

Rowe,1998).Rowe,1998).


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Implications for Research and PracticeImplications for Research and Practice

Longitudinal examination with larger sample sizeLongitudinal examination with larger sample sizeto address various demographic factors.to address various demographic factors.

Expand the examination of leadership into theExpand the examination of leadership into therealm of health promotion.realm of health promotion.

Integration of this knowledge into existing fitnessIntegration of this knowledge into existing fitnessleadership curricula may help to transform theleadership curricula may help to transform thenovice group fitness participant into a life longnovice group fitness participant into a life longexerciser.exerciser.

How could we apply transformational leadershipHow could we apply transformational leadershipto help influence the global fitness culture?to help influence the global fitness culture?


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Leading to Life Long Exercise