Lead and Copper PPT Presentation (1)...Copper Rule to your system •Calculate the 90th concentration • Summarize factors that will impact the release of lead and copper •Take

7/31/2018

Developed by American Water Works Association with funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Published 2016 1

Controlling Lead and Copper in Drinking Water

Your name and contact info

Your name and contact info

Developed by RCAP/AWWA and funded by the USEPA

• EPA National Priority Area 1: Training and Technical Assistance for Small Public Water Systems to Achieve and Maintain Compliance with the SDWA, EPA Grant – X6‐83560701

Acknowledgement:

Western RCAPRural CommunityAssistance Corporation(916) 447-2854www.rcac.org

Midwest RCAPMidwest Assistance Program(952) 758-4334www.map-inc.org

Southern RCAPCommunity Resource Group(479) 443-2700www.crg.org

Northeast RCAPRCAP Solutions(800) 488-1969www.rcapsolutions.org

Great Lakes RCAPWSOS Community Action Commission(800) 775-9767www.glrcap.org

Southeast RCAPSoutheast Rural Community Assistance Project(866) 928-3731www.southeastrcap.org

RCAP National Office1701 K St. NW, Suite 700Washington, DC 20006(800) 321-7227www.rcap.org | [email protected]

Rural CommunityAssistance PartnershipPractical solutions for improving rural communities

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Purpose/Rationale

This material will:

• Advise you of the requirements for addressing lead and copper in drinking water (specifically at small water systems)

• Inform you of potential future standards recommended by the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) regarding lead and copper in drinking water

• Explain how to be more effective in your efforts to protect public health

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Learning Objectives

At the end of this course you should be able to:

• Apply the regulatory requirements of the Lead and Copper Rule to your system

• Calculate the 90th concentration

• Summarize factors that will impact the release of lead and copper

• Take action to protect consumers from lead and copper

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Agenda• 0:00 – 0:05 – Introduction

• 0:06 – 0:46 – Regulations

• 0:47 – 1:12 – Lead and copper basics

• 1:13 – 1:23 – Conducting an inventory

• 1:24 – 1:44 – Monitoring requirements

• 1:45 – 2:00 – Treatment requirements

• 2:01 – 2:06 – Public notification requirements

• 2:07 – 2:22 – Lead service line replacement

• 2:23 – 2:27 – Summary

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Pre‐test: Controlling Lead and Copper in Drinking Water

• The pre‐test will be handed out

Module One:Regulations

Module One Learning Objectives

At the end of this module you should be able to…• Summarize the purpose of the 1991 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR)

• Name the types of utilities that are subject to LCR requirements

• Demonstrate how to calculate the “90th percentile” for your system

• Describe additional requirements that may be triggered as a result of an Action Level (AL) exceedance

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• Young children and infants tend to absorb more lead than the average adult.

– Impaired mental development

– IQ deficits

– Shorter attention spans

– Low birth weight

• Adults ‐ Increased blood pressure

• EPA set the MCLG at zero.

Why address lead?

• Exposure to copper can cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver and kidney damage, and complications of Wilson’s disease.

• EPA set an MCLG of 1.3 mg/L

Copper

• Reduction of lead in materials

– The Lead Ban (1986)

– The Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act (2011)

• Standards and Monitoring Requirements

– The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)

– The Lead Contamination Control Act (LCCA) (1988)

– The Lead and Copper Rule (1991, revised 2000, 2007)

Rules that impact lead

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• 1986 – Required use of “lead free” pipe, solder, and flux

– 0.2% lead in flux/solder ‐ “lead free”

• 50% prior to 1986

– <8% lead for pipes and pipe fixtures

• 1998 – Banned fixtures that were not “lead free”

• 2011 – Redefined lead free as 0.25%

Lead Regulations – In materials

• 1974 – MCL ‐ 0.050 mg/L SDWA

• 1988 ‐ Lead Contamination Control Act

– Lead monitoring and reporting requirements for all schools (not enforceable)

• 1991 ‐ Lead and Copper Rule (LCR)

– Action levels ‐ 0.015 mg/L lead, 1.3 mg/L Cu

– CWS and NTNCWS

– Minor revisions 2000, 2007

• 2017? – Long‐term revisions to the LCR

Lead Regulations – Standards and monitoring requirements

• Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)– Lead – 0 µg/L

– Copper – 1.3 mg/L

• Action level based on the 90th percentile – Lead ‐ 15 µg/L

– Copper ‐ 1.3 mg/L

• Requires optimized corrosion control rather than a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

LCR (1991)

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Actions for Lead Exceedance

• Water quality parameter monitoring

• Corrosion Control Treatment

• Source water monitoring

• Public education

• Lead service line replacement

Lead and Copper Rule 1991 Overview

* Includes systems serving ≤ 50,000 people and (b)(3) systems** Includes non‐(b)(3) systems serving > 50,000 people, irrespective of their 90th percentile levels; (b)(2) systems must collect WQPs.

Conduct periodic lead and copper tap monitoring

90th Percentile Exceeds the Lead

Action Level (15 μg/L)

90th Percentile Exceeds the Copper

Action Level (1.3 mg/L)

90th Percentile Is at or Below

Both Action Levels*

CWS or NTNCWS Collects Lead and Copper Tap Samples

Begin LSLR replace 7% of LSLs per year

Begin CCT steps includes

WQP monitoring **

Conduct periodic lead and copper tap monitoring

Conduct public

educationdue within 60

days

Conduct source water monitoring

(Install SOWT, if needed)

• Monitoring – What type systems is the rule applicable to?

• For public education – Is public education required when copper action level is exceeded?

• Source water – How frequently must a ground system monitor?

• Corrosion control treatment – When must a small system conduct a CCT study.

Activity‐ EPA Quick Reference Guide

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• NDWAC recommendation ‐ Development of a household action level

• Potentially lowering of the action level

• Requiring lead service line replacement

Potential future standards

To calculate the 90th percentile:

• Rank the samples according to their lead or copper concentrations

• Find the “sample” that:

– 90% of all samples have a lower concentration

– 10% of all samples have a higher concentration

Sample #

Lead (mg/L)

1 0.004

2 0.005

3 0.005

4 0.006

5 0.006

6 0.006

7 0.009

8 0.010

9 0.011

10 0.017

• Your instructor will distribute handouts for this activity

Activity: Determining the 90th

Percentile

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Module Two:Lead and Copper Basics

Module Two Learning Objectives

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

• Name the two forms of lead that may be present in drinking water

• Discuss factors that can impact lead concentrations in drinking water

• Rarely from source water or distribution mains

• Service lines

– Lead service lines, on either side of the meter

– Goosenecks or pigtails

• Customer plumbing

– Solder

– Plumbing fixtures

Sources of Lead

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Ownership of System Components

There are two forms of lead:

• Dissolved lead

• Particulate lead

Forms of lead

• Water quality parameters

– pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, hardness

– Chlorine residual levels,

– Presence of corrosion inhibitors

• Materials

• Other conditions

– Temperature, Flow velocity, Electrical current

Factors that impact dissolved lead concentrations

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Operations practices that can impact lead levels

• Physical disturbances

⁻ Repairing a main break

⁻ Meter repair

• Hydraulic changes

⁻ Flushing

⁻ Valve/ hydrant testing

Factors that impact particulate lead concentrations

• Change in source water

• Changes in water chemistry

• Change in pH

• Change in chlorine residual levels

Factors that can impact both dissolved and particulate

concentrations

What would happen to lead levels if:

1. Seasonally switch between a surface water source and a ground water

2. Bring a new well into service

3. Repair a water main

4. Replace the service line between the main and meter

Discussion

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Module Three:Conducting an Inventory


• Name information sources you can use to inventory the materials used in your system

• Identify ways to tell whether or not a pipe is made of lead

Module Three Learning Objectives

• Installation records

• Codes, regulations

• Main renewal records

• Observations during construction

• Observation during meter replacement

• Customer reporting

Conducting an inventory

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• Scratch test

– Grey or color like a penny?

– Easy to scratch?

• Lead swabs

• Shape

• Magnet (will stick to steel, not lead)

Ways to tell if pipe is lead

Who has lead service lines?

• Have you conducted an inventory?

• What are the ages of homes in your system?

Question

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Module Four:Monitoring Requirements

Module Four Learning Objectives


• Discuss how to properly select sampling sites for a Community Water System as well as for a Non‐Transient, Non‐Community Water System

• Monitor your system as prescribed by Standard Monitoring and Reduced Monitoring requirements

• Follow procedures required to properly collect and manage lead and copper tap samples

• Sampling sites – with highest potential levels

• Frequency – Set by regulation – Reduced monitoring possible

• Procedures – First‐draw, try to observe the highest concentrations

Monitoring Requirements

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• Three tier criteria to identify home with the highest risk

– Tier 1

• Single family

• If lead service lines (50% of the sites)

• Copper pipe and lead solder after 1982 (and before lead ban 87/88)

– Tier 2 ‐ Building/multi‐family

– Tier 3 – Lead solder before 1983

Site selection CWS

• 2 tier criteria

– Tier 1

• Lead service lines or

• Copper pipe and lead solder after 1982 (and before lead ban 87/88)

– Tier 2

• Lead solder before 1983

NTCNWS

• Systems without enough tiered sites must use representative sites

• Must identify sites in your monitoring plan

• Best to have more sites than the minimum required

Minimum number of sites

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Minimum Number of Tap Samples

System PopulationNumber of Sampling Sites (on Routine Monitoring)

Number of Sampling Sites (on Reduced Monitoring)

>100,000 100 50

10,001 to 100,00 60 30

3,301 to 10,000 40 20

501 to 3,300 20 10

101 to 500 10 5

≤100 5 5

• Standard monitoring:

– Conducted at 6‐month intervals from January‐June or July‐December

• Reduced monitoring

– Can be annual, triennial, or 9‐year monitoring schedules.

• Conducted during a 4‐month period from June‐September

• Time of normal operation when highest likely lead levels

Monitoring schedules

Procedures for sampling

First‐draw

6‐hour standing time

One‐liter volume

System or residents can collect

Samples are taken from kitchen/bathroom taps

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• No water softeners or POU/POE

• Aerators – Leave on

• Use wide mouth sample bottles (encourages higher flow rates)

• No pre‐stagnant flushing

Issues and recent recommendations

• Improper sample analysis

• Site selection criteria not met

• Sample container damaged

• Sample subjected to tampering

It’s difficult to invalidate a sample

States may invalidate a sample if

• Customer requested samples should not be included in the 90th percentile calc. (states are still requiring these to be reported)

• Sampling not required at schools or public buildings (but recommended)

Other samples

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Activity ‐Monitoring

• Your instructor will distribute handouts for this activity

Module Five: Treatment Requirements -Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment

(OCCT)


• Explain why a small or medium system would decide to apply Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment (OCCT) techniques

• Summarize the purpose of Water Quality Parameter (WQP) Monitoring for small and medium systems

Module Five Learning Objectives

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• Chemical treatment designed to reduce the corrosivity of water

– Raising pH to make water less acidic

– Adding buffering to make water more stable

– Adding corrosion inhibitors to create a barrier to inhibit metals release

• OCCT required for large system

• Required for small/medium systems only if the action level is exceeded

Optimal corrosion control treatment (OCCT)

• Required when

– < 50,000 that exceed AL

– > 50,000 regardless of 90th percentile*

*(b)(3) systems not subject to CCT requirements

(b)(3) system = 90th percentile lead ‐ highest source water < 0.005 mg/L for 2 consec. 6 mos.

Water Quality Parameter Monitoring

WQP Monitoring ‐ Parameters

Typical Water Quality Parameters

pH1 Orthophosphate2

Alkalinity Silica3

Calcium Temperature1

Conductivity

1 Measured on‐site.2 Applies when a phosphate‐containing inhibitor is used.3 Applies when a silicate‐containing inhibitor is used.

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• To assist in determining water corrosivity

• To identify appropriate corrosion control treatment

• To determine whether corrosion control treatment is being properly maintained

Purpose of WQP monitoring

• Study/treatment recommendation by system

• State treatment determination

• Treatment installation

• Follow‐up Pb/Cu tap & WQP monitoring

• State‐specified operating parameters

Corrosion Control Treatment Steps

• Consult with your primacy agency

• Obtain recommendations of chemical suppliers

• Check with industries, hospitals, clinics, and wastewater plants

• Check with other water systems

• Don’t experiment on the whole system

• Consider advantages and disadvantages of storing, handling and feeding various chemicals

Determining The Best Corrosion Control Treatment

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• Has anyone modified corrosion control practices

Discussion

Module Six:Public Notification Requirements


• Comply with the Lead Consumer Notice requirements as mandated in the 1991 Lead and Copper Rule

• Communicate with consumers regarding effective strategies to reduce lead exposure

Module Six Learning Objectives

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• Notify consumers of lead tap results

• Consumer Confidence Reports

Without an action level exceedance

• Impacts all CWSs and NTNCWSs

• Requirements (varies by state)

– Provide notice of lead tap water monitoring results

• Regardless of whether sample exceeds lead AL

• To all served by sampling site ‐‐ not just the person who pays the bills (i.e. renters)

• As soon as practical but within 30 days after receiving results

• By mail or other State‐approved methods

Lead Consumer Notice

• Flushing – Stagnant water

• Clean aerators

• Get your water tested

• Filters

Consumers tips for reducing lead exposure

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Module Seven:Lead Service Line Replacement


• Explain the impacts to public health when considering lead service line replacements

• Describe the difference between a partial and a full service line replacement

• Suggest consumer alternatives to service line replacements

Module Seven Learning Objectives

• Full replacement – From main to inside the home

• Partial replacement – From the main to the meter

• Disturbance on the main or service line

Lead service lines – do they need to be replaced

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• What action(s) will you take on returning to your utility?

• Examples could include: – Conduct a materials inventory

– Review sampling plan and sites selected

– Develop notices for consumers

– Develop an SOP for when lead service lines are disturbed

– Review treatment strategies

– Develop a strategy for replacing service lines

Activity

• The primary source of lead are service lines, solder, and plumbing fixtures. Some of which are not under direct control of the utility.

• The utilities responsibilities are:– Monitoring

– Controlling the corrosivity of the water

– Public education and outreach

– Operation practices to minimize lead

– Programs to get the lead out

Summary

• Have a program to replace lead service lines

• Have a program to help customers monitor their tap

• Sample schools and other public buildings

You are not required, but recommended to:

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AWWA: http://www.awwa.org

EPA Lead and Copper Rule Quick Reference Guide:

https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=60001N8P.txt

Rural Community Assistance Partnership (RCAP):http://www.rcap.org

Resources

Post‐test: Controlling Lead and Copper in Drinking Water

• Post‐test will be handed out

THANKS FOR ATTENDING!

YOUR NAME

CONTACT INFO

Documents

Lead and Copper PPT Presentation (1)...Copper Rule to your system •Calculate the 90th concentration • Summarize factors that will impact the release of lead and copper •Take