Latino Immigrants and Refugees by: Andria Henrie

Latino Immigrants and Latino Immigrants and RefugeesRefugees

by:by:Andria HenrieAndria Henrie

Introduction

As part of my presentation I am going to have you watch this slide show as if you are taking a high school history class. You will read in the notes section exactly what I would say to my class.

My lesson plan:

Welcome and instructions

Note taking from power point presentation

After taking notes start

Episode 1: Foreigners in their own land PBS Video Latino Americans

A look at Latino's in history

“Many people have this popular vision of Latinos as people who arrived the day before yesterday. But when you think about the first European settlement in what would become the United States, it's St. Augustine, in 1565. That predates Jamestown in 1607, by almost 40 years. The first European language spoken, in what would become the United States, it's Spanish.”

Vicki Ruiz, Chicano Scholar and historian.Foreigners in their own land, Latino Americans

PBS Special: Latino Americans Episode 1

Vaqueras/Cowgirls

Cowgirls/Vaqueras.

Circa early 1900s. Courtesy

of Ocampo Family Collection.

Department of archives and manuscripts,

Arizona State University, Tempe.

Famous Latino/Latina Voices

Apolinaria Lorenana

Captain Nepomuceno Seguin

Mariano Vallejo

Carlos Juan Finlay

Apolinaria Lorenzana (La Beata, the Pious one) 1790-1884

Apolinaria was seven years old and an orphan when sent by the Spanish Colonial Government of Mexico to help populate to the farthest reaches of it's American Empire. Apolinaria has said that when the group of twenty two orphan girls reached the capital at Monterey, the government gave them all away like puppies to the local residents. All of the orphans were given the last name Lorenzana, which was the last name of their benefactor the Arch Bishop of Toledo. Alpolinaria later became known as Apolinaria la Cuna. By the time that she had settle in Montery the Spanish had dominated the New World for over three centuries. By 1808, Apolinaria had reached her teenage years and brought to Mission, San Diego, it was the first Mission founded by Spanish Priests. As a young child in Mexico she was taught to read, however she had always wanted to learn to write. When she was a young girl she taught herself to write by copying letters from various books. She would practice on any piece of paper she could find, even old cigarette wrappings.

She was largely responsible of a school owned by a Californio widow's where children were taught various skills, such as reading, writing, cooking and sewing. Apolinaria never married, but was a god parent to numerous children.

Apolinaria Lorenzana

(La Beata, the Pious one) 1790-1884

Page 2

Apolinaria Lorenzana

Apolinaria was the recipient of two government land grants, Santa Clara de Jamacha in 1840 and Buena Esperanza de los Coches in 1843. She was a sponsor to close to 200 children both Californio's and Indian children. She was given quite a few responsibilities from teacher, seamstress, supervising the sick, training women to wash and sew the church linens. She had the authority to select goods that were not included on lists from the missionaries. She also played a role in helping to transform the indigenous population of San Diego area into Spanish subjects. One of her greatest grievance was associated with the arrival of US Troops. Not only was she a witness to American invasion but she also suffered the fate of many Californios as a consequence of American domination, she had lost her land.

At the end of her life, she was nearly blind and knew she didn't have much time left, Apolinaria shared her memories with Thomas Savage an American Historian. In the end of her life she was blind, penniless and a charge of the country. She is remembered as a true example of the high level of authority and respect achieved by some mixed-race women of the Caliornia Frontier.

Lorenzana, Apolinaria, 1878. “Memories de dona Apolinaria Lorenzana La Beata dictadas por ella en Sanda Barbara en marzo de 1878 a Thomas Savage, Bancroft Library.

Captain Juan Nepomuceno Seguin 1806-1890

Juan Seguín was born in San Antonio, and married the daughter of one of the area's wealthiest ranching families. They had ten children. He held a variety of regional political positions until becoming involved in the military, supporting the Federalist government in 1835.

Seguín was a strong supporter of the federalist principles which Santa Anna betrayed. A man more of action than words, he organized a company of Tejano soldiers that would play an invaluable role in the Texan cause. Seguín's Tejano unit fought bravely at the Battle of San Jacinto, and followed the defeated Centralist to the Rio Grande, ensuring their departure.

A thoughtful and literate man, Seguín kept careful memoirs of the events at San Jacinto. In the Personal Memoirs of John N. Seguín, he recalled the gallantry and passion with which his unit fought. Indeed, the service of Tejano troops was indispensable throughout the revolution.

Seguín served his country in a number of political roles including Congressman and Senator, and as the Mayor of San Antonio (two consecutive terms). Caught in escalating tensions between Mexican and Anglo Texans, he was eventually incriminated in a Mexican plot to re-take San Antonio.

He fled his beloved homeland for Mexico where he tried to build a new life for his family. During the Mexican War, he was forced by the Mexican government to take up arms against the United States. He returned to Texas as soon as possible, where he continued his political service.

Seguín died in Nuevo Laredo in 1890. His remains were returned to Texas in 1974, and buried at Seguin, the town named in his honor.

"San Jancinto Museum of History." San Jacinto Museum of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, 1807-1890

“If he was not actually the founder of California's diversity, Vallejo was certainly one of it's chief architects”

July 4, 1807. The eighth of thirteen children.

1822 - 1826. Vallejo served as personal secretary to Governor Arguello; entered military service as a cadet at Monterey; and became a member of the territorial legislature.

1829. Vallejo defeated a large force of Miwok Indians at Indian Mission Estanislao

1832. He married Francisca Benicia Carrillo after waiting two years for official approval. They were to become the parents of 16 children and at least two adopted children (Vallejo's illegitimate children). His land acreage (175,000 acres) was comprised of gifts, purchases, and awards for services or debts owned him.

1833. Vallejo became Military Commandant of the San Francisco Presidio

"Sonoma State University." Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo | North Bay Regional & Special Collections | SSU Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.


1834. At his own expense, he outfitted and fed the Mexican troops at Sonoma for the next ten years. He began building his new home, La Casa Grande, on the Sonoma plaza

1835. Vallejo became director of colonization (the only person empowered to grant land) in the Northern frontier.

June 10, 1846. Bear Flag Revolt. Vallejo was arrested in his own home by American frontiersmen. After signing articles of capitulation, Mariano and his brother Salvador (and others) were jailed for two months at Sutter's Fort. The Bear Flag was raised at Sonoma, signifying the separate Republic of California. Less than a month later it was replaced with the Stars and Stripes. Vallejo's health was seriously jeopardized during imprisonment and much of his property stolen.



1849. Vallejo was a delegate to the state constitutional convention and elected state senator. At the convention he promoted: permitting Indians to vote, making slavery illegal in California, allowing wives to hold separate property, both real and personal.

Vallejo became an honored guest or speaker at most public events but declined an offer to run for Lt. Governor; he visited native Californios and collected their reminiscences for Hubert H. Bancroft; he learned sign language so that he could communicate with students at a school for the handicapped; and he commissioned artists, such as, Oriana Day, to depict California history and the mission era.

Bottom left hand photo is Vallejo with his daughters. Bottom Right hand photo is Vallejo with wife Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo.


Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, 1807-1890“If he was not actually the founder of California's diversity, Vallejo

was certainly one of it's chief architects”

Detail from a 19th – century lithograph showing Lachryma Montis. (Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley)

1850's. Vallejo donated a five square mile tract of land for development of a port at Benicia and donated 156 acres for a state capitol at Vallejo (originally proposed to be named "Eureka"). He offered $370,000 for construction of public buildings (including a university, governor's mansion, capitol building, orphanage, and insane asylum). The Vallejo family moved to a new home in Sonoma, Lachryma Montis (Tear of the Mountain)

Carlos Juan Finlay 1833-1915

1855. Vallejo is granted only $48,700 of the $117,875 in claims against the US government for damages incurred during the war with Mexico. Meanwhile his lands were occupied by squatters, some milking his cows in the middle of the night!

To make financial ends meet, his wife, Francisca sold produce to local hotel. Most income would come from the water company that supplied Sonoma.

1866. Vallejo lost ownership of his home in Sonoma and had to pay rent to remain. Several years later, son-in-law John Frisbie, Vallejo's power of attorney and manager of Vallejo's funds, purchased Lachryma Montis and deeded it to Francisca.

1867. Vallejo's former home, La Casa Grande, burned to the ground, taking with it his original five-volume manuscript, History of California .

January 18, 1890. Vallejo died at Sonoma. His only remaining property was his home.


Cuban Epidemiologist

Carlos Juan Finlay solved the mystery of what caused yellow fever. This deadly disease had no known cure just over 100 years ago and killed thousands of people.

In 1881, he discovered that mosquitoes spread yellow fever, but he could not prove it. Other scientist did not believe him and made fun of him calling him the mosquito man. Eventually, because of the work that Finaly and Walter Reed, another important physician, scientists were able to develop a vaccine using diseased mosquitoes and conquer this disease.

Finlay was appointed chief of sanitation officer of Cuba (1902-09), and after his death the Finlay institute for investigations in Tropical medicine was created in his honor by the Cuban government.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Carlos J. Finlay (Cuban Physician)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

Latinos in Utah

Strike- breakers and Agricultural

November 1912- Thousands of Mexicans, most of them single men, got off the train in Bingham, Utah. They had come to work in the Utah Copper mine as strikebreakers. Most were there to replace miners who were refusing to work until management improved working conditions and salaries. Most lived in boardinghouses and sent money back home to families. The striking miners despised them for working while they were striking. Most of them returned home when the strikes were over.

In the early 20th century many Hispanic/Latinos came to San Juan County to work with sheep and other livestock. Many worked on the railroad. Sugar beet farming drew many Latino families to northern Utah, especially during World War I.

Taking care of sugar beets is back-breaking work, from planting, to thinning, to weeding, to harvesting. Field workers labored long hours in the heat, bent over most of the day and they didn't get paid very well. Many pulled their children out of school to help work.

When things got worse during the Great Depression, many more Latino workers and their families left Utah. For those who remained life was hard. On top of already low wages, falling prices of sugar beets, Utah experience a drought in the 1930s.

In the picture to the right you see The Rogue Garcia Family in Montiello, Utah, in 1927.

"Utah State History." Latinos in Utah. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

Latinos in UtahRailroads and Mines

Large numbers of Latino immigrants worked on the railroad or in the mines.

Men called traqueros worked in crews that repaired the rail lines and helped with their upkeep. Some of their families lived in old rail cars that weren't being used anymore, next to or near the tracks.

In Utah during the 1920s and 1930s Utah had set up their hiring and firing policies based on who was in the state first. So the earliest settlers were paid higher wages and were able to work for job with higher prestige. Then as different groups settled or moved to Utah they would take the lowest paying, and most dangerous jobs, such as mining, agriculture and railroads.

This all came with a lot of resentment and racial prejudice, usually targeted at the last group through the “door” of Utah. So at this time, even though Utah once belonged to Mexico, one of the last groups to come in before the Depression was the Latinos, and they were the first to be fired.

"Utah State History." Latinos in Utah. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Traqueros worked to maintain railroad tracks.

Puerto Ricans

The onset of World War II disrupted many Latino families in Utah. The army and navy drafted husbands and brothers; in response, some Latinas and their daughters moved to Salt Lake City looking for jobs that allowed them to support their families. With the shortage of men in the state led government officials to recruit hundreds of Puerto Ricans from New York City. This group of Spanish-speaking people increased the diversity of the Latino population. Like the Mexicans of the 1910s, Puerto Ricans of the 1940s were mainly single males who left their families behind.

Not accustomed to mine labor or to the intra-ethnic conflicts with Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and Spanish Americans, most Puerto Ricans left the state. Only ten Puerto Rican families settled down and remained in Utah. These families became very successful and were able to buy houses. A few became leaders of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s in Utah.

In 1967 there were no more than ten Latino students at the University of Utah; the majority of them lacked financial support and worked as busboys in sorority houses as janitors, as ditch-diggers, for the county or similar jobs. Mike Melendez, who was born in Bingham Canyon, later said that his parents only contributed five or ten dollars per month to his academic expenses. In spite of these barriers, Melendez graduated and became a minority adviser at the University of Utah. As an adviser, he was especially interested in recruiting Latinas. He believed education would be an asset to woman in case something happened to their husbands, and it was a good thing to pass on to children. Melendez's mother had been perhaps the first Latina to graduate from the University of Utah; she obtained a nursing degree in 1942.

Beehive History 25: Families. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Historical Society, 1999. Print.

Latina's in Utah

Nominated as a Women of Charity, Edith Roblez Melendez, Prominent civic and community leader, particularly with regard to Hispanic concerns. Melendez was integral in the founding of Jordan School District Cultural Awareness as well as SOCIO (Spanish Organization for Community, Integrity, and Opportunity). She was also Outreach Director for the Utah State Food Stamp Program, adviser to the University of Utah College of Sciences program for Ethnic Affairs, and a member on the Governor’s Hispanic Council under Governor Scott Matheson.

Nominated as a Women in the Arts, Ruby Chacon, Rising Utah artist most notable for her paintings of the Mexican family, particularly the stories and traditions of her multicultural background and -- in Chacón's words -- her “experience as a Utahna, a Chicana, and an Artist.” A graduate of the University of Utah, Chacón has been featured in many of the state’s most widely circulated newspapers, magazines, and books. She also has an extensive list of gallery shows and exhibitions in Utah, California, England, and Japan. Chacón was named one of Salt Lake Tribune’s Utahns of the Year in 2006. She has also received the Governor’s Mansion Award and the Mayor’s Award, both for visual arts.

Nominated as a Women of Charity, Maria L. Salazar y Trujillo, Lifelong advocate of foster children who personally mothered nearly 100 children, including some with severe behavioral problems, from the early 1950s until her death in 1987. Trujillo not only devoted her life to foster children, she also recruited other foster mothers. Trujillo was an active member of the Catholic Women's League and the Third Order of St. Francis. She was also involved in the early organization of La Morena Café, which provides food, fellowship, and job training to vulnerable citizens as well as funding for other outreach programs.

Welch, Michele. "Utah Womens Walk." Utah Womens Walk. Honoring Women in Utah, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

Summary

This part of the summary is for me. I have learned more than I bargained for in doing this assignment. I could have added so many more pages about the wonderful and amazing Latino people. Researching about this culture has given me an insight that I needed in order to become a Multicultural teacher. I am going to be able to take away from this project not just knowledge but a new perspective of how differences can be made into a positive. After all of the research I did, the main feelings I have were of sadness, that we as humans feel we have a right to take land, voices, languages, heritage, and culture from certain people. You might notice that I had a little more information about Vallejo in my presentation. That was on purpose, I had watched a video about him and I couldn't help but feel the sadness he felt at being betrayed by people he thought were his allies. He had always considered himself a very hospitable person and could not imagine that anyone would want to take from he. He was a generous person who gave a lot to the community and the land that he loved. It never even entered his mind that the very people he was helping was the first to imprison him. Unfortunately, their story of heartache and betrayal was all too familiar. Through out history it seems, there are people who are the victors and people who are the victims. It is amazing that even today we have so many trying to fight for the exact same rights that is entitled to all, not just some!

References and Resources

Vicki Ruiz, Chicano Scholar and historian. Foreigners in their own land, Latino Americans,PBS Special: Latino Americans Episode 1

Department of archives and manuscripts, Arizona State University, Tempe.

Lorenzana, Apolinaria, 1878. “Memories de dona Apolinaria Lorenzana La Beata dictadas por ella en Sanda Barbara en marzo de 1878 a Thomas Savage, Bancroft Library.

"San Jancinto Museum of History." San Jacinto Museum of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.


"Utah State History." Latinos in Utah. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014

Beehive History 25: Families. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Historical Society, 1999. Print.

Welch, Michele. "Utah Womens Walk." Utah Womens Walk. Honoring Women in Utah, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

PBS Latino Americans Episode 1: Foreigners in their own land

PbS. org

Documents

Latino Immigrants and Refugees by: Andria Henrie