Kabardian Phonetics

Amjad Jaimoukha

Official Kabardian alphabet¹

А Э Б В Г Гу Гъ Гъу Д ДжДз Е Ё Ж Жь З И Й К КуКI КIу Къ Къу Кхъ Кхъу Л Лъ ЛI МН О П ПI Р С Т ТI У ФФI Х Ху Хь Хъ Хъу Ц ЦI Ч ШЩ ЩI Ы Э Ю Я I Iу Ъ Ь

¹ B. M. Kardanov (ed.), Kabardinsko-russki slovar’ [Kabardian-Russian Dictionary], Kabardino-Balkarian Science and Research Institute, Moscow: State Press of Foreign and National Dictionaries, 1957, p12.

In the examples column, the words are given in Cyrillic, Latinized equivalent (see A. Jaimoukha, 2009), and phonetic transcription, respectively. Corrections and suggestions (to jaimoukha@gmail.com) are most welcome.

Latinized

equivalent Phonetic

equivalentEnglish equivalentKabardian examplesCyrillic

alphabetA a[a]dad, mad, badадэ (ade) [adə]:

there; father;дамэ (dame)

[damə]: shoulder,wing;

мыра? (mira?) [mira?]: is it this?

А а

E e[ə]schwa; heavenлъэпкъ (lhepq) [ɮəpq]: nation; race;

Э э

(initial Schwa in Circassian words.

In loan words.

1

breed;напэ (nape) [napə]:

face

only in loan

words; see the other entry ‘э’ below)

B b[b]B bбалыджэ (balije) [baliʤə]: radish;

нобэ (nobe) [nobə]: today;

къэб (qeb) [qəb]: pumpkin

Б б

V v[v]V vвы (vi) [vi]: bull;гъэвэн (gheven)

[ʁəvən]: to boil;бэв (bev) [bəv]: abundant (of crops)

В в

G g[ɣ]Spanish/Dutch g,e.g. lago

[In some Kabardian dialects, ‘г’ in non-initial positions is

pronounced as ‘й’]

гын (gin) [ɣin]: gunpowder;

гъуэгын (ghwegin) [ʁʷəɣin]: to weep;жыг (zhig) [ʒiɣ]:

tree

Г г

Gw gw[gʷ]Gwent,hard ‘g’ followed by

very short ‘u’ (as first sound of the

English word ‘wood’)

гу (gw) [gʷ]: heart;гуэгуэн (gwegwen) [gʷəgʷən]: large

metal pitcher;дэгу (degw) [dəgʷ]:

deaf

Гу гу

Gh gh[ʁ]Parisian rгъащIэ (ghasch’e) [ʁaʆˀə]: life;

гъэгъа (ghegha) [ʁəʁa]: flower;

гъэдыргъ (ghedirgh) [ʁədirʁ]: clang

Гъ гъ

Ghw ghw[ʁʷ]гъ + wParisian r followed by very short ‘u’ (as

гъуэгу (ghwegw) [ʁʷəgʷ]: way, road;

мыгъуэ (mighwe)

Гъу гъу

2

first sound of the English word

‘wood’)

[miʁʷə]: misfortune;

гъунэгъу (ghwneghw) [ʁʷnəʁʷ]:

neighbourD d[d]D dдэнэ (dene) [dənə]:

where;дадэ (dade) [dadə]:

grandpa;джэд (jed) [ʤəd]:

hen

Д д

J j[ʤ]J jджэгун (jegwn) [ʤəgʷn]: to play;

еджапIэ (yejap’e) [jəʤapˀə]: school;дыдж (dij) [diʤ] :

bitter

Дж дж

Dz dz[ʣ]adzeдзэ (dze) [ʣə]: tooth; army; едзын

(yedzin) [jəʤin]: to hurl;

гуэдз (gwedz) [gʷəʣ]: wheat

Дз дз

initial:Ye ye

middle:ei

initial:[jə]

middle:[e]

when initial: y + schwa (as in ‘yep’);when in middle of

word: day (short andundiphthongized)

ен (yen) [jən]: whole, entire; зекIуэ (zeik'we) [zekˀʷə]:

campaign,outing

Е е

(never in final

position)Yo yo[jo]Yorkonly in Russian

adoptions:ёлкэ (yolke) [jolkə]:

fir(-tree);ёрш (yorsh) [jorʃ]: ruff (small freshwater

fish)

Ё ё

3

Zh zh[ʒ]genre, erasureжэм (zhem) [ʒəm]: cow;

къуажэ (qwazhe) [qʷaʒə]: village;лъэмыж (lhemizh) [ɮəmiʒ]: bridge

Ж ж

Zch zch[ʑ]alveolo-palatal zhжьэ (zche) [ʑə]: mouth;

мажьэ (mazche) [maʑə]: comb;

лэгъупэжь (leghwpezch)

[ləʁʷpəʑ]: leader of herdsmen

Жь жь

Z z[z]Z zзы (zi) [zi]: one;Iэзэ (’eze) [ʔəzə]:

skilful;мэз (mez) [məz]:

forest

З з

initial:Yi yi

middle or final:

iy

initial:[ji]

middle or final:[ij]

when initial it is pronounced as ‘Yi’ in Yiddish; when

within word or final, it is pronounced as

‘ee’ insee

ибэ (yibe) [jibə]: orphan;

тхылъибл (txilhiybl) [txiɮijbl]: seven

books;си (siy) [sij]: my

И и

Y y[j]hay, dayйоплъэ (yoplhe) [jopɮə]: ([he/she] is

looking/looks into smth.);

фIейуэ (f’eiywe) [fˀejwə]: in a dirty

manner;фIей (f’eiy) [fˀej]:

dirty

Й й

K k[k]K kthere are no native words in literary

Kabardian that have

К к

4

this sound; the equivalent is ch; used only in dialects and

loanwords, e.g.

кассэ (kasse) [kassə]: cash-desk;

стэкан (stekan) [stəkan]: cup,

glass;рак (rak) [rak]:

cancerKw kw[kʷ]couldку (kw) [kʷ]: middle,

centre;дэкун (dekwn)

[dəkʷn]: to cram, stuff;

хэку (xekw) [xəkʷ]: country

Ку ку

Ch’ ch’[ʧˀ]ч followedby glottal stop

к I э (ch’e) [ʧ ˀ ə]: tail, end; хэк I ын (xech’in) [xəʧ ˀ in]: to emerge

(from some mass);фIэк I (f’ech’)

[fˀəʧ ˀ ]: except

КI кI

K’w k’w[kˀʷ]ку with glottal stop after к

к I у эн (k’wen) [kˀʷən]: to go;

къэк I у эн (qek’wen) [qəkˀʷən]: to

come;емык I у (yemik’w)

[jəmikˀʷ]: improper

КIу кIу

Q q[q]Arabic قкъакIуэ (qak’we) [qakˀʷə]: come

here;адакъэ (adaqe)

[adaqə]: cock;къыкъ (qiq) [qiq]:

Къ къ

5

stammererQw qw[qʷ]къ + w

w = very short ‘u’ (as in first sound of

English ‘wood’)

къуэлэн (qwelen) [qʷələn]: speckled,

spotted;дыкъуакъуэ (diqwaqwe)

[diqʷaqʷə]: fork, bifurcation;

мэкъу (meqw) [məqʷ]: hay

Къу къу

Q’ q’[qχ]къ + хъкхъаблэ (q’able) [q χ ablə]: grave;

фIэкхъыу (f’eq’iu) [fˀəq χ iu]: absolutely;

бэкхъ (beq’) [bəq χ ]: cow-shed

Кхъ кхъ

Q’w q’w[qχʷ]кхъ + ww = very short ‘u’

(as in first sound of English ‘wood’)

кхъуэ (q’we) [q χ ̫ ə]: pig, swine;хыкхъуэ (xiq’we)

[xiq χ ̫ ə]: porpoise (sea creature);

кIакхъу (ch’aq’w) [ʧˀaq χ ̫ ]: gun

cocking piece

Кхъу кхъу

L l[l]L lлы (li) [li]: meat;дэлэн (delen) [dələn]: pie;

мыл (mil) [mil]: ice

Л л

Lh lh[ɮ]Welsh ll , e.g. Llewellyn

лъапIэ (lhap’e) [ɮapˀə]: expensive;

дэлъэн (delhen) [dəɮən]: to stroke;гулъ (gwlh) [gʷɮ]:

bud

Лъ лъ

L’ l’[ɮˀ]лъ followed by glottal stop

л I ы (l’i) [ɮˀi]: man;мыл I эн (mil’en)

[miɮˀən]: not to

ЛI лI

6

die;пщыл I (pschil’) [pʆiɮˀ]: slave

M m[m]M mмодэ (mode) [modə]: there;

къамэ (qame) [qamə]: dagger;

уэрам (weram) [wəram]: street

М м

N n[n]N nнэ (ne) [nə]: eye;уанэ (wane)

[wanə]: saddle;сын (sin) [sin]: statue, monument

Н н

O o[o]So (not diphthongized)

опыт (opit) [opit]: experiment, test;

содэ (sode) [sodə]: I accept;

псо (pso) [pso]: unharmed, intact;лъэпощхьэпо (lheposchhepo)

[ɮəpo ʆħəpo]: barrier, hurdle

О о

(initial only in

loan words; final in

very few words)

P p[p]P pпэ (pe) [pə]: nose;напэ (nape)

[napə]: face;нып (nip) [nip]: flag

П п

P’ p’[pˀ]p followed byglottal stop

п I эрэ? (p’ere?) [p ˀ ərə?]: really?;

п I ап I у (p’ap’u) [p ˀ a p ˀ u]: milk (child’s

word);Iэрып I (’erip’)

[ʔərip ˀ ]: domesticated, tame

ПI пI

R r[r]rat (‘rolled’)роман (roman) [roman]: novel;

Р р

7

мэрем (mereim) [mərem]: Friday;мыр (mir) [mir]:

this

(initial only in

loan words)

S s[s]S sсымаджэ (simaje) [simaʤə]: sick, ill;

кIуэсэн (k’wesen) [kˀʷəsən]: to elope;тIыс (t’is) [tˀis]: sit

down

С с

T t[t]T tтанэ (tane) [tanə]: calf;

сату (satu) [satu]: trade;

къат (qat) [qat]: level, layer

Т т

T’ t’[tˀ]t followed by glottal stop

т I ы (t’i) [tˀi]: ram;ят I э (yat’e) [yatˀə]:

mud;уэт I псыт I (wet’psit’) [wətˀpsitˀ]: damp

(of weather)

ТI тI

initial and followed by consonant:

Wi wi

long:U u

short:W w

initial and followed by consonant:

[wi]long:[u]

short:[w]

initial and followed by consonant as in

‘win’;long as in ‘moon’; short as in ‘wag’

унэ (wine) [winə]: house;

уадэ (wade) [wadə]: hammer;пуд (pud) [pud]:

cheap;къэуат (qewat)

[qəwat]: nutritious;къару (qaru)

[qaru]: strength псынщIэу

(psinsch’ew) [psinʆˀəw]: quickly

У у

F f[f]F fфэ (fe) [fə]: skin;къэфэн (qefen)

[qəfən]: to dance;

Ф ф

8

нэф (nef) [nəf]: blind

F’ f’[fˀ]f followed byglottal stop

ф I ы (f’i) [fˀi]: of good quality;

зэф I экI (zef’ech’) [zəfˀəʧˀ]: initiative;лIыф I (l’if’) [ɮˀifˀ]:

good man

ФI фI

X x[x]Scottish/German ch, e.g. loch, ich

хадэ (xade) [xadə]: garden;

махэ (maxe) [maxə]: weak;

зыкъизых (ziqiyzix) [ziqijzix]: well-

dressed

Х х

Xw xw[xʷ]x + wScottish/German ch,

e.g. loch, ich,followed by very

short ‘u’ (as in first sound of English

‘wood’)

ху (xw) [xʷ]: millet;къэщэхун

(qeschexwn) [qəʆəxʷn]: to buy;

дэлъху (delhxw) [dəɮxʷ]: brother (of

a woman)

Ху ху

H h[ħ]Arabic ح хьэ (he) [ħə]: dog; barley;

пыхьэн (pihen) [piħən]: to weap;

кхъухь (q’wh) [qχʷħ]: ship

Хь хь

X’ x’[χ]Spanish j, e.g. jarraArabic خ

хъарбыз (x’arbiz) [χarbiz]: water-

melon;малъхъэ (malhx’e) [maɮχə]: son-in-

law;цырхъ (tsirx’) [cirχ]: flimsy

Хъ хъ

X’w x’w[χʷ]x’ + wSpanish j (or Arabic

хъумэн (x’wmen) [χ ̫ mən]: to guard,

Хъу хъу

9

followed by very (خshort ‘u’ (as in first sound of English

‘wood’)

protect;мыхъур (mix’wr) [miχ ̫ r]: seal;

жьэхъу (zchex’w) [ʑəχ ̫ ]: rude person

Ts ts[c]cats, bitsцы (tsi) [ci]: hair;бацэ (batse) [bacə]:

shaggy;лыц (lits) [lic]: moss

Ц ц

Ts’ ts’[cˀ]ц (ts) followed by glottal stop

ц I э (ts’e) [cˀə]: name;

мац I э (mats’e) [macˀə]:

grasshopper, locust;кIуэцI (k’wets’)

[kˀʷəcˀ]: internal

ЦI цI

Ch ch[ʧ]chest, chairчын (chin) [ʧin]: whirligig;

пычын (pichin) [piʧin]: to tear off;

хьэлэч (helech) [ħələʧ]: bad, spoilt

Ч ч

Sh sh[ʃ]shootшатэ (shate) [ʃatə]: soured cream;

къэшэн (qeshen) [qəʃən]: fiancée;емызэш (yemizesh)

[jəmizəʃ]: indefatigable

Ш ш

Sch sch[ʆ]alveolo-palatal shщэн (schen) [ʆən]: to sell; пщащэ

(pschasche) [pʆaʆə]: girl;

уэщ (wesch) [wəʆ]: axe

Щ щ

10

Sch’ sch’[ʆˀ]щ followed by glottal stop

щ I алэ (sch’ale) [ʆˀalə]: boy, lad;хьэщ I э (hesch’e) [ħəʆˀə]: guest;

пщ I ыпщ I (psch’ipsch’)

[pʆˀipʆˀ]: sparkling

ЩI щI

I i(only initial

ininterjections)

[i]bin, din, sinыIы (i’i) [iʔi]: no;фыз (fiz) [fiz]:

woman;къамышы (qamishi)

[qamiʃi]: whip

Ы ы

E e[ə]schwaэкспонат (eksponat) [əksponat]:

exhibit;эрэ (ere) [ərə]: era

Э э

Yu yu[ju]you, newonly in foreign words; юмор (yumor)

[jumor]: humour;бюджет (byudzhet)

[bjudʒet]: budget;бюро (byuro)

[bjuro]: bureau; office

Ю ю

Ya ya[ja]yam, yakяпэ (yape) [japə]: first;

дяпэкIэ (dyapech’e) [djapəʧˀə]:

henceforth, from now on;

улъия (wilhiyya) [wiɮijja]: rusty

Я я

’ ’[ʔ]glottal stopIэнэ (’ene) [ʔənə]: three-legged table;кхъыIэ! (Q’i’e!)

[qχiʔə!]: Please!;уэI! (We’!) [wəʔ!]:

I I

11

Oh! (expression of unexpected joy)

’W ’w[ʔʷ]I + wglottal stop followed by very short ‘u’ (as

in first sound of English ‘wood’)

Iу (’w) [ʔʷ]: mouth; жыIэдаIуэ (zhi’eda’we)

[ʒiʔədaʔʷə]: obedient; щIыIу

(sch’i’w) [ʆˀiʔʷ]: top, upper part; button

Iу Iу

12

place of articulation↓

type→

resonant/sonorous

trilled spirant occlusive affricative

voiced voiced voiced voiceless supraglottal voiced voiceless, aspirated

supraglottal voiced voiceless supraglottal

bi-labial м б п пIlabio-dental

в ф фI

dental н з с д т тI дз ц цIlateral л лъ лIfront hard-palate

р жь щ щI

middle hard-palate

ж ш, й дж ч кI

back hard-palate

г х, к, ху гу ку кIу

back soft-palate

гъ, гъу

хъ, хъу кхъ, кхъу

къ, къу

guttural хьglottal I, Iу

Consonants

13

Vowels

Vowels: а, э, и, ы, у, о, еSemi-vowels: й, у

front (not labialized)

mid (not labialized)

back (labialized)

high (raised) и уmedium/middle е а э оlow ы

а medium raised, mid-vowel (not labialized) [corresponds to the ‘a’ in English ‘sat’]э medium raised, mid-vowel (not labialized), short version of ‘а’ [= schwa]и high raised, front vowel (not labialized) [‘weed’, ‘seen’]ы low raised, mid-vowel (not labialized), very short [‘sit’, ‘did’]у high raised, back vowel (labialized). It could be a full vowel, or a semi-vowel. Full vowel: джэду =

cat; къанцIу = reed-pipe (musical instrument); бру = gimlet, auger (boring tools). Semi-vowel: уафэ = sky (‘уа’ is pronounced as a diphthong ‘wack’, ‘wax’); уэн = to hit, beat; уэс = snow.

о medium raised, back vowel (labialized). Non-diphthongised ‘o’ in ‘so’. СокIуэ = I am going; содэ = I accept. The combination of the semi-vowel ‘й’ followed by the vowel ‘о’, ‘йо’, as in йоплъэ ([he/she] is looking/looks into smth.), is pronounced as a diphthong, as in ‘York’, ‘yoyo’.

е medium raised, front vowel (not labialized). The combination of the vowel ‘е’ followed by the semi-vowel ‘й’, ‘ей’ as in уней (private; personal), or япэрей (ordinal number = first) is pronounced as a diphthong as in RP (received pronunciation) British ‘day’.

The ‘length’ of the vowel is in general dependent on the stress and the tempo of speech. Generally, stressed vowels take longer values.

14

References and Bibliography

Abitov (Abit’e), M. L. and Balkarov (Balhqer), B., Grammatika kabardino-cherkesskogo literaturnogo yazika [Grammar of the Kabardino-Cherkess Literary Language], Moscow, 1957. [Includes chapter on Kabardian phonetics]

Adigebze Grammatik: Fonetikemre Morfologiemre [Circassian Grammar: Phonetics and Morphology], Nalchik, 1940.

Allen, W. S., ‘On One-Vowel Systems’, in Lingua, 13, 1965, pp 111-24. Applebaum, A. and Gordon, M., ‘Intonation in Turkish Kabardian’, in International Conference of

Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS) XVI, Saarbrëcken, 6-10 August 2007, pp 1045-8. Online. Available HTTP: <http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1279/1279.pdf> (11 March 2009).

— ‘A Phonetic Comparison of Kabardian Spoken in the Caucasus and Diaspora’, paper presented at Conference on the Languages of the Caucasus, Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 7-9 December 2007. Online. Abstract available HTTP: <http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/07-CaucasusConference/pdf/final%20abstracts%20english/ApplebaumGordonAbstract.pdf> (accessed 8 March 2009).

Ashkhamaf, D. A., Grammatika adigeiskogo yazika: Fonetika i Morfologiya, I [Grammar of the Adigean Language: Phonetics and Morphology, I], Maikop, 1939.

Bagov (Bagh), P. M. et al, Grammatika kabardino-cherkesskogo literaturnogo yazika [Grammar of the Kabardino-Cherkess Literary Language], Moscow: Nauka, 1970.

Balkarov, B. Kh., Fonetika adigskikh yazikov [Phonetics of the Circassian Languages], Nalchik, 1970.Bersirov, B., Dawrov, Kh. and Shaov, A., Orfograficheski slovar adigeiskogo yazika [Orthographical

Dictionary of the Adigean Language], Maikop, 1994.Borukaev (Boriqwey), T. M., Grammatika kabardino-cherkesskogo yazika [Grammar of the

Kabardino-Cherkess Language], Nalchik, 1932.Catford, J. C., ‘The Kabardian Language’, in Le Maître Phonétique, London, 3-ème série, no. 78,

1942, pp 15-18.— ‘Kabardian’, in The Third International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnic Sciences, Brussels,

1948: Tervuren, 1960, p43. — ‘Vowel Systems of Caucasian Languages’, in H. I. Aronson (ed.), 1994.— ‘Some Questions of N.W. Caucasian Phonetics and Phonology’, in A. S. Ozsöy (ed.), 1997.— ‘The Circassian Orthography of Harun Batequ’, in A. S. Ozsöy (ed.), 1997, pp 20-36.Choi, J. D., ‘Phonetic Evidence for a Three-vowel System in Kabardian’, in Journal of the Acoustical

Society of America, vol. 86, issue S1, p. S18, November 1989. [Abstract: The Kabardian vowel system has been the focus of much debate. Central to this debate is whether or not the low vowel

is quantitatively distinct from the mid vowel . This study examines phonetic evidence that bears on this issue. Spectrographic and durational analyses were conducted for 118 vowels taken from a Kabardian text read twice, once slowly and once at a normal rate, by three adult male speakers. Each vowel was measured for its first three formant frequencies and duration. The data reveal that the mean duration of is 62.5% that of , compared to the mean duration of i which is

15

67.5% that of . These figures represent ratios characteristic of intrinsic durational differences rather than distinctive length and support a three-vowel analysis. Qualitatively, the formant frequency measurements support the claims in the literature that Kabardian vowels contrast uniquely along the height parameter with some frontback allophony for the two higher vowels. Moreover, has a mean F 1 of 690 Hz as compared to which exhibits a mean F 1 of 510 Hz, further supporting a three-vowel analysis.]

— ‘An Acoustic Study of Kabardian Vowels’, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol. 21, no. 1, 1991, pp 4-12.

Colarusso, J., The Northwest Caucasian Languages: A Phonological Survey, Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 1975.

— ‘The Languages of the Northwest Caucasus’, in G. Thomas (ed.), The Languages and Literatures of the Non-Russian Peoples of the Soviet Union, Hamilton, Ontario, 1977, pp 62-153.

— ‘The Typology of Pharyngeals and Pharyngealization: Caucasian Examples’, paper presented at The Sixth North American Conference on Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, Toronto, 9-10 April 1978.

— ‘Phonemic Contrasts and Distinctive Features: Caucasian Examples’, in P. R. Clyne, W. F. Hanks and C. L. Hofbauer (eds), The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels, including Papers from the Conference on Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR, University of Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1979, pp 307-21.

— ‘Typological Parallels between Proto-Indo-European and the Northwest Caucasian Languages’, in Y. L. Arbeitman and A. R. Bombard (eds), Bono Homini Donum: Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory of J. Alexander Kerns, vol. 2, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1981, pp 475-557.

— ‘Circassian /-qa-/ Meets Semantic Algebra and Ergativity’, in Folia Slavica, vol. 7, nos 1/2, 1984b, pp 49-90.

— ‘How to Describe the Sounds of the Northwest Caucasian Languages’, in Folia Slavica, vol. 9, 1986.

— ‘The Northwest Caucasian Languages: A Phonological Survey’, in J. Hankamer (ed.), Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics, New York: Garland Publishing, 1988.

— A Grammar of the Kabardian Language, Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1992.— ‘How to Describe the Sounds of the Northwest Caucasian Languages’, in H. I. Aronson (ed.),

1994.— ‘Proto-Northwest Caucasian (or How to Crack a Very Hard Nut)’, in Journal of Indo-European

Studies, vol. 22, nos 1/2, 1994, pp 1-36.— ‘Counter-Examples in Linguistics (Science):  The Case of Circassian as a Split Anaphor Language’,

in Linguistica Atlantica, published by the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association, vol. 25, 2004, pp 23-46.

— Kabardian (East Circassian), Lincom Europa, 2006.Gordon, M. and Applebaum, A., ‘Phonetic Structures of Turkish Kabardian’, in Journal of the

International Phonetic Association, vol. 36, issue 2, 2006, pp 159-86. Online. Available HTTP: <http://www.circassianlibrary.org/library.php?lang=en&mn=1&sbmn=4> (accessed 8 March 2009). [Abstract: This paper reports results of a quantitative phonetic study of Kabardian, a

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Northwest Caucasian language that is of typological interest from a phonetic standpoint. A number of cross-linguistically rare properties are examined. These features include the phonetic realization of Kabardian’s small vowel inventory, which contains only three contrastive vowel qualities (two short vowels and one long vowel), spectral characteristics of the ten supralaryngeal voiceless fricatives of Kabardian, as well as the acoustic, palatographic, and aerodynamic characteristics of ejective fricatives, an extremely rare type of segment cross-linguistically. In addition, basic properties of the consonant stop series are explored, including closure duration and voice onset time, in order to test postulated universals linking these properties to place of articulation and laryngeal setting]

Halle, M., ‘Is Kabardian a Vowel-less Language?’ in Foundation of Language, 6, 1970, pp 95-103.Henderson, E. J. A., ‘Acoustic Features of Certain Consonants and Consonant Clusters in Kabardian’,

in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 33, 1970, pp 92-106.Jaimoukha, A., ‘Latinized Kabardian Alphabet’, in The Hearth Tree: Circassian Cultural Miscellany,

vol. 1, issue 2, May 2009. Online. Abstract available HTTP: <http://jaimoukha.synthasite.com/latinized-kabardian-alphabet.php> (accessed 9 March 2009).

Kardanov (Qarden), B. M. and Bichoev (Biysch’o), A. T. (compilers), Shogantsukov (Schojents’ik’w), A. O. (editor-in-chief), Russko-kabardinsko-cherkesski slovar’ [Russian-Kabardian-Cherkess Dictionary], Kabardian Science and Research Institute, Moscow: State Press of Foreign and National Dictionaries, 1955. [Short account on Kabardian phonetics on pp 995-8]

Kuipers, A. H., A Contribution to the Analysis of the Qabardian Language, Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University, 1951.

–– ‘The North-West Caucasian Languages’, in Analecta Slavica, Amsterdam, vol. 1, 1955, pp 193-206.–– Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian (Eastern Adyghe), The Hague: Mouton & Co, 1960.

[Reviewed by R. S. Pittman in Language, vol. 39, 1963, pp 346-50]–– ‘Proto-Circassian Phonology: An Essay in Reconstruction’, in Studia Caucasica, 1, 1963, pp 56-92.–– A Dictionary of Proto-Circassian Roots, Lisse, Netherlands: The Peter de Ridder Press Publications

on North Caucasian Languages, 1, 1975.Kumakhov (Qwmaxwe), M. A., Sravnitelno-istoricheskaya fonetika adigskikh (cherkesskikh) yazikov

[Comparative-Historical Method in the Phonetics of the Circassian Languages], Akademiya nauk SSSR, institut yazikoznaniya, Moscow, 1981. [Summary in English; 287 pages; bibliography on pp 278-86]

Peterson, T., ‘Minimality and Syllabification in Kabardian’, in Proceedings from the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago Linguistic Society, vol. 39, no. 1, 2003, pp 215-35. [Abstract: While there has been much discussion in the literature on the phonemic inventory of Kabardian, there has been little work done exploring syllabification in this language. This paper aims to provide a preliminary account of syllable structure in Kabardian and show how this predicts the distribution of epenthetic schwa and consonant clustering. It will be shown that the distribution of a moraic coda is not only autonomous from the nucleus, but an obligatory component of the Kabardian syllable. This analysis uses an Optimality Theoretic framework to show that schwa epenthesis ensures the satisfaction of Proper Headedness and that the optimal

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syllable in Kabardian is a closed syllable. Tyler Peterson is at the University of British Columbia]

— ‘Issues of Homophony and the Minimal Word in the Adyghan Languages’, paper presented at Conference on the Languages of the Caucasus, Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 7-9 December 2007. Online. Abstract available HTTP: <http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/07-CaucasusConference/pdf/final%20abstracts%20english/PetersonAbstract.pdf> (accessed 22 February 2009).

Troubetzkoy (Trubetzkoy), N. S., ‘Les consonnes latérales des langues caucasiques septentrionales’, in Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 23, 1922, pp 184-204.

— ‘Review of Yakovlev’s Tablitsi fonetiki kabardinskogo yazika, 1923’, in Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 26, 1925, pp 277-81.

Wiris, H. Sch. and Zex’wex’w, L. H., Adigebze Orfograficheske Psalhalhe [Kabardino-Cherkess Orthographical Dictionary], Nalchik: Elbrus Book Press, 1982.

Wood, S. A. J., ‘Vertical, Monovocalic and Other “Impossible” Vowel Systems: A Review of the Articulation of the Kabardian Vowels’, in Studia Linguistica, vol. 45, pp 49-70.

— ‘A Spectrographic Analysis of Vowel Allophones in Kabardian’, in Working Papers, vol. 42, pp 241-50. [Inst. Ling., Lund University]

Yakovlev, N. F., Tablitsi fonetiki kabardinskogo yazika [Phonetic Tables of the Kabardian Language], Moscow, 1923.

— Slovar primerov k tablitsam fonetiki kabardinskogo yazika [A Dictionary of Examples for the Phonetic Tables of the Kabardian Language], Moscow, 1923.

— Grammatika literaturnogo kabardino-cherkesskogo yazika [Grammar of the Literary Kabardino-Cherkess Language], Moscow and Leningrad, 1948.

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