Latin Midterm guide Test format: M C · Latin II Midterm guide 1 Test format: MULTIPLE CHOICE I. Grammar Define the following terms: Term Definition Accusative Action verb Adjective

Latin II Midterm guide

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Test format: MULTIPLE CHOICE

I. Grammar Define the following terms:

Term Definition

Accusative

Action verb

Adjective

Adverb

Case

Conjugation

Conjunction

Declension

Direct object

Gender

Imperative

Indirect object

Indicative

Infinitive

Inflection

Interjection

Linking verb

Macron

Mood

Nominative

Noun

Number

Object of preposition

Person

Predicate nominative/noun,

adjective

Preposition

Pronoun

Subject

Tense

Vocative

Voice


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II. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functions

Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives

follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.”

e.g. servus est Marcus. ______________________________________________________

e.g. Marcus in horto laborat. __________________________________________________

Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or

what something is given, shown, told etc.

e.g. domina Marco culinam ostendit. ____________________________________________

N.B. Verbs obsto, appropinquo, promitto, studeo, pareo, resisto, confido, noceo, persuadeo, praesum,

faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case.

e.g. vilicus Marco praeest. ________________________________________________

Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse,

decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis.

e.g. canis Marco fidelis semper latrat. ____________________________________

e.g. necesse est Marco cenam coquere. ___________________________________

Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action

verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.

apud __________________ post ________________________

ad ____________________ prope _______________________

per ___________________ in + Acc. ___________________

ante __________________

canis post Marcum ambulat. ______________________________

Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “SIDSPACE.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that

start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.

sine_______________________________ pro _______________________________

in____________________________ ā/ab______________________________

dē____________________________ cum_______________________________

sub _______________________________ ē/ex______________________________

Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case

1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the __________________.

2. For 2nd

declension nouns ending in -us, the vocative ends in _____.

For 2nd

declension nouns ending in -ius, the vocative ends in _____.

3. The vocative case often appears with the _____________________________ mood of the verb.

4. Give the singular and plural vocative for son _______________ _______________

5. Give the vocative for Rufus _______________


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B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2

nd, and 3

rd declension endings.

Complete the table with the correct endings.

1st Declension 2

nd Declension 2

nd Declension Neuter 3

rd Declension

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

Nouns of the first declensios are generally _______________ gender;

second declension nouns are _______________ and _______________ gender;

third declension nouns are _____________ , _____________ and ____________ genders.

From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the _______________ singular and the

stem/base.

Neuter nouns have the same endings in the _______________ and _______________ cases;

the nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter _____ ; and

neuter nouns are found in the _____ , _____ and _____ declensions.

For practice, decline the words below.

villa cibus atrium leo, leonis

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nom

Gen

Dat

Acc

Abl


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III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns

Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in _______________,

_______________, and _______________. There are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives

use the endings of _____ and _____ declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use _____ declension endings and

change the ablative singular to _____ and genitive plural to _____. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree

with the nouns they describe in declension.

Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudele

Masculine of laetus Feminine of laetus Neuter of laetus

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Masculine of crudelis Feminine of crudelis Neuter of crudelis

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Give the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules –

same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending!

Happy Cruel

1. Quintus _____ erat. ________________ ________________

2. cives _____ leones spectant. ________________ ________________

3. mercator feminis _____ togas monstravit. ________________ ________________

4. Quintus Clementem _____ liberavit. ________________ ________________

5. Quintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit. ________________ ________________

6. Grumio ancillae _____ basium dedit. ________________ ________________

7. ancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat. ________________ ________________

8. Salvius ancillas _____ vituperavit. ________________ ________________

9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit. ________________ ________________


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Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:

e.g. notus_______________ notior_______________ notissimus_______________

celer_______________ celerior_______________ celerrimus_______________

Some adjectives are irregular in how they form their comparatives and superlatives. Fill in the chart

below with the correct forms and English translations.

Positive Comparative Superlative

bonus

“good”

malus

“bad”

magnus

“great”

parvus

“small”

multus

“much”

IV. Pronouns

Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:

Nominative Singular ego – I tu – you Reflexive — self

Genitive Singular sui

Dative Singular

Accusative Singular

Ablative Singular

Nominative Plural

Genitive Plural

Dative Plural

Accusative Plural

Ablative Plural


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Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a

noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are

translated as _____________, _____________, or _____________.

Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in ___________________ and ________________ only.

They take their ___________________ from how it is used in the relative clause.

Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative qui quae quod

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

V. Verbs A. Principal parts

Most regular verbs have four principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of all four.

Principal part Example Use

First principal part porto “I carry, do

carry, am carrying”

First person singular present active

Second principal part portare “to carry” Present active infinitive:

yields the present active stem

used for present and imperfect tenses

active

used for imperative active mood

identifies the conjugation

Third principal part portavi “I carried, did

carry, have carried”

First person singular perfect:

yields perfect active stem

used for perfect active tense

Fourth principal part portatus “having been

carried”

Perfect passive participle:

functions as a verbal adjective

used to form Perfect passive tenses

The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which

conjugation the verb belongs.

First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre

Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre

Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere

Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre


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N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific

conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a

consistent and predictable manner.

e.g. sum, esse, fui, futurus —

possum, posse, potui, —

volo, velle, volui, —

nolo, nolo, nolui, —

fero, ferre, tuli, latus —

eo, ire, ii, itus —

N.B. The following verbs require a complementary infinitive to complete the meaning:

_______________ , _______________ , and _______________ .

e.g. Salvius Bregantem punire poterat. _____________________________________________________

B. Conjugating verbs

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.”

Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect/Past

Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation


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Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessus “sit.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for dico, dicere, dixi, dictus “say, tell.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation


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Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus “feel.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation


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Conjugate and translate the following tenses for possum, posse, potui, — “able.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for volo, velle, volui, — “want, wish.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation


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Conjugate and translate the following tenses for nolo, nolle, nolui, — “not want, wish.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for fero, ferre, tuli, latus “bear, bring, carry.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation


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Conjugate the translate the following tenses for eo, ire, ii, itus “go.”


Perfect

1st singular

translation

2nd

singular

translation

3rd

singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd

plural

translation

3rd

plural

translation

C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person/s.)

Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs:

Singular Plural

amo amare amavi amatus

sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessus

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus

sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus

e.g. dā cibum servō! __________________________________________________________________

legite epistulas! ________________________________________________________________

Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.

e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! __________________________________________________________

puerī, nōlīte currere! _____________________________________________________________


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VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Some adverbs come from adjectives. Others are simply exist only as adverbs, e.g. vix, hodie, mox, heri.

1st and 2

nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs; 3

rd declensions add -iter.

Many English adverbs end -ly. Superlative adverbs replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs.

Comparative adjectives replace -ior with -ius in order to become adverbs.

e.g. intentus intente ___________________

ferōx ferociter ___________________

gravis graviter __________________

VII. Prepositions Choose the correct case for the object of the preposition in the following sentences.

servi lectum e triclinium/triclinio in hortum/horto trahunt.

Quintus canem in viam/viā videt.

Melissa cum Grumionem/Grumione prope theatrum/theatro lente ambulabat.

Bregans apud Salvium/Salvio lacrimat.

Grumio a tabernam/taberna ambulabat et ad templos/templis festinavit.

VIII. Dependent clauses

In addition to causal and temporal clauses (introduced by quod and postquam) in Latin 1, relative clauses

are also dependent/subordinate. All relative pronouns refer back to a noun in the sentence called the

_______________ . A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause, which provides additional

information about the antecedent. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in _______________

and _______________ , but their _______________ comes from their grammatical function or use in

their own clause.

Connect each relative pronoun with its antecedent (#1-3); select the correct pronoun (#4-5). Translate the

sentences into English.

1. Rufilla, quae numquam laeta est, anulum habēre vult.

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. rex servum, qui in horto laboraverat, laudat.

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. ancillae, quos/quas/quae rex vituperat, e villā effugiunt.

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. templum, quem/quam/quod Quintus in Alexandriā viderat, magnum erat.

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. subito Salvius servos, qui/quae/quae non laborabant, punivit.

_________________________________________________________________________________


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IX. Quam

With the positive adjective, quam means how.

With the comparative adjective, quam means than.

With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible.

Quam can also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun.

e.g. quam callidus est Quīntus! __________________________________________________________

e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. __________________________________________________

e.g. pugnāvit quam fortissimē. ___________________________________________________________

e.g. puella quam video est Cornelia. ______________________________________________________

IX. Interrogatives/Question words

-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.

nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.

num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.

e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _________________________________________________________

e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _____________________________________________________

e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? ______________________________________________________

Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.

e.g. quis _______________ quid _______________ ubi _______________ cūr _______________

X. Culture - Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam.

1. Britain before the Romans – daily life, religion, industries, political organization, language

2. Roman Invasions of Britain – timeline and major people

a. Julius Caesar, Claudius, Aulus Plautius, Vespasian, Agricola, Salvius, Suetonius Paulinus

3. Romanization – explanation and examples – daily life, religion, industries, language

4. British Tribes – Friend or Foe?

a. Prasutagus, Boudica, Iceni, Cartimandua, Brigantes, Caratacus, Welsh, Cogidubnus,

Regnenses, Atrebates

5. Palace & Gardens at Fishbourne

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Latin Midterm guide Test format: M C · Latin II Midterm guide 1 Test format: MULTIPLE CHOICE I. Grammar Define the following terms: Term Definition Accusative Action verb Adjective