Latin Grammar

for Second Year Students

ContentsNouns pages 2-3Adjectives pages 4-5Comparison of Adj. pages 6-7Pronouns pages 8-11Verbals pages 12-13Sequence of Tenses page 14Regular Verbs pages 15-16Subjunctive page 17Verb Charts pages 18-21Irregular Verbs pages 22-27Questions/And page 28Grammar Terms pages 29-31

2

Nouns

*Declension:_________________________________________________

*How do you identify the declension of a noun? __________________

_________________________________________________________

*How do you find the root of a noun? ___________________________

Cases and Uses of Nouns:

Case names

Uses Translations

Nominative

1.2.3.

Genitive 1.2.3.

Dative 1.2.

Accusative 1.2.

Ablative 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

Vocative 1.

3

Chart of Noun Declension Endings

Case

Transl

I f/m

II m

II n

III m/f III n

IV m/f

IV n

V f/m

Exceptions in the 1st declension:

3rd Declension I- stem rules:

1.

2.

3.

4.

2nd Declension Vocative Case:

3rd declension vis, vis

4

Adjectives

Adjectives describe nouns. Some nouns are masculine, others feminine, and the rest neuter. Because of this adjectives must have all three genders.

Adjectives belong to either the …2-1-2 declension or the 3rd declension

What is “termination?”

How do you find the root word of an adjective?

Where are adjectives located in relation to the nouns they describe?

Exceptions are:

In what 3 ways do nouns and adjectives agree?1.2.3.

What are the 9 Special –ius genitive adjectives? What endings do they use?

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

5

Adjectives2-1-2:

3rd Declension:

Special –ius Genitive Adjective Endings:

Cases M F N M F N

Cases M F N M F N

Cases M F N M F N

6

Comparison of Adjectives

There are three degrees in the comparison of adjectives: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.

Positive Comparative Superlative

longus, longa, longum

fortis, forte

felix, (gen. felicis)

sapiens, (gen. sapientis)

facilis, -e

liber, libera, liberum

pulcher, pulchra, -chrum

acer, acris, acre

bonus, bona, bonum

magnus, -a, -um

malus, -a, -um

multus, -a, -um

parvus, -a, -um

(prae, pro)

superus, -a, -um6 “-lis > -llimus adjectives”

“-er>-rrimus adjectives”

*quam + comparative

*quam + superlative

7

Comparison of Adverbs

There are three degrees in the comparison of adverbs: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.

Positive Comparative Superlative

longe

fortiter

feliciter

sapienter

facile

libere

pulchre

acriter

bene

magnopere

male

multum

parum

(prae, pro)

diu

*quam + Comparative

*quam + Superlative

8

Pronouns

Personal: Reflexive:

Possessive/Reflexive Possessive:

I You We You all

I You We You all

He/They

9

CaseEndings

M F N M F N

CaseEndin

gs

M F N M F N

Intensive Pronoun: ipse, ipsa, ipsum

Endings commonly used with pronouns found in the upcoming pages

10

Demonstrative PronounsWeak Demonstrative:

Idem, eadem, idem

Cases M F N M F N

Cases M F N M F N

11

Demonstrative Pronounsille, illa, illud

iste, ista, istud

hic, haec, hoc

Cases M F N M F N

Cases M F N M F N

Cases M F N M F N

12

More PronounsRelative:

Interrogative:

Cases M F N M F N

Cases M F N M F N

Relative Pronoun Notes:

13

Question Words

4 ways to say “and”

1.2.3.4.

14

Verbals: Participles and the Gerundive

Participle Forms:

Uses:

15

Verbals: Infinitives

Infinitive forms:

Uses:

16

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

17

Verbs:

*Conjugation:________________________________________________

*Conjugate: ________________________________________________

*How do you identify the conjugation of a verb?

*What are principal parts?

*How do you find the root word of a verb?

*Subject – Verb Agreement:

*Verbs have 5 characteristics:1.person

a.b.c.

2.numbera.b.

3.tensea.b.c.d.e.f.

4.voicea.b.

5.mooda.b.c.*d.

FUTURE TENSE POEM:

In conjugations 1 and 2, in the future __________________,

In conjugations 4 and 3,

In the future, _______________.

18

Verbs:

*What is an infinitive?

*What is the Imperative?

*Poem for the irregular imperatives

*What are the three sets of verb endings?

*Indicative Tense Indicators *Subjunctive Tense IndicatorsImperfect

Future

Pluperfect

Future Perfect

Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

19

The Subjunctive Mood:

*What is the Subjunctive?

*What are the Uses of the Subjunctive?

Use Definition Recognition Translation

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

20

VERB CHARTS (ACTIVE INDICATIVE)

PRESENT TENSE=

1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd conj. –io 4th conj.

RULES:

IMPERFECT TENSE=

RULES:

FUTURE TENSE=

RULES:

PERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

PLUPERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

21

VERB CHARTS (PASSIVE INDICATIVE)

PRESENT TENSE=

1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd conj. –io 4th conj.

RULES:

IMPERFECT TENSE=

RULES:

FUTURE TENSE=

RULES:

PERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

PLUPERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

22

VERB CHARTS (ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE)

PRESENT TENSE=

1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd conj. –io 4th conj.

RULES:

IMPERFECT TENSE=

RULES:

PERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

PLUPERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

23

VERB CHARTS (PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE)

PRESENT TENSE=

1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd conj. –io 4th conj.

RULES:

IMPERFECT TENSE=

RULES:

PERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

PLUPERFECT TENSE=

RULE:

24

Irregular Verbs: the Indicative Mood

[These do not have a passive voice.]

Present Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus

Present Tense of possum, posse, potui

Imperfect Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus

Future Tense of sum, esse, fui, futurus

Imperfect Tense of possum, posse, potui

Future Tense of possum, posse, potui

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses follow the Rules.

Sum and Predicate nouns/adj.:

Possum and the Complementary Infinitive:

25

Present Tense of sum, esse, fui

Present Tense of possum, posse, potui

Imperfect Tense ofsum, esse, fui

Perfect Tense ofsum, esse, fui

Imperfect Tense possum, posse, potui

Perfect Tense possum, posse, potui

Pluperfect Tense ofsum, esse, fui

Pluperfect Tensepossum, posse, potui

Irregular Verbs: the Subjunctive Mood

[These do not have a passive voice.]

26

More Irregular Verbs: Indicative

Present Tense of

volo, velle, volui

Imperfect Tense

volo, velle, volui

Future Tense volo, velle,

volui

Present Tense of

nolo, nolle, nolui

Imperfect Tense

nolo, nolle, nolui

Future Tensenolo, nolle,

nolui

Present Tense of

malo, malle, malui

Imperfect Tense

malo, malle, malui

Future Tensemalo, malle,

malui

Perfect

Pluperfect

FuturePerfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

FuturePerfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

FuturePerfect

27

Present Tense of volo, velle, volui

Present Tense of

nolo, nolle, nolui

Imperfect Tense of volo, velle,

volui

Perfect Tense of volo, velle, volui

Imperfect Tense

nolo, nolle, nolui

Perfect Tense nolo, nolle,

nolui

Present Tense of malo, malle,

malui

Imperfect Tense

malo, malle, malui

Perfect Tensemalo, malle,

malui

Pluperfect Tense of volo, velle,

volui

Pluperfect Tense nolo, nolle, nolui

Pluperfect Tense malo, malle, malui

More Irregular Verbs: the Subjunctive Mood

[These do not have a passive voice.]

28

Present Tense Present Tense

Imperfect Tense

Future Tense

Imperfect Tense

Future Tense

Perfect Tense Perfect Tense

The Indicative Mood of fero, ferre, tuli, latus Active: Passive:

Pluperfect Tense Pluperfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense

29

Present Tense Present Tense

Imperfect Tense

Perfect Tense

Imperfect Tense

Perfect Tense

Pluperfect Tense Pluperfect Tense

The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD of fero, ferre, tuli, latus

Active: Passive:

30

Grammar Terms:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

31

Grammar Terms:

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.