DEPENDENT CLAUSE WITH SUBJUNCTIVE AS AN ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

PU R P O S E C LA U S E

- In order to, so that, so as to, to

- UT: positive

- NE: negative

- IMPERFECTIVE

o Present, impf: intention from standpoint in present or future (I _, I will _, I have _ed … SO THAT he MAY BE ___)

o Past, impf: intention from standpoint in the past (I was __ing, __ed … SO THAT he MIGHT BE ___)

RE S U LT CLA U S E

- (S) (V) so ___ that …

- Outcome or consequence of main clause verb

- UT: positive and negative

- Non, nemo, nullus, numquam: negative (NOT NE!)

- Raises expectation of result clause:

o Adeo – so, to such an extent

o Ita – so (in such a way)

o Sic – so (in such a way)

o Tam – so

o Talis, tale – of such a sort

o Tantus, -a, -um – so great

o Tot – so many

o Totiens – so often

CUM C LA U S E

- Cum as prep + abl

o ‘with, in company with’

o Introduces prep phrase

- Cum as clause mrkr

o Introduces two types of dep. clauses: TEMPORAL and CIRCUMSTANTIAL

TEMPORAL: indicative verb

CIRCUMSTANTIAL: subjunctive verb (when, because, although signalled by tamen)

DUM CLA U S E

- Indicative OR subjunctive

- Indicative

o While, as long as

- Subjunctive

o Provided that (clause of proviso):

usually with present impf. subj.

negated by NE

o Until

CH A R A CT E R I S T I C A N D PU R P O S E C LA U S E

- Indicative: “the (specific/real) soldiers who are brave …”

- Subjunctive: “the (general type of) soldiers who are brave…”

- Look for words like QUI

THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE AS A FINITE NOUN CLAUSE

IN D I R E CT QU E S T I O N :

- Finite noun clause functions as S or DO of kernel

- Form: dependent (embedded in main clause)

Interrogative

Verb in subjunctive

Governing verb (main clause verb): asking, saying, telling

IN D I R E CT CO M M A N D

- Finite noun clause functions as S or DO of kernel

- Commands (embedded in main clause)

ut/uti (+) and ne (-)

Verb in subjunctive: IMPERFECTIVE

Governing verb (main clause verb): ordering/urging, wishing/wanting, allowing, resolving/deciding

May contain personal noun/pronoun in acc. or dat. who command is given to

Translation:

Infinitive for Latin subjunctive

“that … should V”

NO U N RE S U LT CLA U S E S

- Function: DO

ut/uti or non (-) within ut clause

Verb in subjunctive

Governing verb or expression with bring about, happen, come about (efficio, fit, accidit)

CLA U S E S O F FE A R I N G

Follows verb or expression of fear

ne ‘lest’ or ne non/ut ‘lest… not’

Verb in subjunctive