Latest Developments in Electrical Systems - Would cover an

Latest Developments in Electrical Systems

T P GovindanElectrical Research & Development Association

Vadodara

A 25 minutes’ presentation

9th Energy Efficiency Summit 3rd Sept 2010 , Chennai

Some disclaimers :

- Would cover an overview of a few product technologies

based on advent of new materials. Not a detailed product presentation

- This is an application based presentation , not a material based presentation

- Nothing ‘ totally new’ can be said ,only new interpretations ..

may have heard before .

Seek your understanding ..

Will discuss 2 materials which may revolutionalise the product technologies

• The superconductors – disruptive nature

• The nano materials – enabling nature

Super conductor based product technologies

High Temperature Superconductor based ::

• Power transformer

• Current Limiter

• High power rotating machines

• Cables

• HTS power equipment such as Motors, Generators and Transformers has the potential to be

half the s ize and weight

of conventional alternatives with the same power rating and only half the energy losses

• Higher power rating for the same weight and size..

9/9/2010 Created By : TPG Div : Corp R&D Doc Class H3

• Super conductor is a ceramic composition whichbecomes super conducting – zero resistance - at a low critical temperature - Perfect insulator to perfect conductor !!

• The critical operating temperature is of the orderof 77 degree K. ( - 200 degree C)

• SC can carry current 200 - 300 times more than the copper conductor of same size ..

• Disruptive T&D product technologies are being put together bydifferent technical consortiums worldwide .

• Can significantly affect our the product technologies in the next 8 - 10 years horizon.

9/9/2010 Created By : TPG Div : Corp R&D Doc Class H3

•

Technology competency requirements will shift :

• Solid insulation system – paper to polymeric..

• Liquid Dielectric from oils to cryo fluids ..

• Conductor from copper / aluminium to YBCO

• Cooling system from Radiators to Cryo coolers ..

• Structural members predominantly polymer based..

• Manufacturing processes change – no VPD , VPI, .., ??

Design capabilities to be redrawn & relearnt ..

23 October2006 9 9

European ProgramsEuropean Programs

Size & weight matterSize & weight matter Application Criticalities

• Critical temperature

• Critical Current density

• Critical magnetic field

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Liquid Nitrogen preferred - 77 K operating temp

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Dev elopment of Power rating of super conducting transformers with time

0.63 1 530

240

300

600

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1997 1998 2001 2004 2005 2008 2020Y ear

Pow

er R

atin

g (M

VA)

Progress of the development

Scientific dev era

Tech

nolog

y dev

focu

s

Created By : TPG Div : Corp R&D Doc Class H3

Power rating development in HTS Transformers

1996 -2006

Rating Voltage (kV)

Lead Orgzn Year University

500 kVa 6.6/3.3 Fuji / Sumitumo

1996 Kyushu

630 kVA 13.72/0.42 ABB 1997

1MVA 13.8/6.9 Waukesha 1998 ORNL

5/10 MVA 24.9/4.2 Waukesha 2001 ORNL

30 MVA 138/13.8 Waukesha 2004 ORNL

100 MVA 66/22 Niigata

240 MVA(Hybrid) (single Phase)

400/132 National Grid

2005 University of Southampton

300 MVA NA DOE, USA 2008 (under progress)

ORNL, LANL

600 MVA 138kV DOE,USA BY 2020 (Vision) 9/9/2010

138kV/13.8kV

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Parameters of 41 kVA Single phase Transformer

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Super Conductor Fault Current Limiter

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Superconducting fault current controller/current controller


Size & weight matterSize & weight matter


SC F CL SC F CL

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Super Conductor High Power

Rotating Machines

European Programs Losses and efficiency

23 October2006 23 23

• = 96.5 %0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Conventional HTS

Loss

es

CryoRotor field ohmicStray loadArmature ohmicCoreFriction & Windage

Conventional HTS• = 98.7 %

23 October2006 24 24

Superconductor Synchronous Machine ProgramsUnited States Programs

• Ultra High Speed Machines– 4MW, 15000-RPM generator for Air Force (current) – LM/GE

• High Speed Machine– 12MVAR, 1800-RPM synchronous condenser (under construction) –AMSC– 8MVAR, 1800-RPM synchronous condenser (finished testing) –MSC – 100MW, 3600-RPM generator (cancelled) - GE

• Slow Speed Machines– 36.5MW, 120-RPM ship propulsion motor (under factory testing) – AMSC– 5MW, 230-RPM ship propulsion motor (finished testing) – AMSC

25 25

conventional machine

2600 2200

3700 1900

2700

1800

7 t

11 t

4 MVA HTS machine


Size & weight matterSize & weight mattervs.

800

500

weight 11 t weight 7 t

23 October2006 26 26

Output

Armaturecooling base

Armature coilCurrentFeed-through

Rotor Plates

Refrigerant Flow

Refrigerant Flow

Refrigerant FlowBearing

&Magnetic fluid sealBulk-HTS

Magnets

Vacuum Pump

Japanese ProgramsJapanese ProgramsMultiMulti--Rotor Bulk HTS Field (TUMSTRotor Bulk HTS Field (TUMST ) for >100kW) for >100kW

9/9/2010 Created By : Dept : Div :

27

NanoTechnology and Nanomaterials

Why nano ?

• Improved properties- electrical , thermal , mechanical

• Improved performance , and reduced size

• May not be a disruptive technologybut an enabling technology

What nano means ?

• - Human being 1-2 m , mouse 10 cm , fly 1cm, plant and animal cell 100 micron, bacteria 1 micron, virus 100 nm , DNA 1nm-10nm, atoms 0.1 nm .

• - A single strand of human hair is around 20000 nm in diameter.

What nano means ?

• - The population of India is about a billion. ( 10 to the power 9). Every one Indian, that is you or me , is a nano particle in comparison to the total Indian population.

• - One nano unit is the diameter of a play marble in comparison to the diameter of the globe.

• - In a lighter vein , a nanometer is the length a man’s beard grows in the time he raises his razor to shave his face .


31

NanoRoadMap and NanoMaterials

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Nanomaterial Research Roadmap

Seven main material categories were defined in order to give a good overview of the different nanomaterials in the roadmaps.

1) Carbon based nanomaterials2) Nanocomposites3) Metals & alloys4) Biological nanomaterials5) Nano-polymers6) Nano-glasses7) Nano-ceramics

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NanoceramicsMaterials which have been considered in the study are oxide and non-oxide ceramic materials, silicates and hard metals such as composites of these material groups.

List of relevant nanomaterials


34

NanoMarket Projection

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Overview of current applications (2005).

The figure presents an overview of the current state of development of different applications of nanoparticles. The input data for the preparation of the figures in this section has been gathered from the experts participating in the Delphi panel.

9/9/2010

Overview of applications in 2015The following figure is an overview of the expected state of development of different applications of nanoparticles in year 2015. B y 2015 man y applications currently in development will be actual markets and currently still wild ideas may be read y to move to the market.

9/9/2010

Road Map on Batteries and Supercapacitors

There are several different electrode platforms that are being explored for both batteries and super capacitors and these are described belo w:

AerogelsNanocompositesNanocomposites Nanocrystalline materials


38

Consortiums

Centers are at Indore, Mumbai, Calcutta.

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF MATERIALS SCIENCE and other Basic sciences are encouraged. Open for Industries too.

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The research targets are selected for future needs of Energy.

1. Scalable methods to split water with sunlight for hydrogen production

2. Highly selective catalysts for clean and energy-efficient manufacturing

3. Harvesting of solar energy with 20% power efficiency and 100 times lower cost

4. Solid-state lighting at 50% of the present power consumption

5. Super-strong lightweight materials to improve efficiency of cars, airplanes, etc.

6. Reversible hydrogen storage materials operating at ambient temperatures

7. Power transmission lines capable of one gigawatt transmission

8. Low-cost fuel cells, batteries, thermoelectrics, and ultra-capacitors built from nanostructured materials 9/9/2010 40

Hydrogen Fuel cell is manufactured using nanoparticle Titania catalysts. Efficiency compared with conventional is 50%

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Nanotechnology has considerable potential to produce photovoltaic cells with signifi cant cost reduction, but must do so at cell efficiencies greater than 14-15% and at costs < $100/m2 in order meet a cost goal of $1/W. Nanostructured photovoltaic devices must also be able to endure 15-30 years of outdoor operation with daily cycling to temperatures of 80–100oC at peak rates of solar radiation. 9/9/2010 Created By :

Dept : Div : 42

For colored lighting, LEDs have already replaced over one-third of the traffic lights in the United States, resulting in a savings of about $1,000 per intersection per year.


43

Nanotubes for Power Transmission Line Materials

one single-wall carbon nanotube can carry currents up to 20 microamperes. With an assumed 5% efficiency of conduction from nanotube to nanotube along the length of the fiber, and a packing density of 1014 carbon nanotubes per square centimeter, a carbon nanotube fiber bundle could carry currents of 100 million amperes per square centimeter—100 times the current carrying capacity of the best low-temperature superconductors.

9/9/2010

Magnetic Fluids

Ferro fluids or Magnetic fluids are colloids consisting of magnetic nanoparticles (10nm in diameter) that are coated with a surfactant to ensure stability and suspended in a carrier such as transformer oil, water, or kerosene. The nanoparticles are individual permanent magnets, and when placed in suspension, the net magnetization of the Ferro fluid is zero until the magnetic fluid is applied . Ferrofluids with magnetization values up to 50 Gauss suitable as dielectric fluid for power tranformers.


45

Key Institutions in India and Abroad for Nanotechnology

Research

9/9/2010

Key Institutions in India

Department of Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Centre for NanoTechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Bombay, Powai, Mumbai

Department of Materials Science, Indian Institute of Madras, Chennai

National Chemical Laboratory, Pune

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai

University Department of Chemical Technology, Mumbai

Jawaharlal Institute of Advanced Research Institute,Bangalore

UGC-DAE Consortium Centers at Indore, Mumbai, Calcutta.

Thank you for your understanding ,

And wish you the very best ..

…. We are into exciting times ahead ….

TP Govindan

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Latest Developments in Electrical Systems - Would cover an