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Larval development of Clastotoechus Vanderhorsti(Schmitt, 1924) (Decapoda, Porcellanidae)Sabine Schoppe aa Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Justus-Liebig University, Stephanstrasse 24,D-35390, Giessen, GermanyPublished online: 20 Feb 2012.

To cite this article: Sabine Schoppe (1994): Larval development of Clastotoechus Vanderhorsti (Schmitt, 1924) (Decapoda,Porcellanidae), Ophelia, 39:2, 107-119

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1994.10429538

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OPHELIA 39 (2): 107-119 (May 1994)

LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OFCLASTOTOECHUS VANDERHORSTI (SCHMITT, 1924)

(DECAPODA, PORCELLANIDAE)

Sabine SchoppeInstitut fur Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Justus-Liebig

University, Stephanstrasse 24, D-35390 Giessen, Germany

ABSTRACT

The larval development of the porcellanid crab Clastotoechus oanderhorsti (Schmitt, 1924) was studiedunder laboratory conditions. The development comprises a prezoea, two zoeal stages and amegalopa. The morphologic characters in these larvae are similar to those of the previouslydescribed larvae of the Petrolisthes-type, establishing C. uanderhorstt ·as a member of the Petrolisthes­group of porcellanid larvae.

INTRODUCTION

Clastotoechus vanderhorsti has been found in Colombia from the Golfo de U raba inthe west through the region of Santa Marta to the Guajira in the east (Werding1977, 1978). Off Venezuela it has been recorded from the islands Isla Cubagua,Curacao and Bonaire. From there its range extends along Barbados and Marti­nique to Saba, St. Croix (Virgin Islands) and Cuba (Werding 1992). The genusClastotoechus Haig is restricted to America, there it is represented by four species,two in the eastern Pacific and two in the western Atlantic. C. vanderhorsti is an as­sociate of the rock-boring sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (L.) which inhabits heav­ily exposed areas of rocky shores. This was first mentioned by Lewis (1960) andMarkham (1975) for parts of the Virgin Islands, while Werding (1983) confirmedthe association for the Santa Marta area. During an intensive study ofE. lucunter

and its associated fauna Schoppe (1990, 1991, 1993) classified the association asan obligatory carposis (commonly known as commensalism). The crabs live inpairs in the burrows excavated by the sea urchin and benefit from the cohabita­tion by obtaining effective shelter from intertidal effects and from predators. Thesea urchin, in contrast, is neither benefited nor harmed by its cohabitants. Fur­ther associates of the sea urchin are the teleost fish Acyrtusrubiginosus (Poey) anda hitherto undescribed brittlestar Ophiothrix sp.

This work is part of my dissertation for the doctoral degree in Biology at the Justus-Lie-

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108 SABINE SCHOPPE

big-University, Giessen, Germany. I thank Prof. Dr. A. Holl and PD Dr. B. Werding for their sup­port. I also thank the staff of the Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Betin (INVE­MAR), Santa Marta, Colombia for providing space and facilities for carrying out the sampling ofspecimens and the laboratory culture. The field-work was supported by a grant of the "DeutscheAkademische Austauchdienst" (DAAD).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Ovigerous females were collected from the bay of Santa Marta, Colombia in Au­gust 1991 and transported separately in plastic bags with sea water to the INVE­MAR in Santa Marta. Females were kept individually in 500 ml beakers with seawater connected to an aquarium air system at room temperature (26-28°C). Af­ter hatching, 50 larvae were separated and placed in 9 em plastic dishes contain­ing 50 cern of filtered sea water. The larvae were exposed to ambient light, andwere held at a constant temperature of 28°C. The water in the containers waschanged daily and dead larvae and exuviae were removed. Larvae were fed withfreshly hatched Artemia nauplii. Larvae for subsequent description werepreserved and stored in 70% methanol, appendages were mounted in glycerineand the coverslip was sealed with hot paraffin. Zoea 1 were preserved for exami­nation two days after hatching, and Zoea 2 were preserved eight days after hatch­ing. Megalopae were collected in the field. Description of coloration and chro­matophore pattern is based on living or freshly preserved specimens. Measure­ments of zoeae and megalopae were made with an ocular micrometer.

RESULTS

The freshly hatched larvae passed through the prezoeal stage within 12hours andthen molted to zoe a 1. Most of the larvae molted to the second zoeal stage 4-5 daysafter hatching, the remaining ones molted at the sixth day. Ten to twelve days afterhatching the larvae molted to the megalopa stage. Under natural conditions themegalopa colonizes the burrows of the sea urchin E. lucunter in the rocky interti­dal.

Description of larvae

Zoea1 (Figs la, 2a-h). Carapace length: 1.3 mm (10specimens examined). Typicalporcellanid zoea. Rostral spine about two times length of carapace, armed withscattered forward directed spinules. Posterior spines about as long as carapacelength, slightly curved downward.

Antennule (Fig. 2a). Without ramification and segmentation, with 3 terminal aes­thetascs and 2 setae.

Antenna (Fig. 2b). Biramous, endopodite fused with protopodite. Exopodite mo-

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LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLASWWECHUS 109

aSOOJ.lm

b

Fig. 1. a: Zoea 1, b: Megalopa.

bile reaching beyond endopodite with approximately YJ of its length. Both ramiacute. Exopodite with 1 subterminal spine and 2 setae.

Mandible (Fig. 2c). Asymmetrical, regularly toothed, with one large terminaltooth.

Maxillule (Fig. 2d). Endopodite entire, bearing 4 terminal setae, 2 ofthem simple.Basal endite with 6 acute, robust processes (2 short and 4 long) and 3 simple setae.Coxal endite with 8 setae, 3 of them simple.

Maxilla (Fig. 2e). Endopodite singly segmented with 8 setae, 4 of them simple.Basal endite with 7 and 6, coxal endite with 4 and 6 setae on distal and proximallobes, respectively. Scaphognathite with 6 plumose marginal setae and along api­cal seta.

Maxilliped 1 (Fig. 2f). Biramous, coxopodite with some setae on inner margin.Basipodite with 4 groups of2, 2, 2 and 3 setae on the inner margin. Endopoditefour-segmented with 3,3,2 + 3 and 8 setae from proximal to distal segment. Anadditional large seta on the outer margin of terminal segment. Exopodite two­segmented with 4 terminal natatory setae.

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110 SABINE SCHOPPE

,~

.. -; ~

9

(jb

h

a

Fig. 2. First zoeal appendages and telson. a: antennule, b: antenna, c: mandible, d: maxil­lule, e: maxilla, f: maxilliped 1, g: maxilliped 2, h: telson.

Maxilliped 2 (Fig. 2g). Coxopodite without setae. Basipodite with 3 ventral setae,one on % oflength, 2 setae. subterminal. Endopodite four-segmented with 2,2, 1

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LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLASTOTOECHUS

a b

Fig. 3. Second zoeal appendages. a: antennule, b: antenna, c: mandible, d: maxillule,e: maxilla.

111

+ 2 and 5 setae from proximal to distal segment, and an additional large seta onthe outer margin of terminal segment. Exopodite entire, but with indentationand 4 terminal natatory setae.

Maxilliped 3 and pereopods undeveloped buds.

Abdomen (Fig. 1a). Composed of 5 somites. Last 4 somites with lateral spines, be­coming longer and stronger nearer telson.

'Rison (Fig. 2h). With a pair oflateral spines which are accompanied by a smallplumose seta. Five pairs of long plumose setae with spinules at their tips.

Coloration:Carapace translucent with light blue glimmer. Rostral spine translucentat proximal %, distal 7S striped from distal to proximal as follows: orange, white,yellowish, orange. Posterior spines translucent with orange tip. Mandibular basewith red chromatophore, incisor blue. Some small red chromatophores on lateralsides of carapace. Eyes greenish.

Zoea 2 (Figs 3a-e, 4a-c). Similar to first zoea, butlarger and more extended. Cara­pace length 1.8 mm, ten specimens examined. Rostral spine about three timeslength of carapace. Posterior spines about twice length of carapace.

Antennule (Fig. 3a). Biramous, endopodite fused with protopodite, about half

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112 SABINE SCHOPPE

length of exopodite. Exopodite with 10 lateral and 3 terminal aesthetascs and 1simple terminal seta.

Antenna (Fig. 3b). Biramous, endopodite slightly longer than exopodite, bothpointed. Endopodite with 1, exopodite with 2 subterminal setae.

Mandible (Fig. 3c). As in Zoea 1 but with additional palp.

Maxillule (Fig. 3d). Endopodite entire with 4 terminal setae. Basal endite with 7massive processes (4 long, 3 short) and 3 setae. Coxal endite with 8 terminal setae.

Maxilla (Fig. 3e). U nisegmented endopodite with 9 setae. Basal endite with 9 se­tae on distal and 8 setae on proximal lobe, an additional short subterminal setaon proximal lobe. Coxal endite with 5 setae on distal and 8 setae on proximal lobe,both with 1 additional subterminal seta. Scaphognathite with 17 marginal setaeand 4 long setae distally.

Maxilliped 1 (Fig. 4a). Biramous, coxopodite non-setose. Basipodite with fourgroups of 1, 2, 1, and 2 setae on inner margin. Endopodite four-segmented with3, 3, 2 + 3 and 8 setae on inner margin and 1, 1, 1 and 1 seta on outer margin,from proximal to distal. Exopodite two-segmented with 9 terminal natatory setaeand 2 short subterminal setae.

Maxilliped 2 (Fig. 4b). Biramous, coxopodite without setae. Basipodite with 3 se­tae on inner margin, one on Y3 of length, the others subterminal. Endopoditefour-segmented with 2, 2, 1 + 2 and 4 setae from proximal to distal segment.Each segment with one long seta on outer margin. Exopodite with incision, setaeas in first maxilliped.

Maxilliped 3 and pereopods elongate buds. Abdomen similar to first zoea, butwith developing pleopod buds. Uropod buds not present.

Telson (Fig. 4c). Setation almost identical to preceding stage but with an addition­al median spine.

Coloration: Similar to stage 1, but rostral spine striped from distal to proximal asfollows: orange, blue, white, blue, bluegreen, orange.

Megalopa (Figs lb, 5a-e, 6a-d, 7a-e, Ba-c). Carapace 1.3-1.4 mm (10 capturedspecimens examined). Carapace suboval, length slightly greater than width. Or­bitae flat, without spines and with only few scattered setae. Front rounded, slight­ly protruding beyond eyes, anterior margin slightly rugose.

Antennule (Fig. 5a). Biramous. Peduncle three-segmented, basal segment round­ed, outer and upper margin with some conical tubercles and short setae. Thirdsegment terminally with numerous long and some short plumose setae (about 20)at outer margin. Proximal ramus four-segmented, first segment with an average

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LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLASTDTDECHUS

b

113

ZOOum>------'

c

Fig. 4. Second zoeal appendages and telson. a: maxilliped 1, b: maxilliped 2, c: telson.

of 10, second and third with 5, and fourth with 2 terminal and 2 subterminal se­tae. Distal ramus six-segmented, first, second and third segment with 5 aes­thetascs, fourth segment with 4 to 5, fifth with 5 aestetascs (2 terminal and 3

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114 SABINE SCHOPPE

b

d

IIII

eFig. 5. Megalopa appendages. a: antennule, b: antenna, c: mandible, d: maxillule, e: maxilla.

basal). Sixth segment with one long and 2 short setae, and additionally with 2spmes.

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LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLAS7V7VECHUS 115

Fig. 6. Megalopa appendages. a: maxilliped 1, b: maxilliped 2, c: maxilliped 3, d: firstpereopod.

Antenna (Fig. 5b). Flagellum with 17 segments. Two movable proximal segmentswithout denticulation. Setation as figured.

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116 SABINE SCHOPPE

Mandible(Fig. 5c). Palp three-segmented, first segment bearing two spinules, sec­ond unarmed, third with 9 spinules as figured.

Maxillule (Fig. 5d). Endopodite entire with one seta on proximal third and 2 shortsubterminal setae. Basal endite with about 20 spines and 5 setae. Coxal enditewith about 23-25 spines and setae, basal lobe extended, margin setose.

Maxilla (Fig. 5e). Endopodite entire with 1 short and 2 longer subterminal setae.Endites with many, partly feathered setae. Scaphognathite with 57 setae on outermargm.

Maxilliped 1 (Fig. 6a). Exo- and endopodite entire. Exopodite with 3 lateral setae.Protopodite with about 20 and 56 setae on coxal and basal lobe, respectively.

Maxilliped2 (Fig. 6b). Endopodite five-segmented with 7, 9, 6, about 20 and morethan 20 setae from proximal to distal segment. Exopodite two-segmented. Prox­imal segment with 7 setae on inner distal margin. Distal segment with 4 robust,long terminal setae.

Maxilliped 3 (Fig. 6c). Biramous. Basis as figured. Exopodite strongly reduced,bearing a basal seta. Endopodite five-segmented, ischium with a total of 12-14relatively short setae; merus with 16 long setae on inner margin; carpus with 12long setae and about 10 smaller setae (not illustrated) on inner margin, outermargin with spines and short setae as figured. Propodus with a total of23-25 longplumose setae and an average of 12 short setae. Dactylus with 14-16long plumosesetae and about 3 short setae. Ischium and merus with thin, leaf- or lobe-like ex­tensions, setae as figured.

Pereopods (Figs 6d, 8a-c). Merus of first pereopod with 2 short subterminal setae,carpus with 3 spines on inner and one spine on outer margin. Outer margin ofpropodus with numerous curved teeth and short setae. Outer margin ofdactyluswith some small spines and some short setae. Ambulatory legs with some simplesetae as figured. Propodus with subterminal spine. Dactylus with 5 massivespines, terminal one largest. Fifth pereopod chelate, manus with 5-6 long curvedcleaning setae. Other setae as illustrated.

Pleopods (Fig. 7b-e). Four pairs ofbiramous pleopods. Exopodite with 13 plumosesetae. Endopodite with 2 short setae and up to 6 small terminal hooks.

Tailfan (Fig. 7a). Telson with a total of 17 long plumose setae and about 8 shortersetae between them (partly depicted). Uropods biramous, exopodite with 8-9long plumose setae and about 15short simple setae. Endopodite with 16 long and6 short setae.

Coloration: Brown-violet with bright blue symmetrical lines on carapace, telsonand appendages. First pereopod additionally with pattern of two white lines, ris­ing from base of propodus. The coloration is similar to that found in adults.

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LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLAS7V7VECHUS

100pm [

a

~\~

Ieb

I

~ d /c

Fig. 7. Megalopa appendages and tail fan. a: tail fan, b-e: pleopods.

117

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118 SABINE SCHOPPE

DISCUSSION

The larval development of the species of the genus Clastotoechus has not yet beendescribed. Although the description oflarval forms does not guarantee the iden­tification of larvae caught in the plankton, it may be useful to solve taxonomicproblems (Werding & Muller 1990). Muller & Werding (1990) suggest that thelarvae of the genus Clastotoechus are members of the so called Petrolisthes-group ofporcellanid larvae, like those of Petrolisthes, Pachycheles, Neopisosoma andMegalobrachium. Characteristics of the larvae of the Petrolisthes-group are the lackofthe mandibular palpus in zoe a 1, the presence ofan additional central spine onthe telson of zoea 2, and the prominent central location of the median pair of thetelsonic setae (Lebour 1943). The present findings indicate that the larvae of C.vanderhorsti correlate with the Petrolisthes-type, etablishing C. vanderhorsti as a mem­ber of the Petrolisthes-group.

Collecting and observations in the Santa Marta area have shown that C. van­derhorsti settles as megalopa (Schoppe 1993). Megalopae ofporcellanids are rarelyfound in the plankton (Lebour 1943, Wear 1964) and the swimming and distribu­tion period seems to be essentially restricted to the zoeae and small part ofmegalopallife. Thus, the time of larval spreading in C. oanderhorsti is limited toabout two weeks. This limitation, in combination with the habitat requirementsis supposed to be the main reason for the restricted distribution of the species inthe Caribbean.

REFERENCES

Lebour, M. v., 1943. The larvae of the genus Porcellana (Crustacea, Decapoda) and related forms.- J. mar. bio!' Ass. U'K. 25: 721-737.

Lewis, J. B., 1960. The fauna of the rocky shores of Barbados, West Indies. - Can. J. Zoo!' 38:391-435.

Markham, J. c., 1975. Bopyrid isopods infesting porcelJanid crabs in the north western Atlantic.- Crustaceana 28(3): 257-270.

Muller, H.-G. & B. Werding, 1990. Larval development of Petrolisthes magdalenensis Werding, 1978(Decapoda: Anomura: Porcellanidae) under laboratory conditions. - Cah. Bio!. Mar. 31:257-270.

Schoppe, S., 1990. Die Vergesellschaftung zwischen Acyrtus rubiginosus (Gobiesocidae), Clastotoechus

uanderhorsti (Porcellanidae), Ophiothrix sp. (Ophiotrichidae) und ihrem gesteinsbohrenden WirtEchinometra lucunter (Echinometridae) im Felslitoral von Santa Marta, Kolumbien. - Diplomar­beit, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, 68 pp.

Schoppe, S., 1991. Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus) (Echinoidea, Echinometridae) als Wirt einerkomplexen Lebensgemeinschaft im Karibischen Meer, - Helgolander Meeresunters. 45:373-379.

Schoppe, S., 1993. Die Karpose urn den felsbohrenden Seeigel Echinometra lucunter (L.): Unter­suchung del' Lebensraumbedingungen und del' Biologie del' assoziierten Arten. - Doctoral Dis­sertation, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany, 128 pp.

Wear, R. G., 1964. Larvae of Petrolisthes elongatus (Milne Edwards, 1837). (Crustacea, Decapoda,Anomura). - Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 5: 39-53.

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LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLASTOTOECHUS 119

Fig. 8. Megalopa locomotory appendages. a: detail of first pereopod, b: second pereopod,c: fifth pereopod.

Werding, B., 1977. Los porcelanidos (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae) de la region de SantaMarta, Colombia. - An. lnst. lnv. Mar. - Punta de Betin 9: 173-214.

Werding, B., 1978. Los porcelanidos (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae) de la region de Acandi(Golfo de U raba) con algunos encuentros nuevos de la region de Santa Marta (Colombia). - An.lnst. Inv, Mar. - Punta de Betin 10: 213-221.

Werding, B., 1983. Kommensalische Porzellaniden aus der Karibik. - Crustaceana 45(1): 1-14.Werding, B., 1992. Beitrage zur Biologie, Okologie und Biogeographie der amerikanischen Porcel­

lanidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). - Habilitation, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen,Germany.

Werding, B. & H.-G. Muller, 1990. Larval development of Neopisosoma neglectum Werding, 1986(Decapoda: Anomura: Porcellanidae) under laboratory conditions. - Helgolander Meeresun­ters. 44: 363-374.

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