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The
Urban
Wild
s St
udio
UL I
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITYB.S. IN URBAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE BLA LARC
where Design meets Ecology
Instructor and coordinator: Brad Goetz
Booklet Compilation & Copy Editing: Brad GoetzCover Image:
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Introduction
Urban Landscape I focuses on site planning and design with an emphasis on parks and open-space systems in the adaptive reuse of urban sites. Projects focus on the creation and cultivation of public space, transformation of site conditions, and development of sustainable site materials. Emphasizes site analysis, development of an individual design process, and design communication strategies. This studio course introduces students to urban design precedents, site research, and remediation methods through case studies, lectures, site visits, and workshops.
The Urban Wilds StudioLARC2130 SUSTAINABLE URBAN SITE DESIGN
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Arnold Arboretum, 1900
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Arboreta and the Urban Wild Positioned within Arnold Arboretum, Urban Landscape I: Sustainable Urban Site Design introduces students to the metrics and mapping of today’s complex, multi-layered urban environment. Students are re-introduced to landscape as a construct of interdependent systems and a means to connect organizational structure and pattern with ecological process and ecosystem service. UL I emphasizes the discovery of these processes, the investigation of spatiotemporal patterns, and the relationship between the two via the ground plane.
Urban Landscape Conceived as a collection of trees cultivated for their scientific interest, arboreta are often remnants of natural landscapes and embody a confluence of urban morphological attributes, ecological processes, and horticultural practices. Management regimes seesaw between preservation and adaptation -yielding various stages of succession or wildness. In this environment, students learn to see landscape as a sequence of stages, a series of processes, spectrum of phenomena, and as an instrument of design; where design is derived from a landscape’s structure, function, performance,
and spatial implication.
Recording and Representing Agile TerritoriesAppointed with fundamental techniques of site survey, analysis, and reconnaissance; students are tasked to traverse a vector in the landscape. Triangulation, transecting, and sectioning are employed to register changes in scale, document patterns, visualize transformation, and define project scope.
As the magnitude: the size, extent, and dimension of one’s concept changes, so does the project’s scope. Concept mapping, or the visualization of systemic relationships between concepts, documents one’s knowledge and project organization as it evolves in complexity and in correspondence with scope. Students must navigate through a diverse set of site conditions, engage in generative tactics (both graphic and formal), and conduct further research to augment the design process.
Course ObjectivesA. Articulate and represent spatial literacy and critical design thinking; Incorporate research to develop your design as an iterative design
process, and design as a means to further your research; Demonstrate representation not only to illustrate existing conditions or communicate design intent, but more importantly, draw (use representation) as a means to interpret Causal Relationships.
B. Work with three dimensional modeling and orthographic projection: plan, section, and elevation; apply methods of recording and representing topography, socio-ecological processes, and atmospheric phenomena; proficient use of digital media software such as: AutoCad, Rhino, and Adobe Illustrator, and drawing techniques such as line, value, shade, texture, mass, form, depth, and gesture.
C. Recognize landscape as a series of patterns, adaptations, processes, and durations. Apply the basic principals and typologies of urban public landscapes, and address complex ecological and social forces that constitute and affect urban landscapes.
Arnold Arboretum
Franklin ParkArnold Arboretum
Forest Hills Cemetary
Jamaica Pond
Olmstead Park
Riverway
Back Bay Fens
Boston Common
Emerald Necklace
Charles River
Commonwealth Mall
Bussey Brook Meadow
Forest Hills Station
Hemlock Hill
North Woods
Central Woods
Peters Hill
Weld Hill
Bussey Hill
The Meadow
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Marion Thurston
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FLOW ATTNEUATION
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Blackwell Foot Path
Bussey Brook Meadow
Hemlock Hill
Train and M
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Wet Meadow
F FAN: Wet MeadowM MEANDER: Semi-wet Zone/High MarshD DELAY: High/Low Marsh
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Bussey Brook
Charles Riverline
Stony Brook
Canterbury Brook
West Roxbury
Mattapan
CHARLES RIVER WATERHSED BASIN
Sub-drainage basin
Open-channel stream
Culverted stream
Drawings
1. Watershed Drainage Basin2. Plan3. Detail Plan4. Model
FLOW ATTENUATIONMarion Thurston
Attenuation is the process of water retention on site and slowly releasing it in a controlled discharge to a surface water or combined drain or watercourse
This site is the Arnold Arboretum portion of Bussey Brook, a now annual stream that runs east from West Roxbury towards Forest Hills Station.
The Bussey Brook Drainage Basin is approximately bounded by Allendale Rd., the VFW Parkway and the Forest Hills station. It covers about 977 acres of land and urban areas.
The open-channel streams seen here are some of the last remaining un-cluverted streams in the city of Boston.
Charles River Watershed Basin1
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Hemlock Hill
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Wet Meadow
F FAN: Wet MeadowM MEANDER: Semi-wet Zone/High MarshD DELAY: High/Low Marsh
FAN
MEANDER DELAY
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Wet Meadow
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FF
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MDDDD
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Hemlock Hill Rd.
F FAN: Wet MeadowM MEANDER: Semi-wet Zone/High MarshD DELAY: High/Low Marsh
FAN
MEANDER DELAY
Wet Meadow
Hemlock Hill
High Water Sewer Line
FF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF FF
Forebay
Swale
High MarshWedges
Low Marsh Wedges Micropool
Broad Crested Weir
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Forebay
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High MarshWedges
Low Marsh Wedges Micropool
Broad Crested Weir
Broad Crested Weir
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Water Level
Extended Detention Wetland Extended detention wetlands provide downstream channel protection. These systems operate on the idea of temporary vertical storage, which provides extra runoff detention above normal elevations. Water levels in the extended `detention wetlands may increase by as much as three feet after a storm, and return gradually to normal within 24 hours of the rain event.
Low marsh zoneRanges from 6” to 18“ below the normal pool elevation. This area is suitable for growing several emergent wetland plant species.
High marsh zoneRanges from the normal pool elevation to 6” below normal pool elevation. This zone supports a greater density and diversity of emergent wetland species than the low marsh zone.
Drawings
1. Attenuation Prototype: Extended Detention Wetland Plan2. Prototype Section3. Attenuation + Ecology Plan Diagram4. Intervention Study: Divert5. Intervention Study: Fan6. Analytical Diagram
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Hemlock Hill Rd.
F FAN: Wet MeadowM MEANDER: Semi-wet Zone/High MarshD DELAY: High/Low Marsh
FAN
MEANDER DELAY
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Wet Meadow
Hemlock Hill
High Water Sewer Line
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MMMM
MDDDD
Attenuation PrototypesThe Diversion Prototype and the Fan Prototype were designed as basic methods to disperse water in order to slow it down. Reducing the rate of water flow decreases the impacts of erosion and scouring.
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Diversion Prototype Fan PrototypeDiversion Prototype Fan Prototype
Diversion Fan
Increased number of impervioussurfaces with storm drains
Tree removal causes soil to loosen
Increase of impervious surfacesWater inflitrates into soil Increased surface runoff
Loosened soil causes erosionPlant and tree roots anchor soil
Water pools in indentation then filters into soil
Storm drains deliver water directly to waterways
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Pre Urban Condition Urban
10% Runoff 20% Runoff 30% Runoff
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Zoe Hochstein-Morran
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URBAN NATURES
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URBAN NATURES
Zoe Hochstein-Morran
The main thesis of my project was finding a way to direct the future of a changing landscape. The area of Hemlock Hill at the Arnold Arboretum had previously been heavily forested with hemlock trees, but in more recent decades, the population has become infected with a pest called the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. Currently, the trees are being treated with imidacloprid, which is a pesticide injected in the soil around the tree every 5 years. This is one method of dealing with the infestation, but in the long run is not very sustainable. There is no way that all of the trees will get treated, meaning there will inevitably be some die off. That being said, leaving all of the hemlocks to die would be a major loss to the arboretum, especially since it houses some prime specimens. The path I chose to implement would allow most of the hemlock trees to die off, while a few choice trees would be preserved and treated so that the arboretum would still have a viable collection.
Management StrategiesThis introduces the second component of my project: how to address the changes that will occur. As the untreated hemlocks begin to die off and are removed, there will be gaps emerging in the canopy. These gaps would allow light into a previously shadowed area, creating new conditions that would allow for new types of growth. To help foster the colonization of new species, I designed 3 different prototypes that could be implemented which would create even more nuanced conditions. The were designed to be circular interventions, with a diameter of roughly 20 to 25 feet, mimicking the spread of the hemlock that it would be replacing. The three prototypes are excavation, infiltration, and addition as well as a fourth, larger prototype aggregating multiple microprototypes together.
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PrototypesThe excavation prototype is a subtractive intervention that creates a crater with some areas of raised earth. It is meant to create a more sheltered, shadowed, moist environment that would attract understory species. The infiltration prototype is a textured plane meant to slow and retain water that flows off the hill. This allows the water to settle into the soil, creating a sunny but moist climate that would also attract understory species, but ones that prefer more sun than those attracted to the excavation prototype. The addition prototype is a textured hill or mound, designed to also help catch and retain water, while also providing a more elevated, drained condition. This prototype would attract understory species that like sun and well drained soil. The larger, aggregate prototype has a combination of these conditions, as well as the added space, would foster growth of larger, colonizing canopy species, most likely birch based off of the colonization of other areas in the arboretum.
These interventions will help give some structure and direction to the future of hemlock hill, while also remaining ambiguous enough to allow for a natural and organic succession to occur. It is my hope that this intervention would act something like a petri dish to see what new things will grow in these unprecedented conditions. I would want the intervention to be open for the general public to traverse and explore independently, so that they too could see the landscape in the act of transition, and ultimately return over time to see how it continues to change and evolve.
Drawings
1. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid2. Management Stategies3. Canopy Gaps4. Aggregate Flow
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Colonizer SpeciesSun Species
SuccessionNew Growth
DeathCanopy Gaps
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
20,000 YA
12,000 YA
1907
1872
1997
2020
4 BYA
Continental Glacial Advance
Tectonic Plate Movement
Erosional LandformsRoxbury Conglomerate
CanopyRed Oak (Quercus rubra)
White Ash (Fraxinus americana)
MidstoryGrey Birch (Betula populifolia) Forested Slope
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Mixed Hardwood Forest
ShrubRhododendron (Rhododendron fortunei) Acidic Soil
Leatherwood (Dirca palustris) Forest Understory
Cinnamon Fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum) Moist Woodland
Woodland Edges Toothwort (Cardimine diphylla)
Forb
O + A Horizon
SoilHorizon
Arnold Arboretum
Drumlin
Depositinal Landforms
Glacial Recession
DrainageErosion
AxisWater Runoff
Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
Sea FloorMarine Basin Sedimentary Basin Deep Sea Fan
3.8 BYA
3 BYA
2 BYA
1 BYA
570 MYA600 MYA Mixed Hardwood Forest
Mixed Hardwood Forest
Mixed Hardwood Forest
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)IPM is not a single pest control method but, rather, a series of pest management evaluations, decisions and controls. In practicing IPM, growers who are aware of the potential for pest infestation follow a four-tiered approach. The four steps include:
Set Action ThresholdsBefore taking any pest control action, IPM first sets an action threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. Sighting a single pest does not always mean control is needed. The level at which pests will either become an economic threat is critical to guide future pest control decisions.
Drawings
1. Concept Map
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Infection
10yrs5yrs0
Death
100%50%0%
Imidacloprid Treatment
Grey Birch Stands
Removal of Diseased Hemlock
Imidacloprid Treatment
REMOVAL > ADAPTATION
SYSTEMIC INSECTCIDE > PRESERVATION
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
DISEASE INTRODUCTION > SUCCESSION
Management Strategies
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Colonizer SpeciesSun Species
SuccessionNew Growth
DeathCanopy Gaps
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
20,000 YA
12,000 YA
1907
1872
1997
2020
4 BYA
Continental Glacial Advance
Tectonic Plate Movement
Erosional LandformsRoxbury Conglomerate
CanopyRed Oak (Quercus rubra)
White Ash (Fraxinus americana)
MidstoryGrey Birch (Betula populifolia) Forested Slope
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Mixed Hardwood Forest
ShrubRhododendron (Rhododendron fortunei) Acidic Soil
Leatherwood (Dirca palustris) Forest Understory
Cinnamon Fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum) Moist Woodland
Woodland Edges Toothwort (Cardimine diphylla)
Forb
O + A Horizon
SoilHorizon
Arnold Arboretum
Drumlin
Depositinal Landforms
Glacial Recession
DrainageErosion
AxisWater Runoff
Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
Sea FloorMarine Basin Sedimentary Basin Deep Sea Fan
3.8 BYA
3 BYA
2 BYA
1 BYA
570 MYA600 MYA Mixed Hardwood Forest
Mixed Hardwood Forest
Mixed Hardwood Forest
Infection
10yrs5yrs0
Death
100%50%0%
Imidacloprid Treatment
Grey Birch Stands
Removal of Diseased Hemlock
Imidacloprid Treatment
REMOVAL > ADAPTATION
SYSTEMIC INSECTCIDE > PRESERVATION
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
DISEASE INTRODUCTION > SUCCESSION
Management Strategies
Monitor and Identify PestsNot all insects, weeds, and other living organisms require control. Many organisms are innocuous, and some are even beneficial. IPM programs work to monitor for pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made in conjunction with action thresholds. This monitoring and identification removes the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are not really needed or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used.
PreventionAs a first line of pest control, IPM programs work to manage the crop, lawn, or indoor space to prevent pests from becoming a threat. In an agricultural crop, this may mean using cultural methods, such as rotating between different crops, selecting pest-resistant varieties, and planting pest-free rootstock. These control methods can be very effective and cost-efficient and present little to no risk to people or the environment.
ControlOnce monitoring, identification, and action thresholds indicate that pest control is required, and preventive methods are no longer effective or available, IPM programs then evaluate the proper control method both for effectiveness and risk. Effective, less risky pest controls are chosen first, including highly targeted chemicals, such as pheromones to disrupt pest mating, or mechanical control, such as trapping or weeding. If further monitoring, identifications and action thresholds indicate that less risky controls are not working, then additional pest control methods would be employed, such as targeted spraying of pesticides. Broadcast spraying of non-specific pesticides is a last resort.
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EXCAVATION
ADAPTATION
ADDITION
INFILTRATION
EXCAVATION
ADAPTATION
ADDITION
INFILTRATION
EXCAVATION
ADAPTATION
ADDITION
INFILTRATION
EXCAVATION
ADAPTATION
ADDITION
INFILTRATION
Understory: Moisture + ShadeThis prototype fosters understory plant growth that prefers a more shaded, moist environment with occasional sun exposure.
Understory: Moisture + SunThis prototype fosters understory plant growth that prefers moist soil and sun exposure.
Understory: Drained + SunThis prototype fosters understory plant growth that prefers a slightly drier, well drained soil with sun exposure.
Canopy: Mixed ConditionsThis prototype fosters the growth of large stands of successional species, most likely birch.
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In�ltration
Addition
Adaptation
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Bussey Street
Hemlcok Hill Road
ARNOLD ARBORETUM HEMLOCK HILL TRANSECT INTERGRATEDMANAGEMENT
HEMLOCK SUCCESSION
Drawings
1. Model2. Sections3. Axonometrics4. Analytical Diagrams5. Plan
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Danielle Roberts
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NATIVES, WEEDS & EXOTICS
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OCCUPY
Aster divaricatus (White Wood Aster)Cinna arundinacea (Stout Wood Reedgrass)Gravel fillSoil fill
1’ 3’
45’
1’ 3’
45’
Multiple performances:PlatformFloorMat
45’ 45’ 2’4’
BERMEchoes the Willow Burm in the wet meadow and creates plantings of special interest.
Halesia tetraptera (Carolina Silverbell)Clethra alnifolia (Summersweet)Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood)
1’ 3’
45’
1’ 3’
45’
RETENTIONMitigates slope erosion while simultaneously creating ampitheatre-like seating for visitors.
Carex stipata (Wrinkle-sheathed Sedge)Phlox divaricata (Wild blue Phlox)Carex stricta (Tussock Sedge)Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold)
OCCUPY
Aster divaricatus (White Wood Aster)Cinna arundinacea (Stout Wood Reedgrass)Gravel fillSoil fill
1’ 3’
45’
1’ 3’
45’
Multiple performances:PlatformFloorMat
45’ 45’ 2’4’
BERMEchoes the Willow Burm in the wet meadow and creates plantings of special interest.
Halesia tetraptera (Carolina Silverbell)Clethra alnifolia (Summersweet)Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood)
Retention Berm Plank
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NATIVES, WEEDS & EXOTICSDanielle Roberts
The project site is in the Bussey Brook Meadow in the Arnold Arboretum, located primarily in the area Peter del Tredici calls “Hobo Hollow.” Upon visiting the site it is immediately noted that the site is used for ‘undesirable’ activities, such as partying and drug use, as well as shelter for the homeless. The Project seeks to find a way not to eliminate these activities, as they are a component of urban life, and as such it is important there are areas for those activities. Instead, the project seeks to introduce additional demographics and uses into the site in order to also make it more desirable for your average Arboretum visitor to use.
Retention, Berm, PlankTo do this the site implements three strategies: retention, berms, and planking. The retention units serve to both mitigate erosion of natural slopes and also provide amphitheater –like seating for visitors in addition to the pre-existing fire pit seating. The meadow was previously the location of the willow and poplar collection, and the berms echo a particular instance of a willow being located on a solitary berm. As such, each berm will be planted with a species of interest. The final strategy is the use of planking to introduce a new use for the low-lying spot that is currently used primarily for trash.
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blackwell footpath
blackwell footpath
blackwell footpath
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blackwell footpath
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blackwell footpath
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bussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadowbussey brook meadow
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south streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth streetsouth street
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retention
occupy
burm
occupy
native grasses
native groundcovergravel fill
native & exotic plants of interest
driftnative grasses and groundcover
willow burmremnant of willow & poplar collection
Fallen trees
Repurposed
Construction debris/Hewn stone
Rearranged
Prefab planking
Inserted
Drawings
1. Model2. Prototypes3. Plan
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Danielle Roberts, Memory Perspective
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As economic and environmental paradigms continue to shift toward new forms of urbanization, experts in urban landscape are increasingly in demand— and in response, the Urban Landscape Program at Northeastern University focuses specifically on design frameworks for cultural and biophysical environments that are sustainable, resilient, and adaptive. Stemming from the study of coupled human and natural systems, our work engages interdisciplinary research, experiential practice and innovative pedagogy.
The Urban Landscape Program at Northeastern offers a unique program of study in which urban design, urban ecology, landscape architecture, planning and policy dovetail with environmental science, art, emerging media and visualization. The program prepares students to be entrepreneurial designers of next-generation public spaces. Boston’s history of innovation in urban environmental design, its coastal location, and its legacy of redevelopment provide a rich backdrop and laboratory of urban, infrastructural and ecological prototypes to creatively and critically explore local issues with global significance.
About the Program
Urban Landscape at Northeastern
The Urban Landscape Program offers a Bachelor of Landscape Architecture, a Half Major in Urban Landscape, a Minor in Urban Landscape Studies and a Master of Design for Sustainable Urban Environments. The curriculum combines systems-scale research and analysis with local-scale synthesis and intervention and reflects the field’s deep roots in design, ecology, planning and aesthetics. The program offers an outstanding faculty who bring their research and real-world expertise into the classroom. Students are immersed in learning opportunities that are design based, research driven and interdisciplinary in nature both on and off campus through course work, co-op and study abroad programs.
For more information, please visit us at www.northeastern.edu/camd/architecture/academic-programs/architecture-urban-landscape/