Laporan Lemigas 2009

LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

LEMIGAS REPORT 2009LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

CONTENTS

P R E F A C E ............................................................................................................................................................................. i

CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1

A. PRINCIPAL TASK AND FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................... 2

B. VISION AND MISSIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 2

C. GOALS OF LEMIGAS .............................................................................................................................................. 2

D. TARGETS AND INDICATORS ............................................................................................................................. 2

E. STAKEHOLDERS PERSPECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 2

F. INTERNAL PROCES PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................................................ 3

G. LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................................. 3

H. PROGRAM AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE ASPECT ......................................................... 4

I. R/D PROGRAM STRATEGY ................................................................................................................................. 4

J. TECHNOLOGICAL SERVICE PROGRAM STRATEGY ................................................................................. 5

K. R/D SUPPORTING PROGRAM STRATEGY .................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 2. OIL AND GAS UPSTREAM R/D PROGRAM ..................................................................................... 9

A. TARGETS .................................................................................................................................................................... 9

B. OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................................................... 9

C. OUTCOMES ............................................................................................................................................................... 10

D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................ 10

• OF WESTERN INDONESIA OIL ................................................................................................................ 11

• EVALUATION OF OIL AND GAS TERRAIN OF UPPER KUTAI BASIN ....................................... 13

• PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND HC POTENTIAL OF PRE-TERTIARY BASIN IN KEPALA

BURUNG REGION, PAPUA .......................................................................................................................... 15

• 2D AND 3D SEIMIC INTERPRETATION IN EAST NATUNA REGION ....................................... 17

• DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR SHALLOW

WELL ................................................................................................................................................................... 22

• STUDY OF COALBED METHANE GAS IN EAST KALIMANTAN .................................................. 23

• INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF COALBED METHANE AND EOR LABORATORY ............ 25

• OPTIMIZING CBM WELL DEWATERING PUMP ............................................................................... 27

• OIL AND GAS RESERVES INVENTORY AND PRODUCTION BY PRODUCING REGION OF

INDONESIA, 01-01-2009 ............................................................................................................................. 29

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

• INCREASING GEOMECHANICAL MODELING CAPABILITY FOR DESIGN OF DRILLING

AND PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 30

• RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON CEMENT EXPANDING AGENT MATERIAL ........... 33

• DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE DISTRIBUTION IN CARBONATE RESERVOIR

BASED ON PRODUCTION DATA AND OIL AND GAS FIELD TEST DATA ............................... 34

• DESIGN OF MUD FOR OVERCOMING DEPOSITION OF MUD MATERIAL OR FORMATION

DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE ............................................................................................................... 36

• STUDY ON THE CAUSE OF SCALE FORMATION IN OIL FIELDS IN SUMATRA ................... 37

• WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING CO2 EOR SEQUISTRATION POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA 38

• PREPARATION OF SURFACTANT FOR APPLICATION IN DISPLACEMENT OF OIL BY

CHEMICAL INJECTION ................................................................................................................................. 40

CHAPTER 3. OIL AND GAS DOWNSTREAM R/D PROGRAMS ........................................................................... 42

A.TARGETS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 42

B. OUTPUTS ................................................................................................................................................................... 43

C. OUTCOMES ............................................................................................................................................................... 43

D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................ 44

• STUDY OF OPTIMIZING LOCAL CRUDE OIL BASED NEW REFINERY FOR REDUCING

OIL FUEL DEFICIT. ........................................................................................................................................ 45

• OPTIMIZING OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCTION AS ALTERNATIVE

ENERGY THROUGH FERMENTATION PROCESS ............................................................................. 47

• OPTIMIZING OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS ................................................................. 49

• STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC CHLOROPHYCEAE MICROBE BIOMASS IN

TUBE REACTOR (PILOT PLANT) AS BIOFUEL RAW MATERIAL ............................................ 51

• RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT OIL BASED GREEN FUEL IN

THE FRAMEWORK OF ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION ...................................................................... 53

• RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTICS AND UTILIZATION OF COAL LIQUEFACTION

PRODUCT ........................................................................................................................................................... 54

• STUDY ON THE FEASIBILITY OF NATURAL GAS FOR SMALL SCALE FERTILIZER

PLANT ................................................................................................................................................................. 56

• RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL SCALE GAS TO LIQUID ....................................... 60

• RESEARCH ON SEPARATION OF NATURAL GAS CONTAMINANTS BY NANO

TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................. 62

• FORMULATION OF PLANT OIL BASED ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL ...................................... 64

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

• STUDY ON COMPATIBILITY OF BLEND OF MINERAL TYPE AND PLANT TYPE

BASE OILS AS BASE OIL FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL. .................... 66

• STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BIODIESEL UTILIZATION IN REDUCING CO2 AND

PARTICULATE EMISSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 68

• STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE VOLATILITY ON OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE. ................................................................................................................ 71

• STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF PURE PLANT OIL (PPO) AS FUELS FOR

GENERATOR DIESEL ENGINE ON ENGINE DEPOSITS ................................................................. 73

• STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF PLANT OIL FROM KISAMIR SEEDS AS FUEL

ALTERNATIVE TO KEROSENE ................................................................................................................. 75

• FORMULATION OF LUBE OIL FOR MANUAL TRANSMISSION OF HEAVY DUTY

VEHICLE ............................................................................................................................................................. 77

• FORMULATION OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LUBRICATING GREASE ............................. 80

• RESEARCH ON AROMATIC CONTENT IN DIESEL OIL IN THE FRAMEWORK OF

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECIFICATION FOR SOLAR DIESEL OIL IN INDONESIA

(CONTINUATION) .......................................................................................................................................... 82

• CORRELATION PROGRAM OF LUBE OIL LABORATORIES IN INDONESIA ......................... 84

• DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNO ECONOMIC MODEL FOR UTILIZATION OF COALBED

METHANE .......................................................................................................................................................... 86

• DESIGN OF PREPARATION OF BIOADSORBENT FOR GAS STORAGE IN GAS FUEL

CYLINDER. ......................................................................................................................................................... 89

• PREPARATION OF FORMULATION OF CORROSION INHIBITOR FROM PALM OIL

INDUSTRY WASTE ......................................................................................................................................... 91

• MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SECTOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION ................................... 92

• DESULFURIZATION OF OIL FUELS BY MEMBRANE AND ADSORPTION METHOD ....... 95

• STUDY ON PREPARATION OF SKID MOUNTED MEMBRANE FOR FIELD APPLICATION96

• INVENTORY AND IDENTIFICATION (FINGERPRINTING) OF CRUDE OILS THAT HAVE

POTENTIAL TO POLLUTE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA .................................. 99

• ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MONITORING OF OIL AND GAS

INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................ 102

CHAPTER 4. CLOSING REMARKS ................................................................................................................................. 104

iv LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

- evaluation of the performance of technologi-cal research and development in oil and gas.

B. Vision and Missions

Based on the considerations of oil and gas dy-namic environment and assumptions of economicand technological development factors up to theyear 2014, LEMIGAS has established its vision asan excellent, professional, and world class institu-tion in oil and gas. The vision will be realizedthrough the following missions:- To intensify LEMIGAS role in supplying inputs

for formulating government policy in improv-ing conducive climate for oil and gas industrydevelopment;

- To improve the quality of research and devel-opment service for giving added value toLEMIGAS customers;

- To create priority products and develop relianceproducts.

C. Goals of LEMIGAS

To conduct the above mentioned missions,LEMIGAS formulates three (3) organizationalgoals related to the targets to be achieved, basedon perspective balance scorecard.- Deliverance of integrated technological solu-

tion in the framework of solving problems faced

by oil and gas industry stakeholders (S-1/S-4)

- Realization of integrated management systemin the framework of Competitive Power Ad-vantage (IP-1/IP-6)

- Realization of excellent and competitive orga-nizational resources (LG-1/LG-4)

Furthermore, to achieve synergy betweengoals and objective plus performance indicatorsto be achieved, each perspective (of stakeholders,internal process, learning and growth) is spelledout in the form of table as in the following Objec-tives.

D. Targets and Indicators

In conducting the missions, the three goals arespelled or put in synergy with respects to threeperspective targets through a perspective BalanceScorecard as shown in Table 1, and elaborated asfollows:

E. Stakeholders Perspective

LEMIGAS presents technological solution to thestakeholders (market) through achievement of tar-get indicator or customer satisfaction of over80%, the amount of PNBP revenue from techno-logical service funding ratio (80:20), MalcolmBadridge criteria based performance (450).

Stakeholder Realization of solution of government problem (S-1)

Prespective Realization of solution of customer problem (S-1)

Growth in income and distribution of non-tax sate income (PNBP) (S-2)

Execution of effective, transparent, and accountable planning and budget management (IP-1)

Execution of effective, efficient, and productive operational management (IP-2)

Execution of excellent customer management (IP-3)

Execution of development of knowledge and innovation with excellence (IP-4)

Execution of applied R/D portfolio that responds to government and indusry problems (IP-5)

Execution of R/D for solving industry problems (IP-6)

Execution of R/D for solving government problems (IP-7)

Achievement of human capital readiness (LG-1)

Availability of integrated strategic information/technology system (LG-2)

Creation of entrepreneurship innovation culture (LG-3)

Etablishment of strategy-focused organization (LG-4)

Internal Process Perspective

Learning and Growth Perspective

Table 1LEMIGAS Strategic Targets

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

To realize solution of government/industry problems (S-1)

% solution with satisfaction index >80%

75 80 85 88 90

To realize growth in PNBP (S-2)

Total PNBP revenue (Rp. Million)

45 54 65 78 94

Government/industry funding ratio

10 95 90 85 80

Malcom Badridge Criteria for Performance Excellence (MBCFPE)

- - - - 450

Delivery of integrated technological solution in the framework of solving problems of oil and gas industry stakeholders (S-1/S-4)

To be professional, excellent, and world class oil and gas R/D institution (S-3)

GOAL

TARGET

DESCRIPTION INDICATORTARGET

Table 2Stakeholders perspective goal, target, and indicator

Table 3Learning and growth perspective goal, target, and indicator

F. Internal Process Perspective

LEMIGAS applies integrated management indeveloping competitive advantage through effectivebudget management, effective operational manage-ment, excellent customer management, knowledgeand innovation development management, as well asresearch and development portfolio for governmentand industry.

G. Learning and Growth Perspective

LEMIGAS achieves excellent and competitiveorganizational resources through achievement of R/D organizational human resource readiness 85% oftarget, integrated information technology resourcereadiness 85% of target, application of entrepreneur-ship and innovation culture, and strategy focused or-ganization.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

To realize human capital readiness

% human capital readiness

65 70 75 80 85

To realizei ntegrated information system

% readiness of information system portfolio

65 70 75 80 85

% innovation proposal per total employees that received > 80 from Scientific Board

10 12 14 16 20

Leadership index 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5

To realize strategy-focused organization (LG-4)

% activity proposals that comply with strategic plan

60 70 80 85 90

To realize entrepreneurship and innovation culture (LG-3)

Realization of excellent and competitive organizational resource (LG-1/LG-4)

GOAL

TARGET

DESCRIPTION INDICATORTARGET

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Upstream R/D programs consist of four (4) R/D trees, namely (Figure 2):- Increasing oil and gas resources and reserves;- Development of unconventional gas;- Increasing oil and gas reserves and production;- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).

Downstream R/D programs consist of four (4)R/D programs, namely (Figure 3):- Development of processing technology for oil

and gas and the processing products;- Development of biofuel technology;- Development of gas storage and transportation

technology;- Reduction of CO2 emission.

J. Technological Service Program Strategy

Technological service programs carried out aregrouped into upstream technology and service

program and downstream technological serviceprogram. Each program group covers study ser-vice activities and laboratory service activities asshown in Tables 5 and 6.

K. R/D Supporting Program Strategy

R/D supporting program comprises activitiesthat are conducted by structural units in support-ing R/D activities for realizing program/activitiesin development of competitive organizational re-sources (learning and growth perspective), inten-sification of integrated, transparent, and account-able internal process.

The R/D supporting programs consists of eight(8) programs that are related to organizational per-formance criteria that were established by the Sec-retariat of the Research and Development Agencyfor Energy and Mineral Resources as listed in thefollowing:

Figure 3Downstream Oil and Gas R/D Programs

Development ofprocessing technology

for oil and gas andthe processing

products

Developmentof biofuel

technology

Development ofgas storage andtransportation

technology

Reduction of CO2

emission

Convertion & CatalystTechnology

Oil & Gas Downstream Aplication Technology Sofware

Stimulating & Modelling

Furifaying Technology

Convertion & CatalystTechnology

Strong TecnologyActive Carbon

Material Technology

Hydrate Technology

Transmithing &Distributibg Technology

Burning Technology

CO2 Emission Producing

Technology

Biotechnology

Biodiesel Technology 2nd

Generation Etanol

Burning Pericle Technology

Burning Technology

Environmental Technology

Economics Technology

Nano Technology

Oil & Gas Refining & Consuming Technology

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

formance, analysis, monitoring and evaluationof organization performance achievement.

- Financial, household, facilities management ser-vice improvement program;This program is directed to maintenance/re-pair of organizational inventory materials andtransparent and accountable financial manage-ment.

- Policy program;This is directed to preparation of R/D techni-

Table 6Activity Criteria of Downstream Technological Service Program

cal policy, preparation of organizational policyprocedure.The relations between the programs and R/D

supporting activities with the executors of the ac-tivities are shown in Table 7.

The elaboration in the following chapters givesa broader picture of the three programs that havebeen conducted as well as the achievement of per-formance indicators in 2009 by each organizationunit of LEMIGAS.

1 2 3 4

1 Reserves Certification

2 Reserves Management

3 Production Optimizing Study

4 Field Development Study

5 Oil and Gas Field Prospect Review Study

6 Geological, Geophysical and Reservoir (GGR) Study

7 Seismic Data Processing

8 Petroleum System Study

9 Prospect and Lead Evaluation Study

10 Remote Sensing & SIG Study

1 Core Laboratory Analysis Study

2 PVT Laboratory Study

3 Reservoir Fluid Composition Laboratory Study

4 Drilling Laboratory Anallysis

5 Wireless Unit Contact

6 Gas and Chemical Injection Laboratory Study

7 Biostratigraphy Laboratory Study

8 Geochemical Laboratory Study

9 Sedimentology Laboratory Study

10 Gas Analysis Technology

11 Gas Utillization Technology

12 Gas Transportation Technology

WORK PROGRAM

ACTIVITY

5

Increase in Up- stream Technological Service

Study Service

Exploration and Exploration division

Laboratory Service

Exploration and Exploration division

NO. ACTIVITY CRITERIA EXECUTING

UNIT

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

1 2 3 4 51 Knowledge audit/assessment

2 Knowledge repository

3Development of entrepreneuership innovation culture

1 Work procedure stándard

2 First class service standard

3 Service management

4 Work environment safety

1 Development of employee personality

2 Employee planning

3 Employee recruitment

4 Employee placement

5 Employee training and education

6 Employee performance evaluation

7 Employee career development

8 Development of reward and punishment system

9 Development of employee information system

1Revitalization of office building facilities and infrastructure

2Revitalization of laboratory building facilities and infrastructure

1 R/D cooperation

2 R/D synchronization

1 Scientific publication

2 Workshop on R/D results

3 R/D discussion fórum

4 Scientific lecture

5Development of information system for dissemination of R/D products

1 Preparation of work planning

2 Preparation of strategic planning

3 Establishment of planning

1 Analysis of activity execution

2 Quarterly monitoring of activity execution

3 Evaluation of activity execution

1 Salary and allowance

2 Financial management information system

1 Inventory management information system

2 Equipment procurement

3 Equipment inventory

4 Equipment mutation

5 DIPA execution

6 Office/Lab building and facilities maintenance

7 Office/Lab Building/Maintenance

8 Service vehicle (2/4/6 wheel) maintenance

1 Oil and gas R/D technical policy

2 Preparation of organization procedure policy

3Development of oil and gas R/D policy information system

Policy R/D technical policyFacilities and Program Division

EXECUTING UNIT

Improvement of financies household service and management of facilities

Financial management

General Affairs DepartmentHousehold

management

R/D Planning and Evaluation

Preparation of planningProgram Division

Anaysis and evaluation on activities

Program Division

Development of working network and R/D promotion

Development of R/D cooperation

Program and Affiliation Division

Development of R/D product dissemination

Affiliation and Business Development Division

Management of R/D human resource

Development of R/D human resource

General Affairs Department

Revitalization of R/D facilities and infrastructure

Revitalization of building/laboratory and equipment

General Affairs Department and Facilities Division

Knowledge and innovation

Development of organizational knowledge and culture

Affiliation Division

Development of R/D quality system

Development of quality management system and LK3

Facilities and Business Development Division

WORK PROGRAM ACTIVITY NO. ACTIVITY CRITERIA

Table 7Relationship between R/D Supporting Program and Activities

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

A. TARGETS

The targets of the execution of research activi-ties in oil and gas upstream research and develop-ment programs in 2009 are as shown in Table 8.

The distribution of achievement of each pro-gram target is explained in the following elabora-tion of each oil and gas upstream R/D program.

It is shown that the development of unconven-tional gas had the greater share of the 2009 targetwhere there are 16 activities in the upstream oiland gas R/D, being distributed to the amount of37.50%, directed to the realization of unconven-tional gas development research which comprised5 activity titles as follows:- Study of Coalbed Methane Potential in East

Kalimantan- Development of Atlas on Fingerprints of West-

ern Indonesia Oils- Research and Development of Cement Mate-

rial Expanding Agent- Design of Mud for overcoming deposition of

mud or formation material due to high tem-perature

- Increasing the Capacity in Geo-mechanicalModeling for Drilling and Production Design

- Determination of Fracture Distribution in Car-bonate Reservoir Based on Production Dataand Well Test Data in Oil and Gas Field.On the other hand, research and development

on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and EOR

CHAPTER 2. OIL AND GAS UPSTREAM R/D PROGRAM

amounted to 25% and consisted of 4 activity titlesas follows:- Increasing the Capability of Coalbed Methane

Laboratory- Optimizing of Pump for CBM Well Dewatering- Worksheet for Screening CO2 EOR Sequestra-

tion Potential in Indonesia- Preparation of Surfactant for Application to

drive Oil by Chemical Injection.Research on increasing oil and gas resources

and reserves was executed 25% and consisted of4 activity titles as follows:- Inventory of Reserves and Evaluation of Pro-

duction of Oil and Gas in Indonesia by Produc-tion Region 01-01-2009

- Study on the Cause Scale in Oil Fields in Sumatra.

All those activities (16 upstream activities)comprised computation of hydrocarbon resourcepotential and reserves for increasing oil and gasproduction and increasing the quality of labora-tory apparatus and personnel capability to sup-port research activities and technological servicein upstream oil and gas industry.

B. OUTPUTS

In 2009 LEMIGAS carried out a series of oiland gas upstream R/D programs by conductingcooperation with government as well as privateinstitution in Indonesia and foreign countries.LEMIGAS had acquired patent certificate (1 up-

stream patent), and 7 other patents arestill in application stage. Such patentapplications are still in substantive ex-amination stage at Directorate Generalof Intellectual Property Rights, Depart-ment of Law and Human Rights.

Generally the outputs of upstreamoil and gas R/D programs in 2009 werein the form of results of study and sci-entific papers. There were some activi-ties which were intended as recommen-dation for government policy (Direc-torate of Oil and Gas), among others

No. OIL AND GAS UPSTREAM R/D PROGRAM% TARGET

2009

1 Development of “Unconventional” Gas 37,50%

2 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) dan EOR 25,00%

3 Increasing oil gas resources and reserves 25,00%

4 Increasing oil and gas reserves and production 12,50%

Table 8 Achievement of % Target,

Oil and Gas Upstream R/D Activities 2009

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

evaluation of oil and gas terrains in East Kutai Re-gion, East Natuna, and Kepala Burung (Papua) aswell as inventory of resources and evaluation ofoil and gas production per production region on01-01-2009.

LEMIGAS R/D activities that have beenachieved are expected to be useful for national aswell as foreign companies, particularly in the mat-ter of drilling operation such as the results of thestudy on development of Portland cement pro-duced in Indonesia by use of additives, study onCBM development, mud formulation design, in-crease in geo-mechanical modeling, and giving in-formation concerning determination of environ-mentally safe scale inhibitor that is compatible withthe oil and gas field particularly those situated inSumatra. One of the way to increase oil produc-tion from oil fields in Indonesia is by use of EORtechnique and surfactant injection.

C. OUTCOMES

A patent that has been approved is a loggingequipment sensor designed by Geophysics instru-mentation. This patent is useful for accurately,precisely, and easily studying log data particularlyin shallow wells. Concerning oil and gas produc-tion, production from oil wells has increased bythe discovery of chemical flooding EOR technol-

ogy that is more economical and applicable. Be-sides, the production increase was also based ondetermination of allowable mud specific gravitycoefficient to ensure that well stability is properlycontrolled in order to reduce potential catastrophesuch as the case of Sidoarjo mud.

Study on increasing national oil and gas re-serves was supported by the discovery of newfields in the form of prospects and leads in the Up-per Kutai, East Natuna, and Kepala Burung (Papua)regions. Increase in alternative energy reserveswas supported by the discovery of CBM poten-tials in East Kalimantan and Rambutan field.

The formation of national oil and gas data basefor Western Indonesia region is quite helpful toenvironmental analysis, particularly oil spill, toknow the origin of the oil (production, basin, andother characteristics) and is expected to be usefulas upstream program reference for government(Directorate General of Oil and Gas) as well as oiland gas investors who wish to develop explora-tion area to increase national oil and gas reservesand production.

D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES

Oil and gas upstream research and develop-ment activities (16 research titles) are describedin the following summary of activities.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

PPPTMGB “LEMIGAS” is one of governmentinstitutions that is often taken as a reference ingiving solution to problems faced by oil and gasindustry in Indonesia, starting from explorationproblems down to environmental pollution causedby this industry. Now that there have been in-creases in the occurrence and diversity of casesthat occur, indirectly LEMIGAS is required to givesolutions to the cases rapidly, precisely, and accu-rately.

That is why the existence of a complete, cred-ible and easily accessed oil fingerprint database isrequired. This database will be greatly helpful insolving environmental pollution problems, particu-larly those that occur in Indonesian waters, be-cause the database contains geochemical data ofoils of Indonesia. In addition to their use in envi-ronmental pollution problems, it is quite possiblethat the geochemical data be developed to solveother problems such as the problems of well pro-duction, or production allocation in comingledwells, as well as other problems.

The methodology of this databasepreparation began with mapping of oilindustry that happens in each basin,then oil samples were collected that canrepresent the geography and reservoirin each basin. Then geochemical analy-sis was conducted such as by GC andGCMS-MS, and the geochemical datawas inputted into a GIS based database.

In the 2009 period, some 400samples of oils were collected fromNorth Sumatra Basin, Central SumatraBasin, South Sumatra Basin, and partsof Sunda Basin, that included those fromoffshore as well as onshore. The devel-opment of the database system is stillongoing for improvement stages so thatthe database will be more user friendlyin its application.

ATLAS ON FINGERPRINT OF WESTERN INDONESIA OIL

R & D Division for Exploration Technologyemail : [email protected]

The aim of the study is to prepare a GIS basedfingerprint database of crude oils of Indonesia thatcan be used to solve problems that occur in oil in-dustry in Indonesia.

The concept used in the study was to collectoil sample from each basin then to input theirgeochemical analysis results into GIS based data-base system.

The methodology used was by taking oil samplefrom each basin by taking into consideration therepresentation of the geographical distribution ofeach well in a basin and the representation of res-ervoirs in the basin. Then the samples so collectedwere subjected analysis by use of available instru-ment such as Gas Chromatography (GC) and GasChromatography – Mass Spectrometer (GCMS –MS). The preparation of the database was con-ducted in parallel with the sampling of oils andanalysis of data, so that as the analysis result data isavailable it can immediately be inputted into thedatabase system. The main result of the study is

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

the availability of fingerprints of oils of WesternIndonesia that consist of presentation of well loca-tion map and geochemical data of oil sample fromthe well. The following are some of the presenta-tion of database system of fingerprint of oil of In-donesia.

The main benefit of the development of thisatlas of oil fingerprint is the availability of a com-prehensive and credible database to support

“LEMIGAS” in handling problems that occur in oilindustry in Indonesia from exploration to environ-mental pollution problem.

The impact of this development of atlas of fin-gerprint of oil of Indonesia is expected to facilitatethe process of analysis of data into a more preciseand accurate conclusion so that it can be used forfurther needs.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Exploration activities in Upper Kutai Sub-ba-sin has been conducted since 1930. Explorationdrilling was conducted on Mamahak-1 andMamahak-2 wells in Upper Mahakam region byBPM-Shell in 1941. Drilling of Mendung-1 well inKedang-Pahu river was conducted by Kaltim-Shellin 1975. In 1982, Union found gas condensate ac-cumulation in Kerendan area that originated fromLate Oligocene carbonate. In 1982-1989, Elf-Aquitaine Indonesia conducted exploration anddrilling activities on Batuq-1 well in 1988, but itwas dry hole.

The methodology applied on secondary andprimary data comprised interpretation of PALSAR

EVALUATION OF OIL AND GAS TERRAIN OF UPPER KUTAI BASIN


satellite image data, field study and laboratoryanalysis, subsurface data analysis and evaluation,petroleum system evaluation, and mapping of pros-pect and lead area, as well as hydrocarbon resourcecomputation.

Palsar image interpretation was focused onidentifying the existing rock units and geologicalstructures. Based on the palsar image interpreta-tion there were identified 24 rock units and threegeological structures namely fold, fault, and joint.

Based on the results of field and laboratory stud-ies and supported by biostratigraphic andpetrophysical analyses on Upper Kutai Sub-basin,it was known that sedimentation development be-

Figure xxxStratigraphic Column of Upper Kutai Basin

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

gan in Early Cretaceous-Early Eocene where thesediment was dominated by land (Kiham HaloqFormation). Then on top of it there was Mid-LateEocene fluvial-deltaic sediment (Batu Ayau Forma-tion) and shallow marine sediment that consistedof sandstone, clay and stratified limestone and reefof Early-Late Oligocene (Ujoh Bilang Formation).

From the results of analysis on surface and wellsamples it was known that the sedimentary rockin Upper Kutai Sub-basin is of Paleogene to Neo-gene age where it was grouped into five sedimen-tary formations, namely Tanjung Group, UjohBilang Group, Bebulu Group, Balikpapan Group,and Kutai Group.

Sedimentary rock in Upper Kutai Sub-basinthat acts as source rock is black shale of KihamHaloq Terrestrial Formation, Batu Kilau Formationshale (TOC: 0.67-0.69%), Tmax 435-439°C, HI: 19-30), and Batu Ayau shale (TOC: 0.77, Tmax: 440°C,HI: 16).

On the other hand, the reservoir rock is sand-stone of Kiham Haloq Formation (Fluviatile-Del-taic) of Mid-Late Eocene age (porosity 13-19%),permeability 1.2-268 mD), Batu Ayau Formationlimestone of Late Eocene age (porosity 4-8%),Ujoh Bilang Formation sandstone of Oligocene age(porosity 14.1%, permeability 0.58 mD) as well asUjoh Bilang Formaton limestone of Oligocene age(porosity 4-8%).

Typical porosity that developed particularlyfor sandstone covers interparticle pore andmicroporosity formed by pseudomatrix that com-prises debris of unstable fragments resulting fromweathering process. On the other hand for lime-stone the porosity is that resulting from dissolu-tion such as moldic and vuggular.

Hydrocarbon migration process occurred ver-tically and laterally, with the traps in the form ofstructural traps (fold and inverted fault fold) andstratigraphic trap.

The play model that is found in Upper KutaiSub-basin is Kiham Haloq Formation FluviatileSandstone play of Paleocene age, Batu Ayau For-mation (Fluviatil-Deltaic) play of Mid-Late Eoceneage, Batu Ayau Formation limestone play of LateEocene age, Ujoh Bilang Formation Sandstone playof Oligocene age, and Ujoh Bilang Formation Lime-stone of Oligocene age.

The result of gas resource computation of Up-per Kutai Sub-basin with average P(50) scenariois 77,734.84 MMSCF and recoverable resource is58,301.13 MMSCF.

The benefit and impact of this study are amongothers that Upper Kutai Sub-basin resource isknown and can be used as reference for oil andgas field exploration/development program andcan be used as material for offering oil and gasterrain by the government (Directorate Generalof Oil and Gas).

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Paleogeographic study is not intended for re-construction of geographic position of the studyarea which in Pre-Tertiary age was located far tothe south and attached to Australian Continent, butit is to study the ancient sedimentary environmentat that age. The study area has been located in itspresent position since Neogene age. This studyproved that the Pre-Tertiary Sediments in BintuniBasin are rich in flora and fauna fossils that made itpossible to reconstruct the paleo environment ofsedimentation. This is the first time one can ac-

PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND HC POTENTIAL OF PRE-TERTIARY BASININ KEPALA BURUNG REGION, PAPUA


cess the fossils along the Perm-Cretaceous age sedi-ments. The Late Permian age is indicated by theabsence of sediments in Ofaweri-1 well whichprobably was land (erosion). This condition wassupported by the presence of land environment inits western part in Wiriagar Deep-4 well. The sedi-mentation environment changed from deepeningto literal eastern-ward in Ayot-1, Sebyar-1, andRoabia-1 wells and even more deepening to be deepneritic in Vorwata-1 well. Its Early Jurrasic age ischaracterized by the absence of sedimentation (?

Figure xxxxObservation Cross-section and location of sampling of Ainin river that is devided into

Cross-section I and Cross-section II

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

erosion). The same thing was found in Mid-Jurrasicage where intensive erosion occurred so that mostof sediments of this age could not be found par-ticularly in the northern parts namely in WiriagarDeep-1, Sebayar-1, Ayot-1, and Mogai-1 wells orprobably this area was a high place at the time.This condition is supported by the fact that sedi-mentation environment in other wells is relativelyshallow. The deepest environment is found isVorwata-1 well, namely shallow mid-neritic (20-50 m) and towards the west even shallower(Roabiba-1, Ofaweri-1, Wiriagar Deep-4), UpperJurrasic age is denoted by the formation of deeplitoral neritic environment in the western parts(Wiriagar Deep-4 and Ayot-2 wells) which gradu-ally changed to deeper (deep neritic-mid shallowneritic) Vorwata-1, Roabiba-1, and Ofaweri-1wells). Early Critaceous age is denoted by the oc-currence of erosion so that sediments are onlyfound in Sebyar-1 and Ayot-2 wells which wereformed in shallow-neritic-outer neritic (20-200m) environment. Late Cretaceous age is dominatedby marine sediments where the center of the ba-sin is located in Wiriagar Deep-4 and Vorwata-1wells. Deep neritic-mid neritic (0-50 m) environ-ment in Sungai Ainin outcrop and Ayot-2 well(northwestern) changes to deepening into lowerbathrial (4000 m) in Wiriagar Deep-4 and

Vorwata-1 wells and becomes shallower again intoouter neritic-upper shallower again into outerneritic-upper bathial in Ofaweri-1 well (southeast-ern).

Petroleum system analysis showed that themain hydrocarbon source rock is located in thePermian-Jurrasic Ainim Formation. Shale found inTipuma Formation (Kimbelangan-Bawah) isthought to be secondary source rock Ainim For-mation and Tipuma Formation sandstone isthought to be the main reservoir rock whereasTipuma Formation clay and Jass to be the cap rock.Hydrocarbon mainly accumulated in structuraltrap as the result of Late-Miocene period forma-tion. Kitchen area is mainly found in the southernpart where Ainim Formation source rock is bur-ied by more than 15.000 feet and then migrated toanticline traps in the north.

The study of hydrocarbon resource of Pre-Ter-tiary sediment in the study area succeeded in map-ping 6 potential structure that can be divided into4 leads, 1 prospect, and 1 proven. The computedresource based on this study is speculative, as fol-lows: Wiriagar Deep structure lead has total in-place resource of 98 million cubic feet of gas.Whereas Mogoi Deep prospect gives a total in-place resource of 111 million cubic feet of gas.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

The aim of this study is to give informationconcerning hydrocarbon potential in East NatunaBasin of which the results can be utilized for thepurpose of exploitation in the future. To achievethe aim, the study has the following purpose:- To conduct geological study- To analyze several aspects that support the ex-

istence of petroleum system- To know the potential and distribution of

source rock, reservoir rock, seal rock and hy-drocarbon trap

- To map the potential area for hydrocarbon ex-ploration in East Natuna basin.East Natuna Basin is located in Natuna District

which administratively is part of the Province ofRiau Islands, and it is located in the border of Indo-nesia-Malaysia and Indonesia-Vietnam. The choiceof this basin was based on, among others, the dis-covery of gas, and in addition the region is includedin the category of for development.

In general the study area covers more than85.000 km2, facilitated by 56 seismic cross-sec-tions (16.500 km) in the form of digital data (SegY) and 34 well data. In general the quality of theseismic data is not very good, so that it compli-cates interpretation. Also, there are only 6 wellsthat were provided with checkshoot. Then sup-porting data for biostratigraphic analyses andsource rock potential are also very limited.

The methodology of the study started with lit-erature study and data collection then regional ge-ology analysis and evaluation were conducted toidentify areas with thick and good quality sedi-ment as well as geological evolution that supportsthe presence of oil and gas. Well log analysis, re-gional stratigraphic correlation with well data, seis-mic interpretation and analyses, and regional geo-logical structure were also part of this stage of thestudy.

Based on the above interpretation, structuralcontour and isochrone/isopac maps were pro-

duced. At present condition East Natuna Basin con-sists of several local lows separated by basementrock highs. Orientation of the lows and highs isgenerally north-south bordered by several normalfaults. The faults normally controlled sedimentationof Early-Tertiary rock and parts of the activity con-tinued to Late-Tertiary. Fault movement was prob-ably accompanied by sedimentation particularlytoward the end of Early-Tertiary, namely duringthe formation of Arang Formation. In addition tonormal movement, some larger faults are believedto move horizontally followed by formation ofrelatively vertical fault plane.

Some lows that were formed, among othersaround AV-IX and Serasan-1 wells (5250 msec);southwest of Paus South-1 well (5100 msec);north of Lemadang well (4450 msec); and east ofSokang-1well (3700 mmsec). Other local lowswere also formed, mainly at the depth of around3000 msec, such as found in the west of AC-IX well.Sediment on the lows was separated by severalsequence/subsequence boundary of which thephenomena can generally be followed to the wholebasin. Based on seismic interpretation there are12 sequence boundaries and 11 sedimentation se-quences. Sequence 1 is equivalent to Gabus For-mation, Sequence 2 and 3 are equivalent to ArangFormation, Sequence 4, 5, and 6 are equivalent toMuda Formation.

Seismic facies that developed indicate landtransition sedimentation unit, shallow coast/sea,slope and deep basin. The condition is character-ized by the formation of seismic reflector of low-medium/strong amplitude, somewhat continuousin pregrading clinoform, onlapping, mounded andsheet, particularly younger sediment.

Based on well data boundary correlation wasmade, other than sequence boundary correlation,base rock correlation was also made, but not allwells can be correlated because only Cipta B-1 andAP-IX wells reach the base rock. This sequenceboundary is related with the well and is used as

2D AND 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION IN EAST NATUNA REGION


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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

regional reference for mapping of rocks that havepotential to be source rock, reservoir rock, andseal rock.

Then, aided by biostratigraphic and well data,facies, paleogeographic, and chronostratigraphicmaps can be prepared and the results can be usedfor tracing the evolution of the studied basin byreconstructing in one dimension or two dimen-sions. At this stage 2 Dimension basin modeling ismade to obtain a clearer picture on the petroleumsystem in the basin so that it can be known theareas that have good hydrocarbon potential. Sub-

sequently in the potential areas potential traps aresearches, the traps (P&L) so discovered can beestimated their resources.

East Natuna basin has the form that is relativelyelongated North-South direction and is classifiedas cratonic expansion with an area of about 85,670km2. The geological structure that developed in thisbasin generally has direction of north-south,southwest-northeast, and northwest-southwest. Inthis area only small folds are found and generallythey are associated with lateral faults that tend tothe right and have northwest-southeast direction.

Figure Lead Map of Study Area

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Stratigraphic Sequence Correlation (well log and Biostratigraphy in Southern part of East Natuna Basin

The trends for occurrence of normal faults and atleast the faults intensity indicated that during theMiocene regime the dominant structure in EastNatuna basin was extensional/pulling. Similar toWest Natuna, the tectonic in the eastern and north-ern of East Natuna basin was not active duringPliocene-Pleistocene. However in the southernpart Pliocene aged faults occur, probably relatedto the lowering of the fault and the rate of sedi-mentation in the eastern part. Such acceleration ofsedimentation also results in diaprism in the south-east of the basin.

Sedimentation in this basin began in Oligo-Mi-ocene namely in the form of sedimentation ofGabus Formation that occurred without confor-mity on metamorphic rock of which the materialsoriginated from denudation of the high that existednear the basin. This formation consists of sand-stone, shale, and conglomerates, as well as coal lay-ers at the upper part that were deposited in flu-vial-transition environment.

The sedimentation was followed by depositionof Arang Formation during Early Miocene-Mid Mi-ocene. At transition environment to the sea. Thisformation is composed of layering of sandstone,siltstone, and delta shale up to shallow sea. This for-mation thickened towards the north.

During Mid Miocene–Upper Miocene, due totectonic activities, shelf carbonate environmentgrew in the northern part of the basin that wasthen followed by Terumbu Formation limestonedeposition. Local horsts of reef were found in theupper parts, whereas dolomite developed in thenorthern part of the carbonate shelf. In some placesthese horsts continued to developed until LowerPliocene. In the meantime at relatively the sametime in the southern part of the basin Arang For-mation deposition continued to develop until Up-per–Miocene, so that further to the south TerumbuFormation fingered with Arang Formation.

The youngest formation sedimentation in thebasin occurred in Pliocene–Pleistocene namely inthe form of deposition of fine sediments of MudaFormation in outer neritic that are widely spreadin the whole basin.

The source rock in this basin consisted ofGabus Formation shale and Arang Formation. Basedon the the results of geochemical analyses of somewells in East Natuna basin, it was known that GabusFormation shale has TOC ranging from 0.55% to2.9% with its kerogen type consisting of vitriniteand inertinite, whereas for Arang Formation itsTOC ranged from 0.9% to 3.41% and some thinlayers of coal in this formation has TOC up to

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

55.62%. Thermal maturity of these two formationsin some places has reached mature stage, particu-larly for Gabus Formation.

The most potential reservoir rock in EastNatuna basin is Terumbu Formation Limestoneand Gabus Formation sandstone. Terumbu Forma-tion limestone reservoir developed well only inthe northern part of the basin, generally it is, me-

dium to good with average porosity around 20-32% and average permeability 10-350 mD how-ever it can reach 1700 mD. Gabus Formation lime-stone has relatively good reservoir quality with aporosity reaching 33 mD.

The main seal rock in East Natuna basin isMuda Formation shale which spread in relativelywide area. Arang Formation can act as local seal

Petroleum System Column

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

for the reservoir which is located underneath. Shaleintercalation at sandstone–shale alternation can actas inter formational seal.

Based on 2D modeling, expulsion and migra-tion on source rock is thought to occur at first inLate Miocene and the peak HC formation and mi-gration occurred in Plio–Pleistocene. Present dayHC formation is thought to be still occurring in

deeper areas. The path of migration generally oc-curred through faults as well as up dip layeringboundary plane.

Based on petroleum system evaluation as wellas subsurface mapping, the northern part of EastNatuna.basin is a favorable area for further devel-opment in hydrocarbon exploration.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATIONFOR SHALLOW WELL


Design and engineering of well log instrumen-tation for use in shallow wells (old wells) have beencarried on since the last few years. The aim was tomake a low cost instrument that can be used toexplore oil and gas in old wells with the purpose ofdiscovering the potential hidden in the wells. Theequipment designed consisted of several compo-nents, protective cover, depth measuring instru-ment, pulley and cable, electrical equipment, elec-trical generator and battery. The methodology in

well. Many specialities are required to realize thisprogram activity namely experts in mechanics,electronics, instrumentation, physics, geology, andcomputer control.

In the last several years some components havebeen successfully designed and constructed namelythe pulley and cable, electrical motor depth mea-suring instrument, protective cover, and record-ing unit. Some sensors/probes (sensor with itsprotective cover) have been designed and con-

structed such as electromagneticinduction sensor, gamma rayprobe, sonic probe. The perfor-mance of the probes has beentested in the laboratory and thefield.

The probe that contains elec-tromagnetic sensor has beenfield tested in Ledok 09 well andNgrayong-6 and was found tofunction well. In Ngrayong-6there was already its casing, sothat the electromagnetic induc-tion probe only showed liquidlevel rather than Oil WaterContex (OWC), but for open holetype well the electromagneticprobe can show the OWC. Theprobe that contains gamma ray

and sonic sensors still requires some time for im-provement because it is feared that there are stillsome leaks in the casing that protects it from mudand pressure as well as high temperature.

design and engineering of this instrument beganwith literature study, selection and purchase ofcomponents, testing of performance of the instru-ment in the laboratory, and actual testing in the

Figure L-9Idea of design and engineering of Gamma ray protector

after conducting Ngrayong test

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Currently Indonesia has been entering CoalbedMethane (CBM) era since the execution of PilotProject in Rambutan, South Sumatra Basin. In EastKalimantan province, CBM potential is found inKutai basin and Tarakan basin. The study ofCoalbed Methane potential in East Kalimantan inthe 2009 program was conducted in Kutai basin.This activity forms part of development of basicdata on CBM potential in Indonesia, of which theresults are expected to be useful for supportingthe government in offering CBM energy resource

STUDY OF COALBED METHANE GAS IN EAST KALIMANTAN


potential in the future and can be used as develop-ment of alternative energy in Indonesia.

Balikpapan Formation and Warukan Formationare of Miocene age and comprise major coal bear-ing formation in Kutai basin. Balikpapan Forma-tion has a thickness of 480 m that consists of 22coal seams. The thickness of Balikpapan coal isaround 62 m where each seam has thickness of 2m (Stevens and Hadiyanto, 2004). Warukin For-mation has thickness of more than 1300 m wherethere are around 30 coal seams with thickness of

Figure 4\Log Sensibility Analysis

Figure 5Presentation of Log for CBM Analysis

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

some layers reaching 13 m (Stevens, 2003 unpub-lished report).

The methodology of this study is conducted bytracing the following path: literature study fol-lowed by inventory activity and interpretation ofdata of a number of selected key cross-sections,laboratory analysis, data analysis and evaluation,and reporting.

In the study of coalbed methane potential inEast Kalimantan, analysis was conducted on 31seismic cross-sections and 9 well data. From theresults of seismic and well data analysis, it can bemapped two cycles coal deposition in the studyarea. Coal analysis was also done on 6 subsurface

samples for knowing the level of maturity and themaceral composition. From the results of Gas InPlace computation it was found that the volumeof gas in the two coal deposition cycles in the studyarea is 10.3 TCF for the whole area of the study. Athigh prospect area 1, in place gas volume is 5.5TCF and high prospect area 2 in place gas volumeis nearly 1 TCF.

This activity is part of development of basicdata on CBM potential inventory in Indonesia, par-ticularly in Kalimantan, of which the results can beused to support the government in offering CBMenergy resource potential in the future and can beused as development of alternative energy in Indo-nesia.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF COALBED METHANE AND EORLABORATORY

R & D Division for Exploitation Technologyemail : [email protected]

Considering the increase in interest of oil andgas companies in developing alternative energy,particularly Coalbed Methane (CBM), the role ofCBM laboratory will also increase in providing datathat are required for evaluation of potential andcharacteristics of coal seams as the producer ofmethane gas.

In line with the aim of establishing LEMIGAS–CBM Laboratory, namely to support research anddevelopment of CBM pilot plant in Rambutan Field,South Sumatra, LEMIGAS-CBM Laboratory hasbeen provided with facilities and infrastructureand has capability to conduct various analyses oncoal samples resulting from drilling of five wellsthat were done during the last five years.

This study is the continuation of previous study(2008) that had carried out analysis of samples

from two CBM wells, while in the present study(2009) test was conducted on CBM laboratory datafrom five CBM wells of Rambutan Field on CBM loganalysis equations or vice-versa. This means thatthe present study will give better presentation ofthe potential of Rambutan field as the study area.

The most important and strategic data for thesuccess of a CBM project is the determination ofgas content in the solid coal. In Rambutan Field gascontent determination has given important learn-ing on the quality of the data, thus not only thereadiness of personnel and field laboratory appa-ratus are required but special drilling rig and coalbarrel are also required for CBM testing.

The experience since the beginning of CBMlaboratory establishment in LEMIGAS (as pioneer-ing CBM laboratory in Indonesia) raises realiza-

Picture of Location of Study Area as area for CBM Well Pilot Project, Rambutan Field, South Sumatra

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

tion that competence, mastery of method, equip-ment facilities, and experience in conductinganalysis and evaluation of data are very importantand must continually be improved, so thatLEMIGAS CBM Laboratory will become:

- A realiable laboratory that gives laboratory dataof high accuracy and reliability.

- Gradually, this laboratory will meet all the needsof laboratory data in national and internationalCBM industry.

To achieve the aims, it is important to conductevaluation on LEMIGAS CBM Laboratory capabil-

ity in producing high quality data. The study forincreasing CBM Laboratory capacity is focused onincreasing mastery in analytical method and qual-ity of laboratory data, by doing analysis on coalsamples from all seams of the five CBM wells andconducting repeat analysis on some samples, sothat there is significant addition of data. Thus re-formulation based on old data and new data verifi-cation was also done by conventional CBM loganalysis equation, so that evaluation on the qual-ity of laboratory data can be done and the mostimportant is that it can increase the confident levelon the performance of the CBM laboratory.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Generally coal seams are saturated with wa-ter. Due to the pressure of such water, CBM is heldin the coal seam. Therefore CBM production isclosely related with dewatering process, namelywater is drained from coal seam with the purposeof assisting in disengaging methane gas so that itcan be produced.

In dewatering process, water cannot flow natu-rally, so that artificial lifting is required. In generalthe method for lifting is by using sucker rod pumpsor Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) that is the ba-sis proposed in this research program.

This dewatering process is one of the impor-tant stages in producing CBM, so that it is neces-sary to have appropriate lifting method in line withthe conditions of the well and the fluid to be lifted

OPTIMIZING CBM WELL DEWATERING PUMP


so that the dewatering process occurs at the bestoptimum. If the lifting method applied is not theappropriate one, then the dewatering process be-comes inefficient in the aspects of operation, cost,and time.

This study aims to optimize the dewateringprocess from the aspect of the pump. The method-ology of the study includes literature study sup-ported by the field data by taking samples in CBMfield Rambutan. CBM well in Rambutan Field begandewatering stage in 2008 by using sucker rod pump.

The first pump optimizing was done on exist-ing test with acoustic equipment. From the acous-tic measurement it was known that the pressurein CBM-1 was 223.8 psig, CBM-3 18.1 psig, CBM-4466.5 psig, CBM-5 148.7 psig and liquid level in

each well computedfrom pump intakedepth were, respec-tively 622 ft, 906 ft,1197 ft, and 1647 ft.

The second opti-mizing was by evalu-ating the use of vari-ous type of pumps bytechnical and eco-nomic considerationwhen applied to CBMwell. From several ex-isting pumps availablethose that are suitableform CBM wells areSRP and PCP pumps.

PCP pump workson the principle ofprogressing cavity forapplication in variousconditions. Thispump is capable topump at the rate of 2to 2000 BFPD, pump

Figure xxxCBM Well Diagram

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

effective depth down to 4000 ft, and can lift oil of 5to 50°API gravity. The principle of progressivecavity operation allows the pump to lift varioustypes of fluids, including among others water. It

Figure xxxCoal Bed Methane Development Model

has no valves in the well (internal valving) thatmakes it impossible for gas lock to occur as in thecase of conventional pump.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Report on oil and gas reserves and productionby producing region 01-01-2009 was prepared asan effort to support the Government in executingthe Law on Regional Autonomy and particularlythe Law on Financial Appropriation of the CentralGovernment (Law 33/2004) and Regional Gov-ernment (Law 32/2004). In this case the govern-ment requires information concerning the sharein producing by each district and city all over In-donesia from which it will be known the amountof revenue from oil and gas subsector that mustbe allocated to each producing region.

In determining a region as oil and gas produc-ing region, the main consideration is the presenceof well heads in the respective region. In case afield is crossed by administrative region bound-ary, but data on well heads at each region is notavailable, then the sharing will be computed byvolumetric proportional based on the available nethydrocarbon pay. Then the figure of the split soobtained will be used to determine their respec-tive production allocations.

OIL AND GAS RESERVES INVENTORY AND PRODUCTIONBY PRODUCING REGION OF INDONESIA, 01-01-2009


Regional boundary map of provinces districts(kabupaten) and cities (kota), both for land re-gion and sea region has been determined based onthe maps prepared by Bakosurtanal. The map canchange every time there is expansion of region orestablishment of new region that is agreed by therespective Regional Governments. Marine admin-istrative regional boundary for each Kabupaten/Kota is 0 to 4 nautical miles, while over 12 nauticalmiles it is under the authority of the Central Gov-ernment.

From the study that has been done, based onstatus 01-01-2009 data, there are 61 Kabupaten/Kota regions in 18 Provinces and Central Govern-ment regions (>12 mils) that have proven oil andproduction. The remaining proven reserves on 01-01-2009 was 4,303.15 MMSTB of oil and107,373.40 BSCF of gas, with the total productionof 356.70 MMSTB of oil and 2,820.49 BSCF of gasin 2008.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Application of rock mechanics in upstream oilindustry is still very limited. There are problems indrilling operation in the world such as well boreinstability, that cost USD 100 million per year inexploration and development drilling, including theloss of equipment during drilling. Conventionaltechnique of chemical aspect which in the pastwas of major interest in this problem has nowchanged. Well bore instability has begun to focuson rock mechanics concept.

INCREASING GEOMECHANICAL MODELING CAPABILITY FORDESIGN OF DRILLING AND PRODUCTION


Formations at a certain depth consist of com-pressive stresses, vertical and horizontal, that arecalled pore pressure. When drilling is done on aformation, the load that has been left by the rockmust be born by the surrounding rock. Rocks thathave elastic characteristics will force pressureconcentration towards the well bore. When drill-ing is done on weak formation (easily collapse),the pressure will cause the well bore to collapse.

Pore Pressure Result

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

To avoid the pressure of the pore fluid into thewell bore or collapsible rock hole, a well must befilled with well mud, the weight of the drilling mudmust be adjusted mainly to avoid the pressure ofthe pore fluid whereas the aspect of rock stabilitybecomes of low priority. At good (strong) rockcondition it is not a significant problem, but atrocks or formations that are easily collapse thepossibility of instability is determined by the small-est limit that can be allowed at mud weight andnot on pore pressure.

Drilling mud will cause stress concentrationso that mud specific gravity may not be too highor too low since it may cause hydraulic fractureon the formation, the risk of lost circulation andpossibility of blowout.

In principle there are two types of well borefailure. Compressive failure is caused by incom-patibility of mud gravity and rock strength and thepressures around the well bore. Whereas tensilefailure is caused by excessive mud weight com-pared to the smallest in situ stress.

Comprehensive failure is divided into two parts,the first can cause enlarging of well bore diameterdue to brittle failure and caving on the well holewall. This will become a problem during the ce-menting work and log recording and log interpre-tation. This situation generally occurs on brittlerocks but enlarging of well hole may also causedby erosion, either hydraulic or mechanic, on badlycemented rock. The second is reduction in holediameter which generally occurs on plastic shale,

Sample Fracture Gradient Curve for Eaton Method

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

sandstone, and siltstone. Sometimes chalk has thesame behavior. The phenomenon of well hole re-duction causes drill pipe to get stuck and necessi-tates frequent reaming.

Tensile failure or hydraulic fracturing is knownas there is lost drilling mud. This can be reduced athydraulic pressure in the well hole that causes flowon pore fluid.

Other application of rock mechanics is forovercoming production problem, namely the prob-lem of rock matrix debris that are carried over dur-ing production of fluids (oil, gas, and water) fromoil and gas reservoirs in Indonesia. Sand produc-tion began to occur when the stress born by theformation exceeds the strength of the rock forma-tion. The stress born by sand particles among oth-ers can be caused by tectonic force, overburdenpressure, pore pressure, stress due to drilling, andthe presence of pressure from the formation fluid.Sand problem causes high production cost due tofrequent damage of production equipment suchas pump, compressor, flow-line and separator, andalso quite important is the decrease of productionrate in oil fields that suffer sand problem. In a largerscale, sand problem has impact in the decrease ofnational oil production.

In this research of 2009 budget, the aim is toprepare a software related to geomechanical mod-

eling to overcome unstability in well hole and sandproblem by using rock mechanics data.

Determination of pore pressure and determi-nation of fracture gradient by three methods,namely Hubbert and Willis, Penhaker and Eatonwere applied into the software by using rock me-chanics data such as poisson ratio. Then the porepressure and fracture gradient data were plottedat a certain depth with equivalent mud weight(EMW) unit, namely ppg (lb/gal

On the two curves that are obtained, namelypore pressure and fracture gradient, a range ofvalue will be obtained for the allowable mud weightwindow at each depth interval and casing depthselection.

To see the reliability of the software so pre-pared, data of a well in East Kalimantan region thathas sandstone formation were applied to deter-mine the range of allowable mud weight. Data fromwell log, namely resistivity, density and sonic(acoustic) were used to estimate pore pressureand then with the three methods mentioned abovethe fracture gradient was determined. From thethree well log data, all gave good pore pressureand fracture gradient curves for determining theallowable mud weight to ensure good stability ofthe well bore.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Currently cement that is required for cement-ing operation of well is supplied from domesticsources. However there is still found, directly orindirectly, the in ability of the cement to functionas required. This inability of the cement is causedby the varied conditions in well bore. Thereforethe cement must be mixed with suitable additivesin order to obtain optimum cementing result, wherecurrently the additives are mostly imported ma-terial.

The present study investigates the effect of theuse of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) as expanding agentadditive with varied composition addition andtemperature of conditioning on class G cement (OilWell Cement), among others chemical propertiesof the additive, physical properties of the cementpulp, particularly comprehensive strength, bond-ing, and permeability.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a substance foundin dolomite rock and functions to increase thestrength of cement rock in oil and gas well cement-ing, particularly at high temperature and pressure.

The objective of this study is to enable the useof dolomite, that is a natural resource plentifullyfound in Indonesia, as additive for drilling cement

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON CEMENTEXPANDING AGENT MATERIAL


without reducing the quality of cementing result.The aim is to solve the problem of unsatisfac-

tory sealing of well bore.The methodology used is laboratory test by

referring to procedure and equipment specified inAPI Spec 10 (Specification for Materials and Test-ing of Well Cements) as well as SNI BSN.

The results obtained from this study of cementmaterial expanding agent, consist of:- Addition of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) composi-

tion on drilling cement has great influence onthe comprehensive strength and bond strengthof cement rock.

- Magnesium Oxide (MgO) is a special additivethat can be used for wells with high tempera-ture and pressure condition.

- Optimum addition composition for expandingagent is 5%.

- Comprehensive strength tends to decrease ifadditive material composition percentage in-creases in the cement suspension but shearbond strength increases.

- Natural dolomite is quite suitable for use as ex-panding agent for temperature of up to 200°C.

Mixing Device Fann VG MeterHPHT Pressurized

Consistometer

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE DISTRIBUTION IN CARBONATERESERVOIR BASED ON PRODUCTION DATA AND OIL AND GAS

FIELD TEST DATA


from fracture data in the well bore. Fracture datafrom well bore is taken from well test data (if ex-ist) or simulated from production data. The methodused is by utilizing available calculus methods thatare taken at steep slope. Physically, the field thathas high production fracture would fall into lowproduction, so that the slope falls quickly. Since noformal SPE method is available, while the domi-nant data available are production data, then in thiscase the author provides calculus and geostaticmethods for conducting simulation. It is much rec-ommended that the data obtained are correlatedwith fracture data from well test.

Carbonate reservoirs have specific propertiesand characteristics in that they have high level ofheterogeneity compared to sandstone reservoirs.Field data indicated that their porosity and perme-ability varied but still following a correlation. Char-acteristics of fracture reservoirs are defined by thepresence of two different porous media that aredefined as fracture and matrix. Warren–Root in-troduced two dual porosity parameters with pa-rameter approach on single porosity. There are twoconcepts for flow in fracture reservoirs namelyinter-porosity flow and storage capacity ratio.

In the oil and gas fields, we would like data offracture distribution that is simulated

Variogram

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

After fracture data from each well are obtained,well coordinates must certainly be converted intomatrix coordinates for krieging simulation com-putation. Capitalizing on three data pairs (x, y, frac-ture), we can do krieging simulation with variousvariograms that we have,

After the variograms achieved matching, thankrieging simulation can be carried out and distri-bution will be obtained in the form of 2D map aswell as fracture results on 200x200 excel matrix.The 2D distribution pattern must be followed upby the geologist so that the mathematical distribu-

tion pattern can be accounted for. In the meantime, fracture product in excel matrix is the resultof computation based on quantitative simulation.Retransformation of the coordinates into field co-ordinates must be done to make the data havephysical meaning.

The result of this software is known fracturedistribution in a certain reservoir layer based onoil and gas field production data so that it will helpin making decision concerning the need to increasethe number of wells or further feed development.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

DESIGN OF MUD FOR OVERCOMING DEPOSITION OF MUDMATERIAL OR FORMATION DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE


The challenge to have higher production of oiland gas forces oil industry to carry out drilling inzones that have higher temperature and pressure.Such drilling is not without constraints that arecaused by the complex conditions in the forma-tion in addition tothe high tempera-ture and pressure.One effort to over-come problem indeep well drilling isby designing a drill-ing fluid (mud) pro-gram that can mini-mize drilling prob-lems in the field thatare caused by usinginappropriate drill-ing fluid on a forma-tion.

L a b o r a t o r ypreparation of drill-ing fluid was done toobtain a drilling fluidthat can sustain hightemperature andpressure as well asformation contami-nation. This requiresselection of additive types particularly the onesthat can endure high temperature and pressure andare compatible with each others, where the mudis formulated at various specific gravities, up toexceeding SG 3.0 or 16.7 lb/gas. The resulting mudis not expected to experience deposition due to de-crease in additive function and contamination.

Shale expansion by Various Kind of Mud

It is hoped that from this research it will beobtained information concerning the advantagesand disadvantages of each product so that if canbe used to improve the design and functions ofdrilling fluid in the field particularly those that areused in deep well drilling.

The study was done by using two types of mud,namely water base mud and oil base mud. Oil thatwas used to prepare OBM was obtained from for-eign company Shell as well as local product fromdomestic source.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Survey results show that scale is a problem com-monly found in Indonesia. Scale is one of the causesof several problems in oil and gas production inIndonesia because it can cause: formation dam-age, blockage of tubing, well holes or perforationhole, and blocking of flowline. For this purpose astudy was conducted with the aim to investigatethe cause of scale formation in oil fields in Sumatraand to study the technique to prevent and handlescale formation in oil fields that have tendency tohave scale. It is hoped that this study will be usefulto obtain solution of the scale problem so that itwill not obstruct oil and gas production in Sumatraand assist the government in determining inhibi-tors that are safe for the environment and com-patible with the oil fields of Sumatra.

In execution of the activity, data inventory wasdone in oil fields in Sumatra, covering NorthSumatra, Riau, Jambi, and South Sumatra and tak-ing samples from oil fields in South Sumatra,namely Gunung Kemala and Beringin fields. In ad-dition to sampling, scale inhibitors were also col-lected (one from Pertamina and two from vendors)for testing in the laboratory.

Scale tendency analysis of all fields in Sumatrashowed that the main cause of scale in Sumatra isCaCO3. All fields did not show indications of CaSO4.There are only two fields that recorded Ba++ ionand all do not show tendency to form CaSO4 de-posit.

Samples so taken were analyzed for theirchemical contents and scale tendency analysis wasdone on samples from those oil fields. From evalu-

STUDY ON THE CAUSE OF SCALE FORMATIONIN OIL FIELDS IN SUMATRA


ation of scale tendency it was selected the scalefrom Beringin field for use as the media for scaleinhibitor test.

All scale inhibitor showed relatively similarperformance at the recommended dose (5-10ppm). Scale inhibitor A showed the best perfor-mance, but addition of more scale inhibitor causesdecrease in inhibitor effectiveness. Addition ofscale inhibitor did not show improvement in per-formance in fact caused decrease in performanceof inhibitor A and C, so that it is recommended toalways do inhibitor injection in accordance withthe recommended dose. Inhibitor B showed thebest performance of the three.

Since the main cause of scale is CaCO3 it is rec-ommended to prevent scale by using inhibitor sincethe well first begin production. Scale inhibitor mustbe injected near perforation zone so that it canprevent scale from very early stage to avoid sub-surface scale formation. Inhibitor to be used shouldbe directed to prevent CaCO3 deposition as ob-tained from severe selection by laboratory test.This is in order to avoid scale formation due to ex-cessive addition of inhibitor.

To tackle scale that has already formed it is rec-ommended to first clean up hydrocarbon deposi-tion that has covered the scale by use of hydrocar-bon solvent before dissolving the scale with acid.Then dissolution is done by use of HCl at appropri-ate dose in line with the thickness of the scale byusing corrosion inhibitor to protect the pipe. Theformula use is 318 gallon of 15% HCl for each ft3 ofscale in the pipe.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Current advance in EOR technology has cre-ated a variety of new methods that have neverbefore been applied. CO2 flooding or CO2 injectioninto the earth for the purposes of increasing in-cremental recovery of oil has been popular inAmerica since 1970s. The method does not onlyoffer oil recovery but also can be servedas a means of storage of CO2 in geologi-cal formation to reduce CO2 emission inthe atmosphere. The aim of this researchis to produce a simple and efficient CO2

EOR sequestration worksheet in select-ing the potential of depleted reservoirsin Indonesia, that numbers in thousandsfor CO2 EOR sequestration need.

The key elements in the worksheetconsist of technical and economic as-pects. The two aspects are combined toevaluate the potential of CO2 EOR seques-tration implementation in an oil field. Thetechnical performance of CO2 flooding iscomputed separately by using a simplestreamline simulation before its results isused as input in the worksheet. Certaincase study that has been done beforehandby using detailed numerical simulator isused to validate the output of streamlinesimulation by comparing the recoveryfactor. The amount of trapped CO2 is ob-tained by deduction of total volume ofinjected CO2 with the volume of CO2 thatcome out of the producing well. The trap-ping of CO2 in EOR operation is causedby the presence of various types of trap-ping mechanism that work on the reser-voir. But in the simulator that was usedthis time most of the trapping mechanismis dominated by residual trapping. And itis reported from the result of simulation92600 MMSCF of CO2 is trapped at the

WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING CO2 EOR SEQUISTRATIONPOTENTIAL IN INDONESIA


end of the project period with additional recov-ery of oil of 4.52% of the original oil in place(OOIP).

In the past, CO2-EOR utilization was regardedas a high cost investment due to the following rea-sons:

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

- Uncertainty in reservoir condition with respectto failure and cost of investment

- Operator over designed CO2-EOR due to lack ofexperience and fear of high level of corrosion

- Generally CO2-EOR is funded 100% by owncapital and the income can only pay back theinvestment in 11 years or over.Such condition is not different for this time, as

in the case study of economic evaluation of CO2-EOR development in Jene Field. From the result ofcomputation, capital investment that covers con-struction utilities and auxiliaries, constructionhousing and welfare, production facilities, mov-ables and development wells requires MM$ 19.3.Production facilities development cost is 39% ofthe total cost, namely MM$ 7.5, total well develop-ment for water injection and CO2 injection is 34%or MM$ 6.7. Whereas operating cost expressed acost per unit production of oil, namely operatingcost $ 2.75 per bbl and CO2 supply $3.25 per bbl.

With the above assumptions computation canbe made based on Standard PSC model of incre-

mental oil income versus cost expenditure, thenwith a cumulative production of 6.2 million bar-rels and investment cost of MM$ 19.3, CO2-EORdevelopment in Jene Field gives the following eco-nomic indicators: (1) Contractor DCF Rate of Re-turn 62.5% (ROR by Incremental Oil), (2) Contrac-tor Net Present Value $15.1 MM, (3) POT 2.67years, (4) Government of Indonesia NPV $91.4 MM.From the above economic indicators CO2-EORsequestration project for Jene Field based on in-cremental oil is feasible.

In conclusion, the worksheet so prepared hassimplified the computation process compared toby use of detailed numerical reservoir simulatorand more complex economic evaluation. Muchtime can be saved and less work done when doinginitial screening of CO2-EOR sequestration poten-tial by this worksheet. However, when potentialreservoir has been found, it is recommended to doadvanced stage reservoir simulation and more de-tailed economic evaluation in order to have ahigher degree of confidence.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

PREPARATION OF SURFACTANT FOR APPLICATIONIN DISPLACEMENT OF OIL BY CHEMICAL INJECTION


The background of this research are severalproblems, among others the decrease in oil pro-duction that occurs in practically all oil fields inIndonesia since 1995, while it is not a simple mat-ter to discover oil reserves in new field, the in-crease in domestic demand of energy, and the highcost of world oil requires that enhanced oil recov-ery technology is absolutely necessary to imple-ment in old oil fields that still have sufficientamount of remaining oil in the reservoir.

One of EOR methods that are currently devel-oping is chemical injection. The chemicals usedare alkali, surfactant, and polymer. The use of sur-factant is to reduce interface tension between oiland water. Supply of demand of surfactant for EORat national scale has not well developed thereforeresearch on surfactant preparation for enhancedoil recovery by chemical injection is conducted.

The main aim of the research is to prepare sur-factant with better formula for chemical injectionapplication. The research is planned for 5 years.For the first year, research is limited to know thecorrelation between the characteristics of surfac-tant content and results of screening test of sev-

eral existing surfactant for enhanced oil recovery.The methodology of this research consists of

three stages, namely screening test, surfactantcharacterization, and analysis of correlation be-tween screening test results with the result of sur-factant content characterization. It is hoped toobtain information on the surfactant raw materi-als that can produce surfactant of high effective-ness.

The research was done with 10 surfactanttypes that so far have resulted in relatively high oilrecovery in chemical flooding test, oil samplesfrom Ogan field with a viscosity of 15 cP at 70°Cand shear rate of 75.

Compatibility test resulted in incompatibilitybetween surfactant solution with formation wa-ter at 15000 and 30000 ppm as shown by the for-mation of lumps or particles and insoluble surfac-tant in the formation water.

The test results show that there are two sur-factants that have IFT of around 103 whereas theothers vary from 10-2 to 10-1 dyne/cm. The com-plete results are shown in Table 9.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Thermal stability test was carried out at 70°Cfor 60 days. Qualitative as well as quantitative testswere done. Qualitative test was done by observingthe physical change that occurred on the solution,whereas quantitative test by measuring IFT peri-odically during certain heating and comparingwith IFT before heating. As the case with compat-ibility test, this test showed that some surfactantsare affected by temperature.

Ten samples of surfactants were analyzed byGC-MS. Nine out of the ten surfactants contain fattyacid methyl ester (fatty acid ethyl ester) and fattyacid component. Whereas one surfactant (CS2000) does not contain such components from theresults it can be estimated that it is anionic typesurfactant of ester sulfonate. This type has the fol-lowing structure:

R1-CH(SO3-Na+)-COOR2 or R1-CH(SO3-Na+)-COO-Na+

Surfactants have two active sides, namely po-lar and non-polar, GC-MS analysis does not allowpolar side (water) to be included in the analysis sothat the sample was extracted with chemical sol-vent and the polar site was analyzed. This extrac-tion treatment allow short carbon branch to bewith polar part and thus was not included in theanalysis.

Surfactants have two active sides, namely po-lar and non-polar, GC-MS analysis does not allowpolar side (water) included in the analysis so thatthe sample was extracted with chemical solventand the polar site was analyzed. This extractiontreatment allow short carbon branch to be withpolar part and thus not included in the analysis.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

A. TARGETS

The targets of downstream oil and gas researchand development activities execution in 2009 areas depicted in Table 10.

The focus on execution of research activitiesthat are conducted in 2009 is more on the achieve-ment of research and development targets on de-velopment of oil and gas processing technologyand their processing products. The distribution ofeach program target achievement is shown in theelaboratorion of each oil and gas downstream R/Dprogram described below.

The achievement of oil and gas donstream R/D program targets that cover 14 research titles,where 48.3 percent of the research activitiesachieved the targets of development of processingtechnology of oil and gas and their products, whichamong others cover:

- Research and development of small scale gas toliquid,

- Desulfurization of oil fuels by Membrane danAdsorption Method,

- Study for Preparation of Skid Mounted Mem-brane for Field Aplication,

- Research on Characterization and Utilizationof Coal Liquefaction Products,

- Study for Optimizing of Modeling of Local CrudeBased New Refinery for Reducing Oil Fuel Defi-cit (Simulation and Modeling).

- Study of the Effect of Gasoline Volatility onOther Characteristics and Engine Performance,

- Study on the Effect of Pure Plant Oil (PPO) asDiesel Generator Engine Fuel on Deposits,

- Study on the Utilization of Plant Oil fromKisamir Seeds as Fuel Alternative to Kerosene,

- Research on Aromatic Content in Diesel Oilfor Development of Indonesian Diesel OilSpecifications,

· Study on Compatibility of Mixture of MineralBased Lubricating Oil with Plant Oil as BasedLubricating Oil for Motor Vehicle Engine,

- Formulation of Environment Friendly Lubri-cating Grease,

- Formulation of Manual Transmission Lubri-cating Oil for Heavy Duty Vehicle,

- Ecological Evaluation of the Results of Moni-toring of Oil and Gas Industry Activities,

- Inventory and Identification (Fingerprint) ofCrude Oils that Have Potential to Pollute Indo-nesia Marine Environment.Biofuel Technology Development Program

achieved 20.7% that covers the following re-search activities:- Study on Production of Aquatic

Chlorophyceae Microbe Biomass in TubePhoto-bioreactor (Pilot plant) as Raw Mate-rial for Biofuel,

- Study on Development of Plant Oil BasedGreen Fuel in the Framework of Energy Di-versification,

- Optimizing of Ethanol and Butanol Produc-tion as Alternative Energy through Fermen-tation Process,

CHAPTER 3. OIL AND GAS DOWNSTREAM R/D PROGRAMS

No. OIL AND GAS DOWNSTREAM R/D PROGRAM% TARGETS

2009

1 Development of Oil and Gas Processing Technology and Their Processing Products 48,30%

2 Development of Biofuel Technology 20,70%

3 Development of Natural Gas Storage and Transportation Technology 17,20%

4 CO2 Emission Reduction 13,80%

Table 10Achievement of Target, Oil and Gas Downstream R/D Activities 2009

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

- Optimizing of Biodiesel Production Process,- Study on the Effect of Application of Pure Plant

Oil (PPO) as Fuel for Diesel Generator on En-gine Deposit,

- Research on Aromatic Content in Diesel Oil inthe Framework of Development of IndonesiaDiesel Oil Specification.Biofuel Technology Development Program

achieved 20.7% that covers the following researchactivities:- Study on Production of Aquatic Chlorophyceae

Microbe Biomass in Tube Photo-bioreactor(Pilot Plant) as Raw Material for Biofuel,

- Study on Development of Plant Oil Based GreenFuel in the Framework of Energy Diversifica-tion,

- Optimizing of Ethanol and Butanol Productionas Alternative Energy through FermentationProcess,

- Optimizing of Biodiesel Production Process,- Study on the Effect of Application of Pure Plant

Oil (PPO) as Fuel for Diesel Generator on En-gine Deposit.

- Research on Aromatic Content in Diesel Oil inthe Framework of Development of IndonesiaDiesel Oil Specification.

The achievement of oil and gas dowstream pro-gram target in development of gas storage andtransportation technology is 17.2% of where theactivities cover:

- Feasibility Study of Natural Gas for Small ScaleFertilizer Plant,

- Research on Separation of Natural Gas Contami-nants by Nano Technology

- Development of Techno Economic Model forCoalbed Methane Utilization,

- Design of Preparation of Bioadsorbent for Stor-age of Gas in Gas Fuel Cylinder,

- Preparation of Corrosion Inhibitor Formulationfrom Palm Oil Waste.

The CO2 Emission Reduction Program reached13.8% that covers:- Study on the Effect of Gasoline Volatility on

Other Characteristics and Engine Performance,- Study on the Effect of Pure Plant Oil (PPO) as

Diesel Oil Generator on Engine Deposit,- Study on Aromatic Content of Diesel Oil in the

Framework of Development of Indonesian Die-sel Oil Specification,

- Study on the Effect of Biodiesel Fuel in Reduc-ing CO2 and Particulate Emission.

B. OUTPUTS

In general the output of downstream oil andgas research program consisted of 1 pilot plant inthe form of bioadsorbent preparation design thatis expected to become a model for facilitating natu-ral gas distribution to areas that are not yetreached by pipeline. Patent applications amount-ing to 3 activities, patent application on Design ofBioadsorbent Preparation for Storage of Gas in CNGCylinder, patent application on Preparation of Cor-rosion Inhibitor Formulation from Palm Oil Wasteand research on Separation of Natural Gas Con-taminants by Nano Technology.

However there are some other activities inaddition to producing patents there are eight policyinputs to the government such as optimizing ofbiodiesel production process, optimizing produc-tion of ethanol and butanol as alternative energythrough fermentation process, gas to liquid con-version, separation of natural gas contaminants bynano technology, utilization of coalbed methane,completion of test of aromatic contents in dieseloil marketed in Indonesia, and limited performancetest and endurance test in diesel oil that has im-pact on CO2 content reduction, and modeling studyfor optimation of local crude oil based new refin-ery that will have impact on the reduction of oilfuel deficit that also supports government policyin solving the problem of energy scarcity. From allthose researches of LEMIGAS in oil and gas down-stream sector, those that have been published andin the process for publication reached 24%.

C. OUTCOMES

The results related to alternative energy devel-opment greatly support government program inovercoming energy scarcity problem, one of whichis the result of research activity that is related tobiofuel technology. In addition to developingbiofuel technology, LEMIGAS downstream pro-grams also produce activities that are focused onoil and gas processing technology and gas storage

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

and transportation technology. These activities cangive solution to producing alternative fuels to sub-stitute crude oil that is decreasing in availability.Green diesel production technology that is basedon crude oil processing in its application can befed together with such feed as crude oil fractionsfor processing into more valuable products.

In the case of gas distribution to difficult toreach areas, the research on bioadsorbent designfor gas storage in gas fuel cylinders is expected tobecome one of the solutions to the problem. Con-sidering from the aspect of the produced energyquality, one of the activities in downstream re-search in LEMIGAS has published a more efficienttechnique in gas purification by adsorbent that ismade by nano technology.

The outcome of the donstream oil and gas re-search activities also covers:

- Patent application for Design of Bioadsorbentfor Gas Storage and Transportation in Gas FuelCylinder that is hoped to become a model in dis-tribution of natural gas to areas that cannot yetbe reached by pipeline network.

- Patent application for Preparation of Corro-sion Inhibitor Formulation from Palm OilWaste. This patent application will have impacton solution of corrosion problem and improvegas transportation technology.

- The activity of Research and Development ofSmall Scale Gas to Liquid as an input to govern-ment policy has impact on increasing the tech-nology for natural gas conversion into organicliquid products such as methanol and ammoniathat have better economic value.

- Development of Techno-Economic Model forUtilization of Coalbed Methane as an input togovernment policy has impact of gas utiliza-tion economic evaluation, so that it can be ex-pected that such gas utilization will give finan-cial income for the government.

- The results of Study on the Utilization of NanoTechnology for Separation of Natural Gas Con-taminants is ecpected to be able to overcomethe problem of improving natural gas quality,so that the quality of natural gas produced hashigh selling price.

- The results of limited performance test and en-durance test on exhaust gas emission, wherethe aromatic content (total aromatic andpolyaromatics) in diesel oil need to be limitedin Indonesia diesel oil specification, so that thequality of diesel oil can be improved.Out of 25 activities in LEMIGAS downstream

research, 3 results have been published and 6 arebeing proposed and these cover Research on Sepa-ration of Natural Gas Contaminants with Nano Tech-nology, Development of Techno-Economic Modelfor Utilization of Coalbed Methane, and Design ofPreparation of Bioadsorben for Storage of Gas inGas Fuel Cylinders. Up to April 2010, 3 oil and gasdownstream researches were in process for pub-lication. Out of all LEMIGAS research activities indownstream sector, those that have been publishedand in process of publication amounting to 24%.

D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES

The activities of oil and gas downstream re-search and development activities are describedin the following summaries.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

The condition of Indonesia oil refineries atpresent and the rate of increase in oil fuel con-sumption that is 4.37% per year, will raise highdeficit in oil fuel from year to year. At the sametime, there occurs a phenomenon of fluctuationand unpredictable world crude oil price. Althoughbased on crude oil balance and existing refineriescapacity, there is no more domestic crude oil re-maining for processing in domestic refineries, al-though there are still some allocated for exportwhere most of the crude oil allocated for export

STUDY OF OPTIMIZING LOCAL CRUDE OIL BASED NEW REFINERYFOR REDUCING OIL FUEL DEFICIT

R & D Division for Process Technologyemail : [email protected]

are KKKS right. Therefore a study needs to be doneon the possibility of utilization of ex-KKKS crudeoil as feed for a new refinery.

Based on the results of the study in 2008, itwas found that the most possible crude for feed ofa new refinery are Minas and Duri crudes to theamount of 96.000 and 54.000 BSD or a total of150.000 BSD (150 MBSD). With information theprediction of oil fuels demand and their types upto 2030 from Indonesia Energy Outlook, the pro-posed new refinery is studied with a variety of

Flowdiagram of Work Stages

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

configurations with several alterna-tive configurations to optimize oilfuel yield with balanced gasoline anddiesel oil yields.

To produce gasoline, refinerywith FCC route is the best alterna-tive. On the other hand refinerywith Hydrocracking route will giveoptimum diesel oil production.Therefore to produce balancedgasolne and diesel oil products, analternative consideration is to com-bine the two routes, FCC and Hydro-cracking.

In this study, the 3 alternativerefinery routes were evaluated and

optimized to produce highest quantity oil fuel with oil fuel quali-ties that are in accord with WWFC criteria. The software used inthis study is PetroPlan™ version 2.8 that has facilities and flexibilityin formulating and analyzing each alternative of proposed refineryconfiguration.

For gasoline producing refinery, 2 alternative configurationswere obtained namely FCC route with Bensin 88 and FCC routewithout Bensin 88. For diesel oil producing refinery HCU configu-ration was obtained and for diesel oil and gasoline refinery FCC +HCU configuration. The units used in these configuration are asshown in the following Table 11.

Determination of the best configuration of the four alterna-tives will have to go through more detailed economic study in 2010.

With

Bensin 88

Bensin91 84.281 93.615 18.703 56.862

Bensin88 10.545 - - 5.476

Diesel52 13.046 13.046 - -

Diesel53 - - 54.448 -

Diesel55 - - 41.050 64.531

Total BBM 107.872 106.661 114.201 126.869

Total BBM% 71,91% 71,11% 76% 85%

Type

Yield (Barrel/day)

FCC

HCU FCC+HCUWithout Bensin 88

Yield of oil fuels (BBM) from each refinery configuration are asin following Table 12.

Unit FCC HCUFCC+HCU

CDU GOHTU GOHTU2 NHDT Isomerator GasoHTU DHDT1 DHDT2 DHDT3 Reformer FCCU HCU Coker

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

The high dependence of Indonesia on oil fuels(BBM) has put greater load on the governmentwhen world oil price continues to increase, thatreaches US$ 70 per barrel in August 2005, becauseof the increasing subsidy that must be given bythe government to the national oil fuel price. Thegovernment in the end decided to reduce oil fuelsubsidy which resulted in increasing national oilfuel price that was done in two stages namely inMarch and October 2005. This resulted in quitesignificant decrease in oil fuels consumption. Ac-cording to Pertamina record, total daily consump-tion of oil fuels decreased by 27% after the increasein oil fuels price on 1 October 2005, namely from191,0 thousand kiloliter per day to 53,6 thousand

OPTIMIZING OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCTION ASALTERNATIVE ENERGY THROUGH FERMENTATION PROCESS


kiloliter per day. Whereas premium consumptiondecreased quite sharply, namely 35.8% from 53,4thousand kiloliter to 33.7 thousand kiloliter perday. The cause of this consumptiopn decrease isthought to be the increase in selectiveness of thepublic in deciding daily activities to safe oil fuelconsumption.

Considering that conditions, the governmentannounced a plan to reduce Indonesia’s dependenceon oil fuels and issued President of Republic Indo-nesia Regulation No. 5 of 2006 concerning NationalEnergy Policy to develop alternative energysources as substitutes to oil fuels. This policy stipu-lates renewable resources such as plant fuels as al-ternative energy to substitute oil fuels.

Gas chromatography analysis of bioethanol and biobutanol

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Indonesia has very great potential for produc-ing bioethanol and biobutanol considering thatthese plant fuels can take advantage of the geo-graphical conditions and the raw materials forplant oils which are available in various plants inIndonesia. Some of the plants, among others, aresugar cane, beet, corn, wheat, and cassava. It ishoped that through this research bioethanol andbiobutanol can be produced by utilizing an agri-culture product, namely cassava (singkong), sothat it can solve the problem of fossil fuel crisis inIndonesia.

This research is a study on development ofbioprocess in effort to produce bioethanol andbiobutanol by the aid of microorganism activities.The bioethanol and biobutanol so produced canthen be used in alternative energy utilization ac-tivities.

From the research that has been performed itcan be reported the results found. The result of

purification experiments in bioethanol andbiobutanol production optimization as alternativeenergy through fermentation process showed thatpercentage of ethanol obtained was 97,15% of thetotal work volume, whereas for butanol it was94,46% of the total work volume.

From the result of this research, it is hoped togive input to the government concernning the tech-nology for processing agricultural products, in thiscase cassava, with fermentation system that in-volves microbes for producing bioethanol andbiobutanol as biofuel.

With the availability of agricultural productfermentation technology for producing bioethanoland biobutanol it is expected to give added value inthe form of biofuel, so that it can reduce the de-pendence on fossil fuels. This is in line with Presi-dent of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 5of 2006 concerning National Energy Policy fordeveloping alternative energy as substitute for oilfuels.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

In general the main energy source used in In-donesia originated from crude oil (fossil fuels).However Indonesia’s demand on oil fuels (BBM)keeps increasing from year to year so that it isnecessary to import them because domestic sup-ply can no more be satisfied by refineries, par-ticularly diesel oil (Solar).

Due to the decrease in crude oil reserves andalso environmental considerations as well as theneed to satisfy oil fuel demand, it is necessary toseek ways to find alternative energy as substituteto oil fuels, particularly diesel oil and also in theframework of energy diversification. Biodiesel isa potential candidate as substitute for crude oiloriginating diesel oil, because it has similar char-acteristics with the fossil based diesel oil.

Biodiesel can be used as a blend in diesel fuel ina proportion and/or be directly used withoutmodification of vehicles engine.

To produce biodiesel that meets the establishedspecification, efficiently and economically, it isnecessary to do more advanced research and de-velopment by use of plant based raw material. Also

OPTIMIZING OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS


it is necessary to add and develop the processingunit in the pilot plant that is already available.

However, due to much complaints frombiodiesel users in its use as fuel in diesel engines,then direct research by using biodiesel or its blend(BXX) in motor vehicles must be done so that it ispossible to know the problems that occur.

One of the problem is that the technique ofblending biodiesel to diesel oil may cause problemin vehicle engine performance. This is also neces-sary for conditions where no biodiesel blendingfacilities are available in a certain area. In this re-search, blending technique was done by splashingand it was done directly in the fuel tank of dieselengined motor vehicle. The blending techniquesinvestigated were:

- Blending where biodiesel is charged first intothe fuel tank and then diesel oil (fossil) at a cer-tain ratio (B20)

- Blending where biodiesel is charged last intothe fuel tank after diesel oil (fossil) at certainratio (B20).

Blend of biodiesel in diesel oil (B20) where the diesel oil is added last in biodiesel

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Road test was conducted with Isuzu Panthervehicle to see the effect on vehicle engine perfor-mance and also to test the exhaust gas emission. Itis hoped that during the operation of the vehiclethere occurs agitation or mixing of fuel blend. Theresult of the experiment showed that flash blend-ing technique by charging the biodiesel last afterthe diesel oil caused fuel filter blocking longer com-pared to splashing technique by charging biodieselfirst before diesel oil. This is probably caused bythe fact that biodiesel is heavier than diesel oil, sothat blending with the condition where biodieselis charged first causes the mixing incomplete andnot homogeneous. The possibility of the cause offuel filter blocking is the formation of polymercompound from ester due to the presence of doublebonds in the raw material.

The results of exhaust gas emission test showedby opacity indicated that vehicle that usedbiodiesel (B20) has lower opacity (36.20%) whilevehicle that used diesel oil (B00) gives opacity of56.30%. Maximum threshold limit for opacity ac-cording to regulation is 40%.

In principle the resulting biodiesel productmeets specification equivalent to diesel oil (Solar).What must still be developed is the problem of op-erational conditions and process technology togive good quality biodiesel to reduce problems thatmay arise in the use as fuel in diesel engined mo-tor vehicle. The result of the execution of this re-search will be used as feed back for improving orincreasing the operational conditions of the pilotplant and also for increasing the quality of biodieselthat conforms to applicable specification.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

At present many research and developmentsof alternative energy are conducted with organicmatters as the base materials. One of the base ma-terials that is potential and relatively lately beingdeveloped is microalgae biomass of aquaticchlorophyceae, that comprises collection ofmicroalgae cells that in themselves contain plenti-ful of algae oil. Microalgae are relatively easy toproliferate in lands that are not very large with thesupport of CO2 gas, water and sunshine. Sun rayacts as energy in photosynthetic process, namelyas energy to support the biochemical process ofsugar formation as the reaction product betweenCO2 and water in microalgae cells. The result ofmicroalgae proliferation is the formation of algaebiomass that has potential oilcontent as the base material forbiofuel

The aim of this activity is toconduct a study on the utiliza-tion of aquatic microalgaechlorophyceae as the base ma-terial for manufacture ofbiofuel. It began with cultiva-tion and activation of severalaquatic Chlorophyceae mi-crobes in a growth media. Fromthis activity the biomass so pro-duced was evaluated. Parallelwith such activity, preparationand provision of test facilitiesare made in the form of tubephotobioreactor for growingpotential Chlorophyceae. Thenafter a conditioned growth fa-cility is obtained evaluation ismade regarding its biomass pro-duction. The resulting biomasswas separated from the growthmedia and then processed to

STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC CHLOROPHYCEAEMICROBE BIOMASS IN TUBE REACTOR (PILOT PLANT)

AS BIOFUEL RAW MATERIAL


obtained plant oil and residue. The plant oil is col-lected for use as biodiesel base material, while theresidue can be used as base material for manufac-ture of bioethanol. The residue of the bioethanolprocess is then processed as animal feed or or-ganic fertilizer. Thus the activity of this study op-erates under the principle of zero waste.

In this study several media were used for mi-crobial growth, namely PHM media, BG-11 me-dia, BBM media, “simple 1” media, and “simple 2”media. This test media were used to see the growthof several chlorophyceae microalgae to producebiomass. This microalgae is known to have thepotential to produce fat up to 40% dry weight ofbiomass.

Graph Optical Density of mix microalgae in media “simple 2”with CO

2 treatment

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

The result of the research shows that out ofthe four species of microalgae chlorophyceae be-ing tested it was found that microalgae of the typeScenedesmus sp has the best growth compared toother microalgae growth. From the media beingtested for microalgae growth the media “simple 2”showed the highest result and additionally hasmore economic value then other media that wereused. The use of CO2 for microalgae media aera-tion produced microalgae mass better than themedia without CO2 aeration.

From the research it can be concluded thatmicroalgae that is quite potential for microalgaeoil production is the one of the type Scenedesmussp (S.dimorphus and S.quadricaude) in line withobservation on its optical density that is greaterthan other miroalgae. “Simple 2” media is quitegood for the growth of “Mix” microalgae (domi-nated by Scenedesmus sp in producting biomass.Test by using CO2 will result in better productionof microalgae biomass compared to the one with-out using CO2.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

The need for fuel currently continues to in-crease particularly in the transportation sector dueto the increase in the number of motor vehicles.Therefore it is necessary to seek other sources thatcan be used as substitutes of fossil fuels. Now thetrend to seek alternative sources to substitute oilfuels has become the first priority. A promising al-ternative source is biofuel because it is renewablesource, environment friendly and easy in handlingand transportation. Biogasoline, namely palm oilmethyl ester that has composition equivalent togasoline is one of the biofuel that is still interest-ing to study to give a good product so that it can beproduced economically.

The process of conversion of plant oil intobiogasoline product can be done through catalyticcracking process using various suitable catalysts,such as zeolite with active metal. In its process it isfirst subjected to hydrogenation followed by cata-lytic cracking process to obtain gasoline equiva-lent product.

In the fisrt year preparation was done on cata-lyst 3, 6, and 10% of total catalyst weight by dip-ping impregnation technique. And the catalyst pre-pared were characterized, namely surface area,pore volume, pore diameter and metal content.

RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT OIL BASED GREEN FUELIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION


In the second year 2008, the catalyst prepara-tion was developed, namely Ca-Cr 3, 6, 10 % eachone with Cr 5% with co-impregnation technique.Catalyst activity test was done in glass fixed bedreactor, temperature of 450°C. In the conversionproduct short fraction is dominant, it is directed tocatalytic cracking process at 475°C and 500°C toobtain optimum temperature.

In 2009, process optimizing was done by re-ferring to the optimum conditions as was done inlaboratory scale last year, to obtain better productcharacteristics by using mini scale catalytic crack-ing unit.

Highest conversion product was producedby Ca 6% - Cr 5% - zeolite catalyst and the catalystwas characterized for surface area, pore volume,pore diameter, and XRD.

The catalyst was then applied in a unit thatwas designed with optimum process conditionsto obtain maximum conversion and optimum se-lectivity.

Because the unit that has been designed up tothis moment has not been realized, the study con-tinued to progress by using glass apparatus. On theproduct resulting from this research GC-MS analy-sis was done.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Coal liquefaction is one of energy diversifica-tion, thus characterication of the product of coalliquefaction (synthetic crude) is a must so thatwith this research it will be seen how far Indoneiais doing anticipation on the shortage of energysource in the future.

The aim and purpose of this research is toknow the method for identification and charac-terization of coal liquefaction product (syntheticcrude), as well as the method for its processing inorder to meet the criteria as oil fuel. In additionthere will also be found the technology for identi-fication and it will be understood the problemsrelated to handling and quality improvement ofthe coal liquid as oil fuel.

The research on characterization and utiliza-tion of Coal Liquefaction Product is very impor-tant for PPP TekMira and PPPTMGB “LEMIGAS”,because each R/D center is doing activities in ac-cordance with its functions and it is expected thatthere will be upgrading in the capability of re-searchers as human resource in both R/D centers.

There are some non-technical constraints inobtaining maximum results, so that support of themanagement department of both R/D centers isexpected to overcome and eliminate the con-straints. One of the main constraints is the limita-tion in the part of PPP TekMira to produce coalliquid product in sufficiently large volume. Cur-rently PPP TekMira obtained synthetic crude inlimited amount from Nedo Japan.

RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTICS AND UTILIZATION OF COALLIQUEFACTION PRODUCT


No Feed HDT-1 HDT-2 HDT-3 HDT-4 HDT-5

1 Feed 200 200 200 180 180

2 Catalyst (gr) 20 20 20 18 18

3 P (Bar) 40 40 40 60 60

4 T (oC) 350-400 375-425 325-375 375-425 375-425

5 SG 60/60 0,9718 0,9533 0,9524 0,9531 0,9431 0,9328

No. Sample SG 60/60

1 HDT-5 0,9328

2 Solar (Commercial) 0,8444

3 Solar + HDT-5 (10%) 0,8529

4 Solar + HDT-5 (20%) 0,8622

5 Spec Solar 0,8154 – 0,8705

Table 13Operation Condition

Table 14Specific Gravity

The result of the research in this third year isthat it has been obtained distillation product of thesynthetic crude of which 30,90% by weight haspotential to be used as component of fuel. Improv-ing the quality of synthetic crude distillation prod-uct fraction is done by use of hydrofining catalyst.Due to the limited amount by syncrude, the num-ber of experiment as well as the volume of prod-uct that can be produced are also limited. SpecificGravity (SG) has decreased from Solar (diesel oil)(feed) that is 0.9718 to product (HDT 5) 0.9328

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

with the target that needs to be achieved (Solarspecification) is 0.820 – 0.870. Blending was alsodone on solar, namely Solar + HDT5 (10%) andSolar + HDT5 (20%)

Due to the limited amount of synthetic crudethen the number of experiment as well as the vol-ume of product obtained were also limited so thatthe type of analysis of hydrofining product werealso limited.

To obtain a more comprehensive experimen-tal product, in 2010 budget year it is expected thatLEMIGAS can support by obtaining syncrude in suf-ficient amount (at least 30 liter). On this matterLEMIGAS management can discuss it with TekMiramanagement that has communication with NedoJapan as the supplier of the syncrude.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

STUDY ON THE FEASIBILITY OF NATURAL GAS FOR SMALLSCALE FERTILIZER PLANT

R & D Division for Gas Technologyemail : [email protected]

Indonesia currently has a total natural gas re-serves of 164.99 TCF (1 January 2007 status). Thetotal amount comprises proven reserves of 106.01TCF, probable reserves of 25.16 TCF and possiblereserves of 33.82 TCF. Most of the natural gas re-serves are concentrated in Natuna (46 TCF),Kalimantan (20.76 TCF), Sumatra (32.54 TCF), andPapua (23.96 TCF) and Jawa (16.45 TCF).

With the quite large reserves of natural gas,Indonesia should not have problem in supplyingnatural gas as raw material for fertilizer industry.However, due to existence of contracts betweengas producers and other countries, fertilizer plantsin Indonesia suffer deficit of gas supply. Meanwhile,in Indonesia there are many marginal fields. Gas

Figure 1Natural Gas Reserves of Indonesia (Source: BPMIGAS)

from these fields can be utilized as raw materialfor fertilizer plant because fertilizer industry pres-ently is very much dependent on natural gas whichis the most efficient fertilizer raw material.

In this study the feasibility of natural gas forsmall scale fertilizer plant that used natural gasfrom marginal fields is studied, also the feasibilityof natural gas for use as small scale fertilizer plantwill be obtained, so that this system can overcomethe problems of fertilizer plants in Indonesia thathas deficit of natural gas as raw material.

The design of the small scale fertilizer plant thatuses gas with a capacity of 5 MMSCFD has the fol-lowing composition.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Component % Mol

CH4 90.00

C2H6 5.00

C3H8 3.00

C4H10 2.00

Molar Flow [MMSCFD] 5

Temperature [F] 86

Pressure[psia] 500

Table 15Flare Gas Composition

dration unit is first compressed. The gas then jointthe top recycle product from the separator unit.

Ammonia product is then cooled through gas/ammonia exchanger and then cooled again in a heat

Natural gas at a flowrate of 5 MMscfd, pres-sure 500 psia, and temperature 86°F is first heated.The gas then flows to the primary reactor togetherwith steam. Endothermic reaction occurs and pro-duces a temperature of 1700°F. The product of theprimary reactor is then fed into secondary reac-tor together with oxygen. The amount of oxygenis adjusted so that the ratio between H2 product toN2 is 3:1.

The product of the secondary reactor is thenfed into High Temperature Shift. In this reactor,CO that is produced is converted into CO2 and H2

through a reaction that occurs at 1700°F. The out-put of HT Shift will flow to waste heat boiler wherethere will be circulation to produce high pressuresteam. The product of HT Shift then flows to Me-dium Temperatur Shift (MT Shift) where there willoccurs the same reaction as in HT Shift but at 800°F.

The product of MT Shift is then fed into LowTemparture Shift (LTShift). Reaction in LTShift is the same reactionthat occurs in HT Shiftand MT Shift. The prod-uct of LT Shift thencooled and fed into CO2

removal. The solventused is MDEA. The CO2

product will later be fedinto urea production unitwhereas the synthesisgas that is already cleanfrom CO2 is heated forsubsequent feeding intomethanator. Themethanator functions forconverting CO and CO2

that are still carried overin the synthesis gas intomethane product andH2O.

Product that comesout of the methanator iscooled and fed into dehy-dration unit. From thisdehydration unit the syn-thesis gas is then fed intoammonia productionunit. Gas from the dehy-

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

exchanger. The ammonia product is then fed intoseparator. Part of the top product is purged andthen compressed. Ammonia product is then cooledin heat exchanger and then cooled again for subse-quently be fed into separator. Bottom of separa-tor is ammonia of 96% mol purity. The outline ofthe process can be simplified into a block diagramas follows:

Next, ammonia that comes out of the separa-tor in the ammonia production unit is pumped.Ammonia then joins CO2 product that comes outof MDEA unit in synthetis gas production unit. TheCO2 gas must first be compressed before joiningthe ammonia. The blend of gas and ammonia is fedinto reactor.

In the following reactor the pressure is reducedand then fed into distillation unit. In this unit partsof the remaining ammonia is separated throughtop product and recycled again. The bottom prod-uct of distillation unit is used that is still contain-

Component % Mol CH4 0.32 H2O 0.00 CO 0.00 CO2 0.00 H2 0.45 N2 0.12 O2 0.00 C2H6 0.00 C3H8 0.00 C4H10 0.00 C5H10 0.00 C6H14 0.00 Ammonia 0.10 Argon 0.00 Mass Flow (ton/day) 222.50 Temperature (F) -39.91 Pressure (psia) 2178.00

Table 16Composition of ammonia and result of process

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

ing components such as ammonia and water thenis reduced its pressure. Most of ammonia and wa-ter components that are vaporized are separated

Component % Mol

CH4 0.00

H2O 0.00

CO 0.00

CO2 0.00

H2 0.00

N2 0.00

O2 0.00

Ammonia 1.00

Urea 0.00

Argon 0.00

Mass Flow (ton/day) 380.00

Temperature (F) 86.00

Pressure (psia) 25.00

Table 17Composition of Urea and result

of process simulation

in a separator. The urea bottom product that stillcontains small amounts of ammonia and water isseparated in distillation column. Ammonia and wa-ter come out from distillation top product whereasliquid urea comes out from distillation columnbottom. The liquid urea is then fed into crystal-lizer unit to make urea particles. The urea productamounted to 380 ton/day.

In the next table it is shown the composition ofthe result of process simulation for developmentof Small Scale Fertilizer Plant with 5 MMscfd gasfeed as well as the mass of ammonia and urea pro-duced as follows:

Whereas the urea produced by the small scalefertilizer plant has the following composition:

From this activity it is expected to optimizethe utilization of natural gas from marginal plantas raw material for fertilizer industry as well as togive input to the government concerning the tech-nology that can be developed for small scale fertil-izer plant and at the same time gives gas supply tofertilizer plants in Indonesia that in the end willgive an economic added value.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL SCALE GAS TO LIQUID


Currently natural gas is one of alternative en-ergy to substitute oil fuel. Natural gas consump-tion experiences quite high increase every year.With the increasingly rapid growth of transporta-tion technology that utilizes gas as the fuel it makeit possible for distribution of natural gas from mar-ginal fields to consumer to be feasible for develop-ment economically. Gas To Liquid (GTL) technol-ogy is one of the infrastructure that is developedfor distribution of natural gas from stranded gasfields.

Conversion of natural gas into organic liquidproduct such as methanol and ammonia has beenwidely developed during the last decades. Howeverpolitical condition, environment and economymakes the topics concerning hydrocarbon indus-try oil and gas a trend at present.

The process for conversion of natural gas intosynthetic hydrocarbon liquid is not easy becauseit must compete directly with liquid hydrocarbonproducts that originate from crude oil distillation.To face the challenge, an important part of massmedia publish and discuss again the chemical pro-cess technology that was once discovered by twoGerman chemists named Hans Fischer and FranzTropsch more than 70 years ago.

In the last several decades, this technology againattracted companies that operate in energy sec-tor, particularly since 1993, namely at the timewhen Shell constructed a plant that converts natu-ral gas into liquid hydrocarbon for the first time inthe world. In 2003, an EPC (Engineering/Procure-ment/Construction) company was contracted toconstruct a gas to liquid conversion plant with acapacity of 34.000 bbl/day in Qatar, this showsthat the growth of this technology is quite fast.

There are several matters that cause this gasto liquid technology interesting, namely amongothers:a. The interest of many producers to control gas

sources that so far has been valuated as not eco-

nomical if developed with conventional method(pipe line and LNG).

b. The interest of gas exporters that can do diver-sification of gas utilization as alternative toconventional trade method of gas (gas pipeline/LNG); GTL market is more flexible.

c. The interest of gas companies to work in gastransportation without having to make invest-ment for constructing gas processing plant.

d. The interest of refinery managers andautomakers to produce environment friendlyproducts (low contents of sulfur and aromat-ics).

e. Strategy and economic interest of oil import-ing countries.There are many factors that make FT GTL tech-

nology very popular. This time, among others it isthe most appropriate infrastructure for develop-ing stranded gas fields, it can penetrate new gas trad-ing market, and it produces product of good qual-ity and makes it possible to reduce the dependenceof transportation sector on oil fuel.

Currently, GTL plants, including the existing, indevelopment stage, and at design stage numbermore than 30 plants, with a total capacity of1.2Mbbl/day, including 160,000 bbl/day from exist-ing plants. Mossgas and Sasol in South Africa andShell Malaysia are two companies that operate GTLplants commercially.

All GTL projects that have been developedcommercially use processes under their ownnames. Among others that have been developedpresently:- Sasol, cooperating with Chevron in certain

projects- Shell, has commercial plant of 12,500 bbl/day

capacity in Malaysia- Syntroleum, has licence of Syntroleum Process

for some companies, including Arco, Ivanhoeenergy, Kerr McGee, Marathon, Repsol YPF

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

- Rentech, that developed andpatented process

- Exxon Mobil, that developed aprocess known as AGC-21 (Ad-vanced Gas Conversion for 21st

Century)In general GTL is developed for

utilizing and increasing the salevalue of “stranded gas”, in otherwords stranded gas means gas thatis not utilized for economic rea-son and/or small target market.The stranded gas includes:- Gas that is put again into asso-

ciated gas field, that cannot in-crease oil producton

- Flare gas (waste gas)- Reservoirs located very far

from consumers- Marginal reservoirs and off-

shore that have insufficient or no gas transpor-tation network.As illustration of the development of natural

gas field for small scale GTL plant, assumed it has 5MM scfd used as feed. The composition of the feedconsists of Methane 90%, Ethane 5%, Propane 3%,Butane 2% with temperature condition of 86°Fand pressure 50 psia. From the result of simula-tion by using process simulation software it is pro-duced syngas that consists of Carbon Monoxide(CO) about 6.992 kmol/day and hydrogen gas (H2)about 13.984 kmol/day. Then this syngas is fedinto Fischer Tropsch to produce Diesel oil of about216 barrel per day and Naphtha about 556 barrelper day.

From economic aspect, there are three impor-tant parameters that determine the profit from GTLplant namely investment cost of process unit, gas

GTL plant energy efficiency and carbon

price, and cost of product quality improvementthat is closely related to crude oil price.

The economic of GTL plant is much influencedby capital cost (CAPEX) that is relatively moreexpensive than oil refinery. For GTL plant that isproducing Diesel oil 216 bpd and Naphtha 556 bpdthe investment needed is about 15,44 million dol-lar and operational cost (OPEX) required is aroundUS$ 5.404 per day.

With the assumption of GTL plant construc-tion is of low scale where the lifetime is 20 years,tax 35%, strainght line depreciation, discount fac-tor 9.9% (WACC method), production days 330days/year, field gas prize US$ 7/MMBTU and Die-sel oil price US$ 66.2/barrel and naphtha US$58.6/barrel, it is found that IRR is 14.9% and POTabout 8.4 years. Thus the low scale GTL plant canbe constructed economically and technically.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Nano technology is the design, fabrication,characterization and utilization of material, struc-ture, and equipment that has measurement of lessthan one hundreed nanometers (1 nm = 10-9 m;100 nm = 10-7 m) at least on one dimension. Ingeneral nano technology is the capability to makeand design materials at molecular scale that enableto develop the material to have bettercharacterictics such as having great strength butlighter weight, have high capacity such as in elec-trical material and heat conductivity, have widersurface of contact such as adsorbent material sothat it can adsorb contaminant in greater quantity,etc.

The utilization of nano technology in the oiland gas sector particularly for purification pro-cess of gas from its contaminants, is hoped to bemore efficient by enlarging the surface of contactbetween the adsorbent and the gas being purified,so that their adsorbent power is greater.

The research on Separation of Natural Gas Con-taminants by Nano Technology is expected to givean alternative adsorbent by application of nanotechnology for separating contaminants, particu-larly H2S and Hg from natural gas, so as to givecleaner oil and gas products. The purpose of thisresearch is to develop nano technology in Indone-sia, particularly in natural gas purification tech-nology, with the aim that the quallity of naturalgas being produced is cleaner and better. In addi-tion it is hoped that the application of contami-nant separation technique from natural gas is moreeffective and efficient.

In this research, the natural gas contaminantsthat are taken as the object are hydrogen sulfide(H2S) and mercury metal (Hg). Up to now the useof various adsorbent in eliminating the above men-tioned compounds have been applied by the oiland gas industry in effort to have clean qualitynatural gas.

One of natural gas purification process is thedesulfurization process to separate H2S from natu-ral gas and Mercury Removal for separation of Hg.Generally the adsorbent used in separation of theabove contaminants is Fe2O3 based adsorbent inthe form of sponge or Mixed Iron Oxide namelyadsorbent that contains Fe2O3.H2O, to eliminateH2S and zeolit (molecular sieve) and active car-bon that is impregnated with sulfur, zeolite, mo-lecular sieve and bentonite are the types of solidabsorbent that can be used for elliminating mer-cury vapor in natural gas.

Carbon active absorbent, in addition to capableof adsorbing mercury vapour can also be used toadsorb water vapour in the natural gas due to itsproperty as amorphous carbon compound. Activecarbon is produced from materials that containcarbon or from char coal that has been given spe-cial treatment to give a wider surface area. Thesurface area of active carbon generally varies be-tween 300-3500 m2/gram and it is related to theinternal pore structure that caused the active char-coal to have adsorbent properties.

For this activity of 2009 the scope of the re-search activity is to identify the problem and tech-nology of separation of contaminants from natu-ral gas, study on the use of nano technology forseparation of contaminants from natural gas, andtesting of Fe2O3 as adsorbent for separation of H2Scontaminant from natural gas. In this report, it isalso presented the formulation of the model andsimulation of the use of active carbon adsorbentto separate mercury from natural gas.

The methodology used in this research is sur-vey of literature and standard reference concern-ing adsorbent and nano technology, analysis ofprimary and secondary data, laboratory testing toobtain nano scale adsorbent and to know its per-formance, formulation of model, and simulation ofseparation of mercury (Hg) contaminant fromnatural gas.

RESEARCH ON SEPARATION OF NATURAL GAS CONTAMINANTSBY NANO TECHNOLOGY


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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

The adsorbent selected as the study materialto eliminate H2S compound from natural gas is anFe2O3 based adsorbent that has quite a large ad-sorption capacity, so that it can reduce H2S con-tent to a certain concentration quite rapidly. Fromthe two methods of preparation of particles bynano technology, namely bottom-up and top-down, preparation of nano adsorbent Fe2O3, wasdone by used of thermal decomposition methodwhich is part of the bottom-up technique.

Test were done in Gas Analysis Technology labo-ratory on commercial Fe2O3 adsorbent that hasnot been made to have nano particle and on nanoparticle Fe2O3 adsorbent where each was given aflow of standard H2S gas with a known concentra-tion, namely 165 ppmv. The flow of standard gasenters into glass washing apparatus that has beenfilled with adsorbent, and the standard gas that haspassed through the adsorbent if collected in asample bag.

The weight of each adsorbent being tested,each one is 0.01 mol/liter with a flow rate of stan-dard gas being 20 ml/minute during 30 minutes atroom temperature.

The gas so collected in sample bag is then ana-lyzed by use of Gas Chromatograph (GC) withPulse Flame Photometric Detector (PFPD), with

The plan of research for the next stage is devel-opment of the performance of nano particle ac-tive carbon adsorbent to separate mercury fromnatural gas by establishing several parameters thatcan have direct effect on the capacity to adsorb Hgcontaminant in natural gas that is let to flowthrough the active carbon adsorbent. The param-eters predicted to have influence on adsorbentperformance comprise natural gas flow rate, tem-perature of experiment, as well as variation of theamount of adsorbent used. Its absorption capacitycan be computed by using Langmuir isothermmethod, whereas nano particle surface area canbe computed by BET isotherm method. From thesetwo the capacity of the nano particle adsorbentbeing produced can be known.

NoType of Fe2O3

Adsorbent

1. Commercial Fe2O3 1. 28,85

2. 33,83

2. Nano particle Fe2O3 1. 10,12

2. 9,22

H2S Concentration

(ppmv)

the results as shown in the following Table 18.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

FORMULATION OF PLANT OIL BASED ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL

R & D Division for Application Technologyemail : [email protected]

Castor Oil is one of plant oils that is producedfrom castor plant (Ricinus Communist). Castor oilcontains triglyceride fatty acid, particularlyrisinoleic acid. Up to now, castor oil has been usedwidely in lubricant indutry, cosmetics, cleaner, coat-ing, nylon-11 and urethane industries.

In lubricant industry, castor oil has been usedwidely. However its used has been out done sincethe discovery of crude oil as the raw material.Addition of additives is done to improve the char-acteristics, such as viscosity index, detergency andsuspension, oxidation stability, reduction of foam,and high temperature resistance.

Castor oil has good lubricating characteristicssuch as density, viscosity, viscosity index and pourpoint. From environmental aspect, castor oil hasmuch advantage particulalry in its high biodegrad-ability and that it is a renewable resource. How-ever, plant oil has disadvantage in its oxidation sta-bility compared to mineral oil. Some researcherare done to improve the performance of plant oilas base material for lubricating oil.

The purpose and aim of the research are toutilize renewable plant oil source as a base mate-rial for automotive engine lubricating oil that canbe used as environment friendly engine lubricant.

Modifications are done on castor oil by sev-eral chemical treatments, such as trans-esterifica-tion reaction, epoxidation reaction, ring openingreaction so that good quality lubricating oil base isobtained, then the product obtained is tested insemi performance test apparatus, namely Ther-mal Oxidation Stability, Fourball and High Tempera-ture High Shear test apparatus.

Transesterification reaction is done to cut thetrigliceride bond on castor oil into smaller molecules,particularly castor oil methyl ester (COME). Inepoxidation reaction, carbon double bond is modifiedinto oxyrane group by use of hydrogen peroxide andformic acid catalyst. The product of this epoxidationreaction is called Epoxidized Castor Oil Methyl Ester

(ECOME). This compound is a saturated hydrocar-bon that has many functional groups (ester, ether, andhydroxide) that can protect metal surface with betteroxidation resistant. The next stage is ring openingreaction on ECOME product that has oxirane group.Oxirane ring opening reaction involves alcohol com-pounds (ethanol/glycerol) and resulted in better finalproduct. This final product is used as lubricating oilbase material.

The result of the research showed that castor oiltransesterification reaction (2.250 mL) and methanol(mol ratio 6:1) by aid of KOH catalyst (0,35% v) attemperature of 35°C for 1 hour can produce ± 1.600mL COME. The use of KOH catalyst gives higherproduct and facilitates the separation process. In ad-dition, its basic property gives a non-corrosive prod-uct. Epoxidation reaction of 300 mL COME and hy-drogen peroxide is done at temperature of 65°C byuse of formic acid as catalyst. Experimental param-eters variated are hydrogen peroxide concentrationand operation period.

The ratio of hydrogen peroxide to COME isvariated (1,5; 2; 2,5) and the epoxyde number isanalysed. The optimum reaction time that producesthe highest epoxidation number is 1,5 hour. The in-crease in specific gravity is proportional to the in-crease in epoxidation number, however the result ofthe test showed that epoxidation number decreasedwhile specific gravity increased in line with the addi-tion of hydrogen peroxide. This phenomenon occurreddue to the increase in the amount of water enteringat the same time as the hydrogen peroxide reactant(50%-v). This water content hydrolyses oxirane groupand produces diol.

Ring opening reaction by addition of glycerolinto the methyl ester structure succeeds in increas-ing ECOME viscosity to higher than HVI 160s at100°C so that it gives better protection against fric-tion in engines. The high viscosity index of COME-Glycerol shows the stability of its viscosity againstchange in temperature. Pour point value of the

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

modified castor oil is also very good, achieving avalue of -28°C. Iodine number as indicator of thepresence of double bond in the carbon chainshowed a drastic decrease after modification ofthe castor oil. This indicated the increase in oxida-tion stability of the castor oil derivative product.

To know the oxidation stability, wear resis-tance, and thermal stability of he product of castoroil modification, it is necessary to do semi-perfor-mance test, that gave the following results.

By use of Four Ball Wear Test it was found thatthere was increase in wear resistance of the prod-ucts epoxidation modification stage and ring open-ing reaction. Whereas for the product oftransesterification there was a decrease in wearresistance. Referring to the value of Load wear in-dex, there was an increase in wear resistance ofCOME Glycerol as the final product by 25,75%against pure castor oil and 64,64% better wearresistance performance against HVI 160s minerallubricating oil. The welding point also increasedfrom loading of 160 kg for pure castor oil to 200kg for COME Glycerol. This value is far higher thanthe welding point of HVI 160s mineral lubricatingoil for which the loading was126 kg.

The oxidation stability andthermal stability of castor oilcan be increased throughmodification that results in thederivative products ECOMEand COME glycerol with verygood quality and more stablecompared to pure castor oil,and comparing the test resulton total acid number beforethe test and after the test,COME glycerol has better oxi-dation stability approachingthe value of oxidation stabilityof HVI 160s which is quitegood.

Plant oil, particularly castor oil (ricinus com-munist) has very promising potential for use aslubricant base material. Some advantages are thatit has ester group which is relatively polar, it hasgood antiwear property, and oxidation stability that

can be improved. The potential for developing cas-tor oil and its derivative products in Indonesia isstill widely open. In addition to its use as raw mate-rial for manufacturing of lube base oil, castor oil isalso very good for use as raw material for makinglubricant additives.

The practical study of castor oil utilizationtechnology for producing lube base oil from plantmaterial is expected to give the best benefits fromthe upstream sector to the downstream so that thefollowing conditions be achieved:- Economic growth in the upstream sector in the

form of castor plant agriculture and castor oilprocessing industry and in the downstream sec-tor in the form of application of castor oil de-rivative products, particularly for automotiveengine lubricant industry

- At national scale it is expected to be able to re-duce import of automotive engine lubricatingoil, either in raw matrial form or as finishedproduct.Economically, this research is hoped to be able

to give significant impact on the growth ofeconomy at micro scale as well as macro scale, par-

ticularly on the national lubricating oil industry.Related to the environmental aspect, the utiliza-tion of plant material would replace mineral lubri-cating oil so that environmental pollution can bereduced to a minimum level.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Lubricating oil can be made from crude oil thathas been processed through several stages of re-fining process. As the final product of the refiningprocess mineral base oil is obtained. Such base oilcan be used to lubricate certain equipment or en-gines that do not require stringent requirement.With the develoment of engine technology as re-gard to design, metal, alloy, operating condition aswell the need of lubricant users, in order to be-come a good lubricant the base oil derived fromcrude oil must be added with additives to improveits physical and chemical properties as well as itsperformance quality during operation. However,addition of additives in mineral base oil cannot ful-fill the requirement of machinery and engine de-velopment. To overcome the problem, experts con-ducted research to obtain base oil oil by syntheticmethod. Nevertheless the synthetic base oil com-pared to mineral base oil has advantage and disad-vantages. This means that synthetic base oil can-not overcome all the disadvantages of mineral baseoil. To obtain a good synthetic base oil it is neces-sary to blend several types of synthetic base oilbefore adding to it additives.

The use of castor oil and its derivative prod-ucts in blend with mineral oil as a base lubricatingoil is very advantageous from the points of viewof utilizing renewable resources and the environ-ment. Economically, development of the industrywill improve the welfare of the population of criti-cal lands considering that castor plant can growwell in such areas (PIP-Trubus 1993). Blending ofcastor oil into mineral oil is expected to increaseits physico-chemical characteristics quality as baselubcating oil for motor vehicle engine. Viewed fromthe chemical compounds of the two, the blend ofmineral lube oil base and plant oil can be compat-ible.

This paper describes a lube oil produced bysynthesis from plant oil which is blended with High

STUDY ON COMPATIBILITY OF BLEND OF MINERAL TYPEAND PLANT TYPE BASE OILS AS BASE OIL FOR MOTOR VEHICLE

ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL


Viscosity Index mineral oil at the desired composi-tion, so that it can improve the characteristics ofthe base lube oil that originated from plant oil forthe need of motor vehicle.

The purpose of the blending of plant oil (cas-tor oil) into mineral oil is that it is hoped to in-crease its physico-chemical characteristics qual-ity as base lube oil for motor vehicle engine, as awhole this research aims to know the compatibil-ity and physico-chemical characteristics of theblend of mineral type lube base oil and plant oil aslube base oil for engine lubricant.

To improve the quality of plant oil (castor oil),the oil must be modiffied (synthesis) by chemicalreaction so that the resulting physico-chemicalcharacteristics are similar to lube base oil frommineral oil synthesis. This report describes theresults of compatibility study of plant oil blends withlube base oil of mineral type that was done by look-ing at the homogeneity against physico-chemicalcharacteristics test such as viscosity index, totalacid number (TAN), flash point, pour point, fourballtest that was done to see the trend of occurence offriction, and oxidation stability during 6 hours tosee its resistance to oxidation. So that from the re-sults, it can be seen the feasibility of using plant oilas lube base oil for motor vehicle.

At the initial stage, blending was done of syn-thetic product of plant oil and several mineral typebase oils and Yubase. The blending was based on% (w/w) of synthetic product plant oil against baseoil. The concentration of synthetic product plantoil made in this experiment were 0%, 4%, 8%,12%, as well as 15%.

At this blending stage it was seen that syntheticproduct plant oil did not dissolve well in the min-eral type base oil. Therefore there was significantseparation between the synthetic product plant oiland mineral type base oil. The separation can beseen in the following figure.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

At the beginning of blending the synthetic prod-uct plant oil was seen to mix well in the base oil(Figure A). However, after being settled or heatedthe synthetic product plant oil become more easyto separate from the base oil (Figure B).

However, the separation that occurred was notcomplete separation. This is because seen fromseveral physico-chemical test results, there wasinfluence of synthetic product plant oil on thephysico-chemical characteristics of the base oil.This shows that the separation that occurred wasnot complete separation because there are partsof the synthetic product base oil that reject the

Figure 1Mixture of MNHS and MO

Figure 2Graph of Characteristics Synthetic MNH in Mineral Oil Composition

base oil but there are also parts that bind or inter-act with the base oil.

The physico-chemical characteristics can beseen from the following figure.

From the result of discussion above, it can beconcluded that the compatibility of synthetic prod-uct plant oil that is blended with mineral type lube

base oil cannot yet blend perfectly. This is becausethere are difference in polarity of hydroxyl groupof the plant oil at C number 12, whereas the min-eral type base oil is non-polar in characteristic dueto its aliphatic chain. So that to obtain a good resultof blending of plant oil and mineral oil emulsifieradditive must be added.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

One of the advantages of diesel engine is thatthis engine has high thermal efficiency comparedto gasoline engine so that this engine is much usedin heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and buses.However, on the other side, this engine has manydisadvantages, one of which is related to the envi-ronment. Diesel engine is the biggest contributorto particulate emission (Particulate Matter = PM)in transportation sector. This engine emits particu-late emission 100 times more than gasoline engine.At first glance particulate emission does not seemdangerous, this is shown by our behaviour thatoften does not care about this emission. From theresults of research by EPA (Environmental Pro-tection Agency) this particulate emission contains38 hazardous compounds, whereas CARB (Califor-nia Air Resources Board) stated that there are 40hazardous chemical compounds which can bedevided into three types, cancerous, carcinogenic,and mutagenic.

Efforts to reduce and overcome this particu-late emission continue to the done. Reduction inthe utilization of diesel engine and avoiding it cer-tainly cannot be done because diesel engine is thebackbone of national economic activities. Othersteps that are taken are intensification of the useof alternative fuel, application of aftertreatmenttechnology, and improvement of diesel oil qualityas well as supported by Regulation on StandardQuality by the Minister of Environment the Deci-sion No. 5 of 2006 and by the Governor of DKIJakarta through Governnor Regulation No. 31 of2008 concerning Threshold Limit of Motor VehiclesExhaust Emission. Effort to reduce particulateemission, besides the application of aftertreatmenttechnology on diesel engine, namely Diesel Par-ticulate Filter (DPF) at exhaust pipe, is improve-ment of diesel oil quality. What is meant by qualityimprovement here is reduction of sulfur contentand the use of plant oil will also have impact onthe reduction of CO2 emission.

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BIODIESEL UTILIZATION IN REDUCINGCO2 AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS


The purpose of this study is to know the ef-fect of the use of plant fuel in reducing particulateand CO2 emissions from diesel fueled motor ve-hicles by the use of aftertreatment namely DieselParticulate Filter (DPF). Whereas the aim of thisresearch is to know how much is the reduction ofparticulate emission and CO2 by testing blends ofbiodiesel, B20 and B50, that have palm oil and jarakpagar as the base materials.

Methodology of this study started by prepara-tion of test vehicles and the fuels. The fuels used inthis study are diesel oil of the type Solar 48, crudepalm oil (CPO) and jarak pagar (crude jatrophaoil = CJO). Blending of plant oil and diesel oil wasdone at ratio of 20% and 50% for each type ofplant oil. Tests of physico-chemical characteristicsof the blends were limited to those characteristicsthat can affect combustion in the combustionchamber of the engine and fuel intake system suchas tests of cetane number, sulfur content, lubricity,and distillation. The activity of test car prepara-tion was done by making various improvement(recondition) particularly on the combustion sys-tem and other systems to ensure work safety dur-ing the test. Test on the vehicle was done in chassisdynamometer laboratory so that the observationon particulate emission and CO2 produced by thevehicle can be observed at each speed.

From the result of physico-chemical charac-teristics test on the test fuel, it can be said thatthere are changes toward improvement. The cet-ane number increased by 9.3% and 16.7% for CPObased B20 and B50 fuels, whereas for those of CJObased B20 and B50 fuels the increase were 6.2%and 14.5%. Similarly for sulfur content, where withthe increase in plant oil composition in the blend,the sulfur content decreases. This is because plantoil does not contain sulfur. The decrease were72,2% and 80,6% for palm oil based B20 and B50,and 55,6% and 77,8% for CJO based B20 and B50.Improvement in lubricity was also observed by

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

increasing plant oil in the blend. Improvement asmuch as 30,9% and 41,9% average for palm oilbased B20 and B50, 42,7% and 60,4% average for

Figure 13Graph of Characteristics of CPO based and CJO based B20 dan B50 fuels

CJO based B20 and B50. The results of the test oncharacteristics are shown graphs below.

Figure 14Graph of Particulate Emission Test Result

of CPO Plant FuelGraph 3

Particulate Emision Test Result of CJOFuel

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

From the observation on emission bythe test vehicles it was found that thereis increase in particulate emission as thespeed increases. The more fuel burntwith the increasing speed is the cause ofthis increase in particulate emission. Byusing plant oil there is significant decreaseat each speed.

Decrease of particulate for palm oilbased B20 was 55% average, whereas forB50 the average decrease in particulateemission was 60,9%. The decrease in par-ticulate emission with CJO based fuel wasslightly smaller, namely 34,6% for B20and 50,6% for B50 average.

CO2 emission from the test vehiclesas shown in graph 4 showed that therewere increase in CO2 emission with theincrease in vehicle speed. By using palmoil based B20 and B50 there were insig-nificant decreases, namely 6% (B20) and8,4% B50), average whereas for CJObased fuuel there were quite good de-crease, namely 19.0% (B20) and 24,7%(B50) average.

From the result of this research it canbe concluded that the utilization of plantoil will improve the physico-chemicalcharacteristics of the fuel for diesel ve-hicle. Increase in cetane number will im-prove combustion characteristics, de-crease in lubricity will reduce wear onthe fuel injection system. Decrease inparticulate emission can be done by im-provement of diesel vehicle fuel qualitynamely one of which is by utilizing plantfuel, either palm oil based or CJO based.The more plant oil in the blend, the less particulateemission is produced by diesel vehicle.The decreas-ing sulfur content as the result of increasing plantoil in the blend is one of the reasons of the reduc-

tion in particulate emission. The use of plant oilhas also impact on quite good reduction in CO2

emission, but for palm oil type plant fuel the de-crease is not very significant.

Graph 4CO2EmissionTest Result ofCPO and CJO Fuels

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Gasoline that is used as motor fuel must meetcertain quality in order that the process of energyconversion to produce final energy in the form ofmechanical energy in the motor engine proceedswell. The properties are generally controlled in aquality standard (specification) that establishedparameters that can be measured that must be metby the fuel. In the specification, there are basi-cally 3 groups of main properties that are requiredin gasoline fuel, namely: (1) combustion property,(2) volatility property, and (3) stability and clean-liness property. This work studies in more detailconcerning the volatility property of gasoline, par-ticularly concerning its effect on other character-istics and engine performance.

Currently the volatility property of gasolinethat are circulated in Indonesia is regulated in thespecification established by the government, in thiscase Director General of Oil and Gas Decision No.3674K/24/DJM/2006. The establishment of theparameters in the specification is adjusted for theclimate in Indonesia. The demand for gasoline thatcontinues to increase causes increase in import ofgasoline because the production of domestic re-fineries cannot meet this demand. The importedgasoline has different physico-chemical charac-teristics from gasoline that is produced in Indone-sia, particularly in its volatility property. Thereforethere is a need to develop gasoline specificationparticularly Bensin 88 in order to be able toaccomodate this change in volatility property. Thisresearch aims to know the effect of the change ingasoline volatility property including its Reidvapour pressure and distillation curves on otherphysico-chemical characeristics and more impor-tantly on engine performance.

The research was done by making a number ofgasoline samples that have a variety of Reid VapourPressure (RVP) by blending a reference gasolinewith isomerate components that have high RVP

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE VOLATILITY ON OTHERCHARACTERISTICS AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE


value. The variety of RVP values prepared in thisresearch were 56 kPa (BU-56), 60 kPa (BR-60),64 kPa (BU-64), 86 kPa (BU-68), and 72 kPa (BU-72). The samples were then tested for theirphysico-chemical properties that covers distilla-tion, RVP, specific gravity, water content, oxygencontent, oxidation stability, copperstrip corrosion,and Octane Number. From evaluation of physico-chemical test results, it was then selected thesamples BR-60, BU-64, and BU-68 for testing oftheir performance in multi-cylinder test engine.After testing in multycilinder engine, then test ofease of starting was done, namely cold starting andwarm starting in vehicle.

Cold starting and warm starting were done toknow the possibility vapour lock to occur on ve-hicles that use carburettor for their ignition sys-tem in the combustion chamber. In this test thereference gasoline, in this case BR-60, was com-pared with test gasoline (BU-68). Each change offuel must be preceded by flushing of the fuel tank.Cold start test was done in the morning before theengine was ignited for warm up. Warm start testwas done in day time at certain point in this routetraveled.

In distillaton test, T50 of BU-64, BU-68, and BU-72 were 84.0°C, 76°C and 73°C lower than thespecification established by the Government,namely a minimum of 88°C. Oxygen content in allsamples meets the specification of 2.70% maxi-mum. Oxidation stability of all samples also meetsthe specification of minimum 360 minutes. Spe-cific gravity of the samples tends to decrease withthe increase in RVP, however in general it still meetsthe specification of 715 gr/cm3 minimum. Distil-lation index value also experienced decrease in linewith the increase in RVP, however for distillationindex the limit is not established in the specifica-tion issued by the government. Distillation indexof all the five samples ranges from 451-531.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Performance test was done on multicylindertest engine by in-house research test method. Asreference it was BR-60, namely RON 88 gasolinethat has RVP of 60 kPa. There are 4 test param-eters in this multicylinder test, namely power, tor-sion, specific fuel consumption, and emission. Re-capitulation of power effect of the test gasoline(BU-64, BU-68) in average, compared to powerof reference gasoline (BR-60) at 3 categories ofload showed lower value for each, namely by 0.9%and 1.75%. Recapitulation of the effect of torsionof test gasoline (BU-64, BU-68) average comparedto torsion of reference gasoline (BR-60) at 3 cat-egories off load showed lower value by 0,9% and1,75%. Recapitulation of the effect of specifica-tion fuel consumption of reference gasoline (BU-64, BBU-68) average compared to the specific fuelconsumption of reference gasoline for the 3 cat-egories of load showed higher values by 1.99%and 3.12%. Recapitulation of the effect of CO emis-sion of test gasoline (BU-64, BU-68) average, com-pared to CO emission of reference gasoline (BR-60) at the 3 categories of load showed lower val-ues by 2,36% and 3,54%. Recapitulation of the ef-fect of HC emission of test gasoline (BU-64, BU-68) average, compared to the emission of refer-

ence gasoline (BR-60) at the 3 categories of loadshowed lower value by 2,88% and 4,86%.

At the end of the study, test on ease of startingwas done, namely cold starting and warm startingto know the possibility of occurence of vapourlock that is caused by increase in RVP value in thetest fuel. The fuels were tested on a motor vehicleof which the ignition system in its combustionchamber uses carburettor. At cold stat test, the ve-hicles with test fuel BU-68 had shorter startingtime compared to reference fuel (BR-60). In gen-eral the difference in time between cold startingand warm starting of the test fuel and referencefuel were not significant.

From the results of the tests on physico-chemi-cal properties of the fuel, performance test, androad test it can be concluded that the change involatility property, in this case vapour presured(RVP), has inffluence on distillation temperature,specific gravity, and distillation index. Increase invapour pressure causes engine power to decrease,torsion becomes lower, specific fuel consumptionincreases, while CO2 and hydrocarbon emissiondecrease. There was no vapour lock at cold start-ing and warm starting in vehicle that used gasolineof high Reid vapor pressure (up to 68 kPa).

Picture 2Sample Distillation Curve

Picture 18Effect of Increase in RVP on SG

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

In the framework of supporting governmentprogram in looking for fossil fuel alternative fromrenewable raw materials (Inpres No. 1 of 2006),biofuel is a strategic fuel. Currently biofuels of thetype biodiesel B-10 and bioethanol E-10 have al-ready been marketed. B-10 is a blend of Solar die-sel oil with biodiesel at 10% volume maximumreferring to SK Dirjen Migas No. 3675 K/DJM/2006of 17 March 2006, and 5-10 is a blend of gasolinewith ethanol at 10% volume maximum referringto SK Dirjen Migas No. 3674 K/24 DJM/2006.

The potential for utilization of biofuel in thefuture will be even greater in view of the increasein oil fuel consumption in various sectors, trans-portation sector, industrial sector, and households.

Pure Plant Oil without undergoing esterifica-tion process has potential for use as fuel to substi-tute diesel oil (Solar) in Diesel Generator engine. Ithas started to be used at PLN by blending it withSolar diesel oil at 50%. Operationally the Dieselengine runs normally.

World engine manufacturers andmotor vehicle manufacturers do notrecommend the use of pure plant oilthat has not undergone esterificationprocess as diesel engine fuel especiallyfor transportation. This is recorded inWorld-wide Fuel Charter (WWFC) Sep-tember 2006 because of the low cet-ane number, flow characteristics at lowatmospheric temperature, the tendencyto block injection, and the too high vis-cosity.

From the above description it canbe seen that there is a need to study theapplication of pure plant oil (PPO) asfuel in diesel engine, particularly to seefrom the point of view of possibility ofblocking of injector and formation ofdeposits in the combustion chamber.

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF PURE PLANT OIL(PPO) AS FUELS FOR GENERATOR DIESEL ENGINE

ON ENGINE DEPOSITS


The engine that was used for this study, was a 5KVA Diesel generator engine.

The benefit that is expected from this study isto obtain a renewable fuel to substitute Solar die-sel oil which becomes more and more limited in itssupply and also when compared to biodiesel willbe relatively cheaper because it does not have togo through transformation (esterification ortransesterification). In addition to it, assisting insolving the problem of domestic Solar diesel oil suchas consumption that is greater then supply, scar-city of Solar in certain regions, up to the problemof oil fuel subsidy. The use of pure plant oil can bedeveloped in remote Energy Selfsupporting Vil-lages.

The execution of the test was done by using 3types of fuel, namely pure plant oil (O-100), a blendof 50% PPO and Solar 48 (O-50), and Solar 48 (O-00). Next, test was done in physico-chemical char-acteristics and performance in engine (fuel con-sumption, exhaust gas emission, and rating of en-

Picture 19Diesel Generator Engine 5 KVA

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

gine components) for each of the three types offuel. Overall result of test on application of pureplant oil as fuel generator driving engine is thatthere is no technical disturbance caused by thedifference in physico-chemical characteristics ofthree kinds of fuel.

From the results of physico-chemical charac-teristics between O-100 and O-00 as fuel in gen-erator engine there were increase in specific grav-ity), viscosity, flash point, sulfur content, and car-bon residue. Besides it also reduced cetane num-ber and calorific value.

Fuel consumption test showed that the use ofpure plant oil (O-100) as fuel is more consump-tive compared to Solar 48 (O-00) by 10,56%-17,45%, whereas the use of blend of pure plant oiland Solar 48 at 50% volume (O-50) compared toSolar 48 is more consumptive by 2,15-12,54%.

Test on nozzle pressure showed the recurrenceof decrease in pressure to O-50 and O-100 by2,56% before and after the test, whereas for injec-tor nozzle with O-00 there was a decrease of 2,08%.

The results of rating on piston of O-50 is higherby 24.6% and O-100 higher by 7,60%. After beingmeasured, there was sticking on each ring 1 of pis-

ton. The result of merit rating on cylinder head O-50 is dirtier by 16,4% and deposit weight is higherby 46,16%, whereas the result of merit rating oncylinder head of O-100 is dirtier by 9,19% and de-posit weight 44,33% higher. The result of meritrating on inlet valve on O-50 is dirtier by 15,79%and O-100 dirtier by 22,37%. The result of weigh-ing of fuel filter showed that O-50 is 5,08% heavierand O-100 27,05% heavier compared to fuel filterof O-100.

Figure O-00, O-50 and O-100 Test Fuels

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

To reduce dependence on fuel that originatedfrom crude oil (fossil fuel), the government estab-lished energy policy to develop plant oil or knownas biofuel. As implementation of the policy, the gov-ernment issued PP No.5 of 2006 concerning na-tional energy policy to develop alternative energysource as substitute to oil fuel. The policy stressedon renewable resource. Then it is followed by theissuance of Presidential Instruction No 1 of 2006concerning the supply and utilization of plant oilas alternative energy. With the presence of suchnational energy policy, Indonesia must immedi-ately do diversification and conservation of en-ergy so that national energy resilience can be main-tained. To accelerate it, it is necessary to do researchand development on plant material that can be usedto substitute fossil fuel.

Indonesia is one of the countries that has thelargest plant diversity in the world and many ofthem have potential to be ued as plant fuel, such aspalm oil, jarak plant, cassava, sugar cane that arenow being intensively developed in Indonesia aswell as in other countries. In addition, Kisamir plant(Hura Crepitans L.) that is widely found in Indone-sia also has potential for development as alterna-

STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF PLANT OILFROM KISAMIR SEEDS AS FUEL ALTERNATIVE TO KEROSENE


tive energy source because it has fruits of whichthe seeds contain quite a large amount of oil aswell as its utilization is still very limited namely asshelter.

The purpose and aim of this study are to uti-lize plant oil of Kisamir plant seeds as alternativefuel to substitute kerosene (Biokerosene) that isenvironment friendly, to conduct performance testof the alternative fuel (biokerosene) in stove thatincludes maximum power, fuel consumption, andfuel efficiency.

The results of extraction process done by theuse of N-hexane solvent showed that the optimumconditions are extraction temperature of 85°C andextraction time of 3 hours with initial condition ofthe Kisamir seeds as fine powder and heated in anoven at 105°C for 1 hour. From this process a yieldof 42,5% was obtained.

The results of several main physico-chemicalcharacteristics of the Biokerosene meet the speci-fication of kerosene as established by thegovernnment.

The results of performance test of theBiokerosene that was conducted on a 16-wickstove are as follows.

Min Maks BK-00 BK-05 BK-10 BK-15 BK-20 BK-25

1 Density (Kg/cm3) 0.835 0.811 0.816 0.822 0.827 0.832 0.838

2 Flash Point Abel (oC) 38 47 45 44 43 43 43

3 Smoke Point (mm) 15 21 23 25 28 30 32

4 Chalorific Value (Mj/kg) 40 45.88 45.41 44.81 44.74 44.20 43.94

5 Sulfur Content (% wt) 0,2 0.035 0.034 0.030 0.029 0.028 0.026

Note: *) = Kerosene Specification (SK Dirjen Migas No. 17 K/DDJM/1999, of 16

Alternative Fuel to Kerosene (Biokerosene)Type of Test

Specification Limit

Table 19Results of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Alternative Fuel to Kerosene (Biokerosene)

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

The results of maximum power test of eachsample of Biokerosene are as follows: BK-00 = 2.52kW, BK-05 = 1.89 kW, BK-10 = 1.72 kW, BK-15 =1.57 kW,and BK-20 = 1.33 kW.

The more PPO was used in the biokerosenethe lower the maximum power produced by thestove however the blue colour of the flame be-come brighter.

The results of efficiency test of each of thesamples of Biokerosene stove are as follows: BK-00 = 48,18%, BK-05 = 34,77%, BK-10 = 32,88%,BK-15 = 31,53% whereas the efficiency for BK-20could not be computed, because the flame duringthe efficiency test was very small, whereas the testcould not be continued because the water neverboiled.

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

LEMIGAS as the Research and DevelopmentCenter for Oil and Gas Technology, is not only de-manded to actively conduct research and innova-tion in the field of science, but also expected togive concrete contribution to the progress of do-mestic industry. Such concrete contribution is bydoing research in design of formulation of lube oilthat is ready for production in commercial scale.Moreover LEMIGAS has now pilot plant (LOBP)that very much requires formulas that been haveproven their reliability, so that if produced theygive product quality assurance.

Currently there are many kinds of lubricantused in the industrial sector and automotive sec-tor. In the automotive world only, there are sev-eral kinds of lubricant such as: gasoline engine lu-bricant, diesel engine lubricant, manual transmis-sion as well as automotive transmission lubricant(ATF) and gear oil. The various kinds of automo-tive lubricant can be devided into several types oflubricant, among others two wheel vehicle lubri-cant, four wheel vehicle lubricant, and heavy dutyvehicle lubricant. Technology of engine or its equip-ment is different one to the others. Heavy dutyvehicles such as bus, truck, tractor, dump truck,escavator, etc. have different characteristics fromother vehicles so that they require lubricants ofdifferent characteristics also. With the increasingnumber of heavy duty vehicle in Indonesia, thenthe need for this kind of lubricants also increased.

In 2004, activities of designing gasoline anddiesel engine lubricant formula were done. In 2005it was continued with design gasoline engine anddiesel engine lubricant formulas for higher per-formance level, some manual transmission gearlubricant and antiwear hydraulic. In 2006 the ac-tivity was focused on design of formula of gaso-line engine lubricants with API SL and API SM per-formance quality. In 2007 design was done on lu-bricant for motor cycle four stroke engine. In 2008road test was done on lubricants resulted from for-

FORMULATION OF LUBE OIL FOR MANUAL TRANSMISSION OFHEAVY DUTY VEHICLE


mulation, namely gasoline engine lube oil of APISL performance quality with viscosity grade SAE15W-40. In 2009 research was done on manualtransmission lube oil formulation for heavy dutyvehicles.

Through this research it is hoped that the pre-cise composition between base lube oil and addi-tives, whether they are package additive or com-ponent additive, to be blended into the lube oil. Thisformula is compared with various brands that arefound in the market to know its advantages anddisadvantages. The lube based oil used is minerallube base oil (group I) and synthetic lube base oil(Group III). The type of the lube oil, viscosity grade,and performance of the lube oil of which the for-mula, is designed by referring to the performancespecification API GL-4 and API GL-5.

The type of lube oil, viscosity grade and per-formance of the lube oil under design are shown inTable 20 belows.

Type of Lube Base Oil

SAEPerformance

Level

90 API GL-4

140 API GL-4

90 API GL-5

140 API GL-5

85W-90 API GL-5

85W-90 API GL-5

85W-140 API GL-5

85W-140 API GL-5

85W-90 API GL-5

85W-140 API GL-5

Total Formula

Group I

Group I + III

10

Table 20Viscosity Classification and Performance

Level of Formulated Lube Oil

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

To obtain good results as established in the pur-pose and aim, this research was done by followingthe stages of activities: i) Collection of data andliterature and technical consultation with relatedparties concerning lube base oil, additives, and lubeoil; ii) Design of formula; iii) Provision of materi-als; iv) Blending formula; v) Physico-chemicalcharacteristics and performance tests of the for-mula that is designed and several lube oils that areavailable in the market; vi) Evaluation of test re-sults; vii) Preparation of final report. The tests ofphysico-chemical characteristics cover: i) Kine-matic viscosity at 40°C and 100°C (ASTM D-445);ii) Viscosity index (ASTM D-2270); iii) Flash point(ASTM D-92); iv) Pour point (ASTM D-97); v)Foaming tendency and stability (ASTM D-892); vi)Sulfur content (ASTM D-58); vii) Phosphorus con-tent (ASTM D-4047); viii) Volatility Noach (ASTMD-5800); and ix) Copper strip corrosion, 1 hour121°C (ASTM D-130). The semiperformance tests

cover: i) Low temperature viscosity (Brookfieldviscometer) (ASTM D-2983); ii). Welding pointfour-ball extreme pressure test (ASTM D-2783);iii) Load wear index (ASTM D-2783); and iv)Antiwear Characteristics, four-ball (ASTM D-4172).

The tests that were done on physico-chemicalcharacteristics of the product of formulationshowed that the mono-grade manual transmissionlube oil for heavy duty vehicle that uses blend ofGroup I and Group III lube base oil such as shownin Table 1, gave results that meet the specificationestablished in Indonesian National Standard (SNI06-7069-6-2005) (currently is not yet appliedcompulsorily).

The lube oil resulting from this formulationafter comparing its physico-chemical character-istics and semi-performance with similar type lubeoils that are available in the market showed resultsthat are not signifiantly different.

Figure 214-Ball Test Results for 10 Formulas and Manual Transmission Lube Oil Available in the Market

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

Based on the test results, for the three types oflube oil of SAE 85W 90 API GL-5, category, For-mula IX showed the best result; and for SAE BBSW85W140 API GL-5, Formula X showed the bestresult (particularly for 4-Ball Wear Test it is thelowest, see Figure 21).

Those formula can still be improved in orderto have better performance. Generally, the success

in the execution of this research will give signifi-cant effect on LEMIGAS, particularly in increasingthe quality of human resource in applied techno-logical research, if it can be produced in the pilotLOBP economically it can increase the Non-TaxState Income (PNBP). In the greater scale, it canincrease industrialization, particularly lubricantindusry.

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Lubricating grease is a lubricant in semi-solidstate, made of based lube oil plus additives andthickening agent. The true lubricating grease con-tains oil or other liquid lubricant that is blendedwith other thickening agent, such as soap, to givesemi-solid state.

Soap is the general emulsion agent used. Thetype of soap is selected in consideration of the con-dition where the grease will be used. Differentsoaps will result in lubricating grease product withdifferent temperature resistance (related to vis-cosity and volatility), water resistance, and chemi-cal reaction.

Additives are chemicals that can improve dif-ferent lubricant parameters. Additives for lubri-cating oil and lubricating grease can be classifiedin several aspects. First, those that affect the physi-cal and chemical properties of lube base material,examples of physical property are low tempera-ture, demulsibility, etc., of chemical properties areoxidation stability, etc. Second, effect on metal sur-face by modifying physico-chemical properties,for example, increase in friction coefficient, pre-venting wear, etc.

In earlier research concerning enviornmentfriendly lubricating grease, the additives and thick-ening agents used still contained heavy metals suchas zinc, lead, etc., that are dangerous to the envi-ronment. In this study we propose a new formulafor multipurpose environment friendly lubricat-ing grease by using other additives that do not con-tain heavy metals, namely additives that are usedin food industry, but also suitable for other indus-tries.

This study is conducted in stages, which beganin 2007 and completed in 2009. In stage I of thisstudy, selection was done on the suitable additivesand thickening agent to obtain an environmentfriendly lubricating grease. In Stage II, two kindsof lubricating grease were obtained with lithium

soap and calcium soap as thickening agent, andphysico-chemical characteristics test and perfor-mance test were done on them. Whereas in StageIII, the research was focused on obtaining the op-timum formula for lithium soap and calcium soaplubricating grease with NLGI 2-3.

The results of the study of the third stage arethat it has been succeeded to prepare a lithium soaplubricating grease with jarak oil as base oil in sev-eral variations of preparation process and com-position of raw materials. Saponification processcondition and dispersion of lithium soap as wellas calcium soap in the base oil greatly influencethe quality of lubricating grease produced. Drop-ping point of lubricating grease is influenced verymuch by the type and composition of the soap, aswell as the soap dispersion process in lube baseoil. The hardness and consistency of lubricatinggrease are greatly affected by the amount of thick-ening agent and filler material. Extreme pressureadditive (TE-A) that was added in lithium soap lu-bricating grease as well as calcium soap, can re-duce scar diameter of four ball test ball and in-crease the dropping point. However, corrosioninhibition additive (CI-A) that was added to thiscalcium soap lubricating grease cannot mix well,so that the texture of the calcium soap grease be-comes rough. Therefore addition of CI-A additivewas only done on lithium soap grease.

Based on test results of several parameters oflubricating grease it can be known that lithiumsoap lubricating grease with a composition of 0,6%LiOH, 20% 12-HSA, 0,2% anti-oxidant, 1,0% anti-corrosion, 1,0% extreme pressure additive and77,2% jarak oil is the best, this is shown by quitehigh value of dropping point namely 213,7°C, hard-ness level of lubricating grease NLGI 3, scar diam-eter 0,9375 mm, copper strip corrosion 1a, finetexture and broken white in colour.

Other type of lubricating grease is calcium soap

FORMULATION OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLYLUBRICATING GREASE


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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

lubricating grease, with jarak oil as base materialin several variations of preparation process as wellas composition of raw materials. Based on test re-sults of several lubricating grease parameters, itcan be known that calcium soap lubricating greasewith a composition of 4,2% Ca(OH)2, 15,8% 12-HSA, 0,2% anti-oxidant, 1.0% extreme pressureadditive, and 78,8% jarak oil is the best, this isshown by the quite high dropping point namely162°C, hardness level of lubricating grease NLGI 3scar diameter 0,93775 mm, fine texture and bro-ken white colour.

Anti-oxidant additive used in this research isof phenol compound type which was given thecode anti-oxidant A (AO-A), namely a high molecu-lar formula as follows:

The base material for the lithium soap lu-bricating of grease and calcium soap lucricatinggrease produced in this research was jarak oil (Rici-nus Communis L.) that is a plant base material, itcan be degraded to the level of 100% by microor-ganism. The additive used was an additive that ob-tained FDA recommendation for use in food in-dustry, but also suitable for the need of other in-dustries. Therefore the lithium soap lubricatinggrease and calcium soap lubricating grease thatwere produced in this study can be categorized asenvironment friendly grease or BiodegradableGrease.

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Aromatioc content (total aromatics,polyaromatics) in diesel oil have influence on die-sel engine, among others: it increases particulateemission, NOx emission, and increases deposit for-mation in diesel engine combustion chamber. De-posits in diesel engine parts will have impact onreduction of engine torsion, engine power and in-crease in fuel consumption.

According to World Health Organization(WHO) polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) arecarcinogens. PAH can cause damage to fetus, re-production system, etc.

Currently most of diesel enggine used in mo-tor vehicles in Indonesia have direct injection sys-tem. For this reason the test on the effect of aro-matic content in diesel oil on the change in perfor-mance was limited to using direct injection sys-tem diesel engine. The direct injection diesel en-gine used was an Isuzu 4JA1 engine on amuticylinder test bench.

The specification of Solar 48 diesel oil does notstated the limit for aromatic component (total aro-matics and polyaromatics). Aromatic content indiesel oil will have negative effect particularly onemission opacity, and NOx emission as well as de-posits formation in diesel engine components.

Considering the development in motor vehicleengine technology in the future, and developmentin international diesel oil specification as well asthe increasingly stringent environment require-ment, readjustment of specifications for Solar 48diesel oil must be immediately studied again to facethe competition in the quality of diesel oil in thecoming era of free market.

For physico-chemical characteristics test andendurances test diesel oil (Solar) with variatedpolyaromatics (PAH) and total aromatics contentswere prepared. The formulations were as follows:

RESEARCH ON AROMATIC CONTENT IN DIESEL OIL IN THEFRAMEWORK OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECIFICATION FOR

SOLAR DIESEL OIL IN INDONESIA (CONTINUATION)


- Reference Solar (MS-0): 12,69% vol. PAH and36,33% of total aromatics.

- Test Solar 1 (MS-1): 11,12% vol. PAH and28,80% total aromatics.

- Test Solar 2 (MS-2): 8,21% vol. PAH and 22,50%total aromatics.The results of physico-chemical characteris-

tics tests on MS-0, MS-1, and MS-2 covering: cet-

Figure MS-0

Figure MS-1

Picture 23Crosssection of cylinder head after static test

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

ane number, viscosity, distillation, specific grav-ity, flash point, sulfur content, carbon residue, wa-ter content, etc., each satisfies Solar 48 specifica-tion established by the government.

Test the diesel oil that was conducted in directinjection diesel engine for each of the sample MS-0, MS-1, MS-2 consisted of two stages, namely lim-ited performance test and endurance test.

From the results of performance test of thethree samples of MS-0, MS-1, MS-2, it can be con-cluded that higher aromatics content in the dieseloil tends to decrease engine power, increase spe-cific fuel consumption, and increase emissionopacity and nitrogen oxide.

Concerning the results of endurance test of thesamples MS-1, MS-2 compared to MS-0, each onehas higher nozzle flowrate, Piston: deposit < 2,6%and <2,8%, rating cleaner 0,74% and 0,82%; In-take valve: deposit < 1,27% and < 1,65%, ratingcleaner 1,37% and 2,0%

Outlet valve: deposit < 2,10% and < 2,32%, rat-ing cleaner by 1,19% and 1,54%.

During the endurance test in direct injectiondiesel engine by using diesel oil MS-1, MS-2 com-pared to performance of diesel oil MS-0 no tech-nical disturbance related to difference in physico-chemical characteristics of MS-0, MS-1 and MS-2was found. Engine operation condition seemednormal.

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The growth of private owned lubricant fabri-cation companies in Indonesia that have blendingfacilities and quality control laboratories, as wellas the increasing number of other lubricant test-ing laboratories that still are relying on the capa-bility of test apparatus and the skill of operators,as well as the different types of test method used,caused differences in test results. In addition, dueto changes in laboratory operator personnels, re-placement and/or purchase of new equipment inthe laboratories, it is required to do comparativetest between all lubricant testing laboratories inorder to obtain high accuracy and precision of the

CORRELATION PROGRAM OF LUBE OIL LABORATORIESIN INDONESIA


test results, so that the quality standard of test byeach laboratory is assured, and also of the lubri-cant products.

Based on the General Requirements of TestingLaboratory Competence SNI ISO/IEC 17025:2008,accredited laboratories are required to assure thequality of their test results through several ways,among others by inter-laboratory comparativetest, also known as correlation test, that must bedone every year.

The correlation program that was conductedin 2009 was participated by 37 participating labo-ratories, consisting of LOBP laboratories,

No. Test Parameter Participating Lab

Z-Score Inter Lab

Z-Score Intra Lab

1. Specific Gravity at 60/60oF 30 - PL 20, 25, 31

2. Kinematic Viscosity at 40oC, cSt 36 PL 24 PL 02, 15, 17, 25

3. Kinematic Viscosity at 100oC, cSt 35 PL 09 PL 15, 17, 33

4. Falsh Point, oC 29 - -

5. Pour Point, oC 22 PL 10, 15 -

6. Total Base Number, mgKOH/g 27 - PL 13, 25, 36

7. Total Acid Number, mgKOH/g 21

8. Apparent Viscosity (CCS), cP 15 - PL 20, 32

9. Evaporation Loss, %massa 10 PL 23 -

10. Metal Content, %massa

- Calcium (Ca) 23 - PL 05, 20, 25, 36

- Magnesium (Mg) 23 - PL 01, 05, 10, 11, 20, 22, 31, 33

- Zinc (Zn) 23 - PL 20

11. Foaming Tendensi Seq. 1, ml 18 - -

Seq. 2, ml 18 - -

Seq. 3, ml 18 - -

Foaming Stability Seq.1-3, ml 18 - -

12. Particle Counting > 4m? 8 - -

> 6m? 9 - -

> 14m? 9 - -

5 DATA 28 DATA

PL 01, 15, 35

Grubb’s

PL 01, 14, 26, 27, 28, 35

PL 01, 26, 27, 28, 37

PL 33

PL 06, 20, 31

PL 15, 20, 31

DATA TIDAK DIOLAH

-

-

PL 01, 13, 29, 31

PL 13, 29, 36

PL 01, 13, 29

PL 23, 25

-

PL 15, 23

-

PL 07, 25

PL 25

-

TOTAL DATA UJI “Outlier” 38 DATA

Table 21Recapitulation of Test Results of “Outlier” Laboratories by Grubb’s Method and Robust Z-Score

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

governnment institution laboratories, and privateowned laboratories that have been accredited byKAN as well those that have not been accredited.It is hoped that in the future the number of partici-pating laboratories of this proficiency test willcontinue to increase parallel with the increase inawareness on the quality lubricant products andquality of the laboratories that do lubricant testingservice.

Each participating laboratory participates incorrelation for test parameter in accordance withthe testing apparatus it possesses, so that not alllaboratories participate in all parameters to be cor-related. There were two types of lube oil sample tobe tested, namely automotive lube oil and hydrau-lic lube oil, with 12 test parameters. In all, the testresult data from all participating laboratoriesamount to 428 pairs of data.

Evaluation of test result data was done by se-lecting the data by Grubb’s method, then by Ro-bust Z-score method. The test result data of labo-ratories that were not selected by Grubb’s method(fell into the category of “outlier” by Gubb’smethod) were not further evaluated by Robust Z-Score statistical method. The test results from thoselaboratories are regarded as significantly differ-ent from the data of other laboratories, whereasthe list result data that do not follow normal distri-bution such as Total Acid Number (TAN) test datacannot be processed by statistical method.

The results of computation by Robust Z-Scorestastical method show the competence of eachlaboratory, in comparison with other laboratories(reproducibility), or within the laboratory itself(repeatibility). Recapitulation of laboratory testdata that fall into the category of Outlier by Grubb’smethod selection, and test result data processingby Robust Z-Score statistical technique are shownin Table 21.

In Table 5.1 it is shown that the results of selec-tion by Grubb’s method put 38 test result data fallinto outlier category ($$), out of 407 test resultdata (because 21 TAN data could not be processed)or 9,34% of all data. Whereas the results of statisti-cal computation by Robust Z-Score methodshowed 5 test result data of which theInterlaboratory Z-Score fall into outlier category($$) or 1,23% of all data, and 28 test result datathat have Intra Lab Z-Score value that fall into out-lier of 6,88% of all data.

Based on the above results of evaluation it canbe concluded that 10,57% of all data of laboratorytest result have less than satisfactoryreproduciibility, and 6,88% of all laboratory testresults data have less than satisfactory repeatibilty.Therefore it is seen that the competence of lubri-cant laboratories in Indonesia is not yet uniform,so that their competence must be upgraded.

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DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNO ECONOMIC MODEL FOR UTILIZATIONOF COALBED METHANE


Indonesia has potential Coalbed Methane(CBM) of about 300 to 450 Trillion Cubic Feet(TCF). Such large amount of Coalbed Methane isfound in eleven coal basins in various locations inIndonesia. The eleven Coalbed Methane locationscomprise South Sumatra (183 TCF). Barito (101,6TCF), Kutai (89,4 TCF) and Central Sumatra (52,5TCF) for high prospective category. North TarakanBasin (17,5 TCF), Berau (8,4 TCF), Ombilin (0,5TCF), Pasir/Asam-Asam (3,0 TCF) and Jatibarang(0,8) are in the category of moderate prospective.Whereas Sulawesi basin (2,0 TCF) and Bengkulu(3,6 TCF) are in low prospective category.

Coalbed Methane is a natural gas (hydrocar-bon) in which methane gas is the main compo-nent which occurred naturally in the process ofcoal formation (coalification) in conditions ofbeing trapped and adsorbed in coal and/or coalseams. The potential of Coalbed Methane in Indo-nesia has technical advantages for development,particularly it occurs at shallow place (500 m-1500 m under the surface). Compared to naturalgas, Coalbed Methane has slower production pe-riod. Generally the highest production or peak pro-duction occurs around 10 to 20 years. Shorter com-pared to natural gas that may reach 30 to 40 years.

The Coalbed Methane development itself be-sides being related to upstream infrastructure, isalso connected to downstream infrastructure andenergy market demand, particularly in the indus-trial sector. Therefore, before a Coalbed Methanefield development is implemented it is needed toconduct a series of analysis to study various pa-rameters on the feasibility of its development.

The methodology of the study is, among oth-ers by conducting data inventory to obtain infor-mation concerning Coalbed Methane reserves,production profile of each field, gas market in thevicinity of the study area, and existing infrastruc-ture, then to develop downstream techno-eco-

nomic model of several Coalbed Methane trans-portation modes, namely pipeline network, miniLNG plant and CNG Mother Daughter, followed bydoing run and analysis of economic parameters toobtain economic indicators and sensitivity analy-sis.

The aim of this study is to analyze the bestoption in developing Coalbed Methane at the down-stream side down to consumers by doing analysisof several modes of Coalbed Methane transporta-tion to the consumers viewed from the level of itseconomics so that the option that gives good re-turn to the company is obtained. Some transporta-tion modes that will be investigated among othersare pipeline network, mini LNG plant, CNG motherdaughter, where the choice of transportation modeis greatly influenced by the amount of reserves,gas production projection as well as geographicalcontour of the Coalbed Methane field itself.

The benefit of this study is that it can be usedas database on the economics of downstream trans-portation of Coalbed Methane gas that can be usedby the Government as reference in regulatingCoalbed Methane commerce and as informationfor investors that wish to participate in CoalbedMethane development in Indonesia, as well as inthe framework of optimizing gas utilization asstated in energy blueprint that in 2025 some 3.3%can be realized by Coalbed Methane.

The impact of this study is that it is hoped tosupport the Government in reaching the target ofGovernment program in reducing oil fuel subsidy.

The result of this study is a model for computa-tion of the economics of Coalbed Methane by com-putation concept from upstream to downstreamas shown in Figure 24.

Upstream calculation of Coalbed Methane isrelated to Govennment Regulation No. 35 of 2004that stated implicity that Coalbed Methane fallsunder the regime of natural gas, so that in general,

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

natural gas regulation (Coop-eration Contract, KKS) can beapplied to Coalbed Methanewith flexibility of economicparameters and fiscal regimethat can be variated so thatto give fair Governmentiincome and contractorprofit.

In this study, CoalbedMethane upstream eco-nomic model is taken as im-portant input to downstreameconomic model that will becomputed to cover pipelinenetwork, mini LNG, and CNG.The fiscal parameters usedwere first trance petroleum10% to be divided betweencontractor and government,contractor split of 50%, tax44%, investment credit 55%,data share 10%, and facility

Figure 24Concept of Coabed Methane Economic Computation

Figure 25Profile of Capex, Opex and Cummulative Production

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

The conversion from the use of oil fuel to gas-eous fuel (natural gas) to meet national energydemand must immediately be realized, consider-ing that crude oil reserves are very limited whilstnatural gas availability in Indonesia is still plenti-ful. Gas selling price that is relatively cheaper com-pared to oil fuel and without subsidy will greatlyassist in reducing the burden of the governmentand the public.

In implementing the conversion from oil fuelto gas fuel, the infrastructure that is appropriateand easy to implement is by use of gas cylinders.By using such gas cylinders, gas distribution canreach wider area without having to construct gaspipeline which is very expensive.

The use of gas fuel for transportationand household by using gas fuel cylindersthat so far has been practiced has manyconstraints and disadvantages, namely:- It requires big and heavy cylinders- Cylinder pressure is high- Filling capacity is very limited.

Therefore it is necessary to have al-ternative method to store gas fuel that cancontain as much gas as possible with pres-sure, weight and cylinder volume that arerelatively small.

The alternative method that can beused to reduce and overcome for existingconstraints as a means of gas sotrage withlow pressure, weight, and cylinder volumeis Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG) tank. Thistank contains active carbon (from cornstem or coconut shell) that have pores ofnano dimension (micropore) and due tothe presence Van der Waals force on thepore wall it can adsorb methane gas mol-ecules and compressed them into high den-sity fluid. The tank that contains active car-bon is expected to be able to retain 180

DESIGN OF PREPARATION OF BIOADSORBENT FOR GAS STORAGEIN GAS FUEL CYLINDER


times the volume of standard natural gas, namely118 gram per one liter of carbon at a pressure of500 psi as stated in reference sources.

The methodology used in this design is by do-ing several stages of activities that are followedby testing. The first stage that must be done is toprepare active carbon or to activate existing car-bon that is available in the market to obtain greatsurface area as required in the active carbon foruse as adsorbent. Then design and engineeringmust be done on the surface of the pores of theactive carbon to form active carbon pore func-tional group so that it can adsorb methane gas inline with its function as gas adsorbent. The test

Schematic FTIR

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

conducted in this research covers test on activecarbon pore surface area by using Nitrogen Sorp-tion method (BET). By this method there are alsofound the value of micro pore volume and totalpore volume. In addition test was also done by FTIR(Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy)method and Boehm titration to know thefuunctional ggroup of the active carbon pore sur-face. Also done is test by XRD (X-ray diffraction)to know the crystal structure of the active carbon.

For implementation stage in the laboratory amodel test tank was designed for adsorption/des-orption of methane gas on the active carbon thatwas produced in this design and engineering. Thetest equipment is a tank (straines tank) that can befilled with active carbon particles at certain com-pactness, then the tank that has been filled withactive carbon is filled with methane gas until apressure of about 30 bar, the volume of gas thatcan be filled and adsorbed into the tank is calledadsorption capacity or tank filling, then to knowthe gas desorption capacity, the gas is let out until

the pressure is 1 bar.

The result and output of bioadsorbent designthis year is an active carbon with micropore struc-ture and large surface area that is between 900-1250 m2/gram where with this large surface areathe active carbon can adsorb quite large amountof gas. Then by modification of active carbon poresurface it will produce increase in surface func-tional groups such as carboxyl, lacton, and phenolthat make it possible for the active carbon to havehigh adsorption capacity of natural gas. Test ofadsorption and desorption of gas on active carbonthat was produced in this research by use of testtank (strainer tank) that was already made, canshow that the active carbon that was preparedand designed in this research has adsorption ca-pacity of 150 v/v and desorption capacity of 80-90% of its adsoprtion capacity. With such a greatadsorption and desorption capacities, based onexisting references, it is quite suitable for use asgas adsorbent material.

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Inhibitor does not work universally in all en-vironment, an inhibitor may be suitable for oneenvironment, but may not be effective or even

PREPARATION OF FORMULATION OF CORROSION INHIBITORFROM PALM OIL INDUSTRY WASTE


FigureEfffect of Addition of Inhibitor Formulation FA

and Temperature on Corrrosion Rate

FigureEffect of Temperature on Corrosion Rate as Various

Concentration of Inhibitor

tends to be dangerous if used in other environ-ment, so that a correct formulation must be made.

In the process of corrosion inhibitor formula-tion, in addition to active agent, to ob-tain the expected properties someother compounds must be added atcertain concentration such as solvent,cosolvent, surfactant and other com-pounds that are regarded as necessary.Corrosion inhibitor can be made ofchemical compounds that have freepair of atomics. Such free atomic pairamong others are C, H, O, N, S. Palmiticacid is a long chain saturated fatty acidwith a carbon chain numbering 16 Cis contained in quite large quantity(15-40%) in palm oil. This number isquite large compared to other longchain carboxyl acid contentl, so thatthis compound is potential for use ascorrosion inhibitor active agent.

To increase the performance ofpalmitic acid as corrosion inhibitor,formulation has been done by addingseveral additive compunds such as sol-vent, cosolvent, surfactant at certainconcentration.

From the results of formulationand laboratory test, it is found that byadding several additive compounds,palmitic acid is able to decrease corro-sion rate significantly. Since palmiticacid only soluble in organic solvent athigh temperature, then its protectionperformance and solubility will in-crease with increasing temperaturewithout producing emulsion effect orfoaming. The inhibitor resulting fromthis formulation is not compatiblewith biocide compound.

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Climate change is a global challenge that re-quires point global response. There are enoughproofs that show that the earth has experiencedand is still experiencing climate change. Predic-tion of climate change in the 21st Century has sig-nificant damaging potential. Effects of this increas-ing heat have potential to increase the tempera-ture of the atmosphere and the sea, melting ice andsnow, and increasing average sea level increase(IPCC/ Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange , 2007).

In Indonesia, the use of oil and natural gas fuelas well as coal is dominant. Data of 2005 showed,around 95% of national energy mix is dominatedby fossil fuel, while the rest (5%) originated fromrenewable energy. This condition can certainlyhave impact on climate change considering thatburning of fossil fuels produces CO2 emission inquite large amount. The Government of Indonesiais required to take steps that can suppress the rateof growth of CO2 emission.

Execution of Management of Greenhouse GasEmission from Oil and Gas Sub-sector has the pur-pose to provide a reference for handling and man-agement of greenhouse gas emission in theform of roadmap. The roadmap is preparedfor a minimum of 5 yeas to the future and isharmonized with National Action Plan Pro-gram on climate change and internationalagenda that was formulated by the UnitedNations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC). The aim is that all stake-holders have the same understanding on themanagement of greenhouse gas emissionparticularly those related to oil and gassubsector.

Oil and gas fuels in Indonesia are usedin various sectors. In 2008, final consump-tion of oil fuel comprised 46,7% whereasgas 16,1%. Based on the type, Premiumgasoline and Solar diesel oil dominated the

MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SECTOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION


consumption, followed by kerosene. In the futurekerosene consumption will continue to decreasein line with the conversion program of keroseneto LPG.

CO2 emission from oil and gas sector is com-puted with the approach of the formula releasedby IPCC. Basic formula for CO2 emission computa-tion from fuel combustion is as follows: CO2 = Q •NCV • EF • (1-Sf) • F • 44/12, where CO2 is theamount of CO2 (ton); Q is the amount of fuel con-sumed (original unit); NCV calorific value (TeraJoule/original unit); EF is emission factor (ton ofcarbon/Tera Joule); Sf is carbon storage factor;and F is oxidation factor.

Calorific value is computed with the formula:NCV = (GCV – 50,45) x (26 - (15 x SG)) where SG isa specific gravity 60/60oF. Specific gravity 60/60oFcan be converted from API gravity 60oF whereAPI Gravity 60°F = (141,5 / SG) - 131,5. From fieldsurvey data to Pertamina refineries it was foundNCV values as in Table 24.

Then to obtain the value of carbon content thefollowing formula is used: Carbon Content =(76.99+(10.19*SG)-(0.76*Sulphur content))/100.

IPCC Lower-Upper

NCV (MJ/kg)

1 Avtur 43,35 42,0 - 45,0

2 Kerosene 43,26 42,4 - 45,2

3 LPG 45,51 44,8 - 52,2

4 Fuel Oil/FO 41,72 39,8 - 41,7

5 Diesel Oil/IDO 42,58 41,4 - 43,3

6 Pertamax 43,82 42,5 - 44,8

7 Premium 43,87 42,5 - 44,8

8 Solar/ADO 42,82 41,4 - 43,3

No. FuelNCV

(MJ/kg)

Table 24Result of Computation of NCV

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

With carbon content data, emission factor can befound: FE (ton C/TJ) = Carbon Content (kg C/ kgfuel) / NCV (MJ/ kg fuel). Then this emission fac-tor data will be used as reference for computationof national CO2 emission.

Then to obtain the value of carbon content thefollowing formula is used: Carbon Content =(76.99+(10.19*SG)-(0.76*Sulphur content))/100.With carbon content data, emission factor can befound: FE (ton C/TJ) = Carbon Content (kg C/ kgfuel) / NCV (MJ/ kg fuel). Then this emission fac-tor data will be used as reference for com-putation of national CO2 emission.

Based on the computation, CO2 emissionfrom oil fuels (BBM) experiences a smalldecrease whereas CO2 emission from gascontinues to increase in line with conver-sion of some oil fuel to gas. To be clearer, CO2

emission from oil fuel and gas can be seen inFigure 1.

The Governnment has issued PerpresNo. 5 of 2006 concerning National EnergyPolicy. In the Perpres it has been formulatedenery mix composition that is expected tobe achieved in 2025. This energy mix hasbeen revised in 2009 where for oil and gassubsector in 2025, the composition of crudeoil usage is 20,2%; natural gas 21,1%; plant

Figure 1CO

2 Emission from Energy Sector

IPCC Lower-upper

FE (tC/TJ)

1 Avtur 19,68 19,0 - 20,3

2 Kerosene 19,72 19,3 - 20,1

3 LPG 18,14 16,8 - 17,9

4 Fuel Oil/FO 20,56 20,6 - 21,5

5 Diesel Oil/IDF 20,06 19,8 - 20,4

6 Pertamax 19,31 18,4 - 19,9

7 Premium 19,3 18,4 - 19,9

8 Solar/ADO 20,01 19,8 - 20,4

No Fuel FE (tC/TJ)

fuel 10,2% and CBM 3,3%. Such planned 2025 en-ergy mix can be achieved by doing three impor-tant things, namely energy diversification, energyconservation, and application of clean energy.

Effort to diversify energy is a matter that mustdone to decrease CO2 emission to prevent short-age of energy supply in the future. The policy thatcan be implemented in connection with energydiversification are among others:a. To map the potential, research, and development

of new and renewable energy;

Table 25Emission Factor

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

b. To give incentive for development and utiliza-tion of new and renewabble energy;

c. To promote establishment of more rationalprices;

d. Increasing participation of regions in develop-ment of new and renewable energy;

e. To promote economic growth that is based onlow pollution energy;

f. To implement decentralized energy generation;g. To develop more infrastructure for low emis-

sion energy.Whereas the policy that must be implemented

as related to energy conservation are:a. Dissemination of information concerning en-

ergy conservation to energy users;

b. Incentive and disincentive through fundingmechanism such as through CDM program(Clean Development Mechanism);

c. Regulation for implementation of energy con-servation at all so sectors of users and applica-tion of energy saving standard;

d. To employ science and technology to developlight, functional, efficient, and high quality prod-ucts.

Some technologies that can be applied for de-creasing CO2 emission in oil and gas sector areamong others: Flare Gas Reduction Unit (FGRU);Mini LNG Plant with CO2 Removal; Coalbed Meth-ane (CBM) technology; Biofuels; and applicationof CCS technology.

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Sulfur is one of the main components to causeatmospheric pollution. Sulfur compounds found inoil fuel are converted into exhaust gas SOx that hasnegative impact on health.

Oil fuel specification in Indonesia that has beenestablished so far mainly takes into considerationthe capability of domestic refineries and govern-ment financial capabilty as related to the burdenof oil fuel subsidy. Thus the specifications of oilfuels in Indonesia have not fully satisfied the re-quirement of oil fuels in line with the developmentin motor vehicle engine technology, internationalfuel specifications, and the more stringent envi-ronment requirement as related to air quality.

The maximum sulfur content established inIndonesian specification for gasoline is 0,05% m/m (500 ppm), and for Solar diesel oil 0,35% m/m(3500 ppm). Although the actual sulfur content inIndonesian gasoilne is far below the one stated inthe specification, the content is never-theless much far higher than the oneestablished by World Wide Fuel Char-ter (WWFC) for category II: 150 ppmand category III: 30 ppm, whereas forSolar Euro II: 500 ppm and Euro III: 300ppm.

Conventional hydrodesulfurization(HDS) technique is not quite effectivefor reducing sulfur that is bound in aro-matic organo sulfur such as thiophene,benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene,and their derivatives. In addition, thistechnique is quite difficult and requiresquite high technology investment,namely requiring catalytic reactor thatis operated at high pressure and pres-sure. Desulfurization techniques bymembrane and adsorption, from litera-ture survey, are effective for reducingorgano-aromatics. In addition, these

DESULFURIZATION OF OIL FUELS BY MEMBRANEAND ADSORPTION METHOD


two techniques can be done at ambient tempera-ture and atmospheric pressure so that the invest-ment and operation cost will be relatively cheaper.

The purpose and aim of this activity is to findthe compositions of membrane and adsorbent aswell as separation process that can give effect insulfur removal from gasoline and diesel oil bycheap and easy way for application and integra-tion in existing refineries.

The method of research done comprises de-sign and engineering of membrane compositionthat can let pass sulfur compounds and does notdissolve in gasoline or diesel oil. The solution ofsulfur into the membrane and insolution of themembrane in gasoline or diesel oil are tested byuse of copolymer such as acrylate and succinatethat have been given crossbonds. Such modifica-tion of adsorbent can increase adsorbent selectiv-ity on sulfur in gasoline or diesel oil.

Adsorpstion Separation Test Unit

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In line with the plan of activity in the third year(2009), the activity was directed to preparationof adsorbent, design of adsorption system and re-generation techhnique. Membrane activity wasdirected to development of membrane composi-tion by use of pervaporation system. In this activ-ity, composition development was done bby poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) 20.000 that was givencrossbond by the use of anhydride to effectcrossbonding and triemethylamine as catalyst. Thecomposition of polymer solution in aceton at PEGconcentration of around 20% and maleate

anhydrate concentration of about 15% gave quitea good separation performance. Sulfur enrichmentfactor in permiate flow that would pass throughthe membrane was around 3.

As the output of the research on reduction ofsulfur by membrane is the compositioning of PEGpervaporation sheet membrane that was givencrossbond by maleate anhydride to formcrossbond. Concerning research on sulfur reduc-tion by adsorption, it resulted in reduction of sul-fur by 37%.

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In accordance with the plan of activities, in thethird year (2009), the activity was focused oncomplementing the unit for separation of acid gasfrom natural gas or flare gas with membrane forfield testing. The activities done were preparationof connection from separation test unit tothe source of feed gas, preparation of unitfor handling the gas resulting from separa-tion (flaring), and preparation of a modulehousing for stagewise separation.

In this activity design and engineeringwere done of auxiliary units of the unit forseparation of acid gas from natural gas orflare gas with membrane for field testing.The configuration of the unit consisted of:- Module housing that can be placed with 6

or 3 membrane elements of 90 cm longand 50 mm diameter that can stand apressure of 200 psig

- Port connection and flexible hose thatconnects the membrane and to gas trunkline that can stand 200 psig

- Gas disposal hose that is complementedwith flare burner and can stand a pres-sure of 200 psig

- Fitting dan piping.

In addition, several other units were alsomade to support the activity, namely:

- Module Housing that can be filled withone membrane element of 90 cm long and50 mm diameter and can stand a pres-sure of 200 psig

- Hollow fiber coating unit.

In addition, research on the compositionof membrane that can endure dry storagecontinues to be developed including thecomposition of cellulose acetate with ac-etone only as well as one with addition ofPEG 4000 on the composition.

STUDY ON PREPARATION OF SKID MOUNTED MEMBRANE FORFIELD APPLICATION


Design of Module Housing

The compositions of membrane that can en-dure storage in dry condition are as follows:- Cellulose Acetate + Acetone. In the form of

asymmetric membrane with polarity treatmentand storage in dessicator

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· Cellulose Acetate + Acetone + PEG 4000. In theform of asymmmetric membrane with polaritytreatment and storage in dessicator.

The results obtained from this activity are aunit for testing of separation of acid gas from natu-

ral gas or flare gas with membrane in the form ofskkid mounted unit for ffield testing with a flowrate capacity of 100 to 1000 scfd and pressureranging rom 30 to 200 psig, as well as the compo-sition of membrane that can endure storage at drycondition.

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The purpose and aim of this activity is to con-duct inventory of crude oil fingerprint data throughtheir chhromatogram data. These data can then beutilized as input into fingerprint database of crudeoils of Indonesia in digital form by using a com-puter program for easy retrieval. With the pres-ence of this database it can facilitate the govern-ment as policy decision maker to resolve environ-mental pollution problem from the aspect of crudeoil spill.

Several combinations of analytical methodscan be used for the purpose of identification orfingerprinting of crude oil. For example ASTM usesGas Chromatography (GC), Fluorescence Spectro-scope (FL). Infrared Spectroccopy (IR), and GasChromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).United States Coast Guard – Marine Safety Labora-tory (MCL) uses combination of methods similarto ASTM, whereas GC-MS is only used as auxiliarymethod. Whereas EUROCRUDE uses GC and GC-MS.

In this fingerprint database research, GCmethod is used considering that this method is

INVENTORY AND IDENTIFICATION (FINGERPRINTING)OF CRUDE OILS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL TO POLLUTE MARINE

ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA


very reliable in analysing mixtures of hydrocar-bon compounds and nearly every oil laboratoryand environment laboratory has his equpment.Fingerprinting by GC method is based on patternrecognition of hydrocarbon compounds, includ-ing normal–paraffins. In this GC method, no iden-tification is needed of every hydrocarbon com-pounds and no standard compounds is required.Crude oil chromatogram is easily recognized fromthe position of n-C17, Pristane, n-C18, and Fitane.Recognition of chromatogram pattern can be donevisually, by diagram or numerically.

The results of the research showed that in gen-eral chromatogram pattern recognition throughn-paraffin hydrocarbon compounds gives goodresult. Certain types of crude oil sometimes showscattered diagram pattern and radar diagram thatresemble one to another, although their numericdata are different. To better ascertain the result ofthe matching it must be continued with patternrecognition of iso-paraffin hydrocarbon com-pounds.

GCxGC Apparatus GCxGC three dimension chromatogram

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The results of the research on iso-paraffin pat-tern showed that iso-paraffin pattern showed dif-ference in crude oils that have resemblance in n-paraffin pattern. Thus iso-paraffin pattern can beused as additional parameter for better ascertainthe result of the matching.

The results of this research of 2009 period is acontinuation of the earliler periods of 2007 and2008. The results of crude oil chromatogram werealso still showing some close isoparaffins that can-not be separted completely. In 2008 period it wasrecommended to use Two Dimensional Gas Chro-matography for resolving this problem of iso-par-affins. Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography hasbeen much used by researchers in other coun-tries to overcome the problem. Two Dimensionalchromatography, often denoted as GC×GC, canseparate mixture of hydrocarbons and give infor-mation that previously cannot be produced by GCand GC-MS. GCxGC is a new technology that is verypromising for analysis of very complex hydrocar-bons in environmental problem. The GCxGCmethod and apparatus have been recommendedfor application in LEMIGAS. However due to limi-tation in budget of 2009 period, this apparatus can-not yet be procurred.

From the results of analysis of crude oils in this2009 period, then by using GC method it has beenable to identify samples of oil spill quickly as initial

investigative action. However, it must be remem-bered that the fingerpringting method by GCmethod in only an element of a chain, particularlyfor stating the similarity or dissimilarity betweentwo or more oil samples. Of not less important areother data, such as aerial photo and testimony ofwitness. That methods of sampling and preserva-tion of samples can affect the result of analysis byGC is also need to be taken into consideration.

Considering that this GC method is simple andeasy in its operation, as well as that practically alloil laboratories and environment laboratoris haveGC apparatus, it is recommended that this GCmethod is used as preliminary method for identi-fication of crude oil spill So that this method canbe used as an official method it is suggestied thatinterlaboratory test correlation be conducted. Suchcorrelation test with this GC method will covermethods of weathering simulation, handling ofcrude oil samples, and comparison of chromato-gram pattern of pristane, fitane, C17 hydrocarbonsand heavier, as well as chromatogram pattern ofiso-paraffins that are situated between n-C17 andn-C18 that have not been affected by weathering.

The conclusion that can be drawn from theactivity of inventory and fingerprinting by GasChromatography (GC) method is that it is a simpleand easily applied method for identification in pre-liminary investigation of samples of oil spill be-

Recognitin of n-parafin peak

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fore doing more advanced test, such as by GasChhromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)method.

Chromatogram of a crude oil can be easily rec-ognized by the peak of pristane that occurs side byside with normal C17 paraffin (n-C17) and fitane thatis side by side with normal C18 paraffin (n-C18). Theratio of pristane and fitane can be used as initialindicator of the oil sample being compared.

Furthermore crude oil fingerprinting by GCmethod is done by matching chromatogram pat-tern of n-paraffin and iso-paraffin through visual,diagram, and numeric method. Numeric patternrecognition is done by the aid of computer dia-gram.

When it is only comparing or matching of twoor three samples of crude oil required then it canbe done by x-y diagram of radar diagram.

Generally chromatogram pattern of n-paraf-fin can already be used to differentiate crude oil

samples. When n-paraffin chromatogram patternshowed resemblance then further matching canbe done with iso-paraffin chromatogram pattern.

Numeric data matching by computer programcan be done by computing the standard deviationand correlation coeficient.

It is recommended that interlaboratory testcorrelation be held for legitimation of the applica-tion of GC method for preliminary test in identifi-cation of crude oil samples in environmental pol-lution cases.

Each laboratory that handles environmentalpollution is recommended to participated in inven-tory of crude oil chromatogram data that the sam-pling procedure analysis by GC method are de-scribed in the full report of this 2009 period re-search. Also needs to be considered and developedfurther is the use of two Dimensional Gas Chroma-tography (GCxGC) as the method that can over-come various problems that cannot be overcomeby GC and GC-MS methods.

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ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MONITORINGOF OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES


In AMDAL document, the pattern of manage-ment and monitoring of marine environment thatare formulated in fact are not yet oriented com-prehensively and integrally. This appears to have“upstream” position (initial/primary cause). Ex-

isting RKL-RPL patterns generally tend to insuffi-ciently consider downstream impact (secondary/derivative impact). Marine environment is an arenaof interaction of tens of abiotics and biotics thatare all dynamic, interconnected, influencing each

Figure 4Location of Sampling on River Water and Sea Water (Marine Biota) Quality

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other without recognizing elimination, so that theprocess resulted is a network of complex and diffi-cult to predict cause and effect. Finally there ap-pear many cases of environment deterioration,while on the other hand the concerned industryfeels it has diligently followed all applicable regu-lations. Therefore there is a need for improvementin the aspects of management and monitoring ofenvironment that must be simple and practicalenough but do not contradict Kep. Men. LH, andreflect the spirit of ecosystem approach, particu-larly in biological aspect of the related marine en-vironment.

The study was done in marine environs (riverand sea) in the vicinity of upstream activity ofPertamina UP IV Cilacap, Pertamina UP VIIndramayu, and downstream activity of PertaminaEP Prabumulih Palembang.

Monitoring and observation data in the watersof UP IV Cilacap at initial condition in 1992 haveenvironment quality value (EQ) of 0,758-0,829with good-very good classification. In 2004 it ex-perienced decrease to EQ value 0,605-0,644 withclassification of medium-good. Whereas in 2007the EQ value increased to 0,643-0,694 with classi-fication of good. The result of biota analysis in 2009with diversity index of 0,085- 1,925, index of even-ness of distribution of 0.039-0,092 and dominantindec 0,1714- 0,3409. From computation saprobityindex is 0,240-3,628. From the result of computa-tion it is known that the waters have sufferedvery light to medium pollution by organic andannorganic matters, whereas the biota is at an un-stable condition. The quality of Donan River hasdecreased, if pollution continues to occur there willbe succession so that environment become evenmore deteriorated.

The waters in the vicinity of Pertamina UP VIIndramayu, initial condition in 1991 environmentquality value EQ is 0,644-0,677 with classificationof medium-good. Whereas in 2007 there occurreddecrease in marine quality to 0,547-0,564 withclassification medium. The results of biota analy-sis in 2009 gave diversity index of 0,0026-1,3325,index of evenness of distribution 0,0024-0,9614,dominance index 0,280-0,995, whilst SaprobityIndex 0,2-3. In general the condition of waters inthe vicinity of the activity has been polluted byorganic and anorganic matters at category of verylight to medium. The biota are in unstable condi-tion, there is dominance at the station that is pol-luted to medium. This decrease in marine qualitycan be caused by less then effective RKL and RPLand the need to reduce pollution load by increas-ing IPAL in series.

Whereas for Pertamina Prabumulih the ma-rine quality in overall at the time of initial condi-tion in 1993 around 0,712–0,818 with classifica-tion good–very good and the condition of marinequality in 2008 (EQ 0,835–0,937) with classifica-tion of very good. This shows increase in the qual-ity of waters of the river in the vicinity of activity.Biota analysis gave diversity index 0,053–2,51, dis-tribution evenness index 0,017–0,927 and domi-nance index 0,1076–0,985 whereas Saprobity in-dex 0,150–2,159. Ffrom these results of analysis itcan be said the waters have been polluted by or-ganic and anorganic matter very lighht to medium.The biota is in unstable condition and there is domi-nance. These results indicated that waste manage-ment is already quite effective, but there is a needto do even better management by considering thebearing capacity of the waters, not only in con-nection with waste.

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From the description of the execution of oiland gas R/D programs in 2009, it is clear that oiland gas upstream R/D programs and activitieswere focused on finding and developing “uncon-ventional” gas potential as well as increasing oiland gas reserves and production. With the condi-tion of oil and gas production that continued todecrease under the target of one million barrel perday, it is necessary to look for the source of oil orgas reserves in eastern parts Indonesia and to in-crease oil and gas production technology capabil-ity through development or EOR (enhanced oil re-covery) technology.

Meanwhile oil and gas downsream R/D pro-grams and activities were focused on developmentof oil and gas processing technology. These two

focuses of downstream activities form importantpart in supporting the government in implement-ing energy conservation and diversification. Thisenergy conservation program included efforts todevelop process technology for increasing effi-ciency in oil fuel consumption of engines. Whereasthis energy diversification program is connectedto biofuel and gas development process in theframework of reducing consumption of oil fuels.

Thus it can be concluded that the two focusesof oil and gas R/D programs (upstream R/D anddownstream R/D) that are executed in PPPTMGB“LEMIGAS” are directed to support in achievinggovernment policy on energy resilience that is ef-ficient, sustainable, and supporting the environ-ment.

CHAPTER 4. CLOSING REMARKS

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Documents

Laporan Lemigas 2009