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International Seminar 1-3 March. 2008,International Seminar 1-3 March. 2008,Hyderabad.Hyderabad.
LANGUAGE OR LANGUAGE LANGUAGE OR LANGUAGE
SEYED HOSSEIN FAZELI
Department of Linguistics,University ofMysore, Mysore.
Email:[email protected]
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OutlineOutlineIntroductionIntroduction
1. The history of vocabulary Culture1. The history of vocabulary Culture
2. Nature and reality of culture2. Nature and reality of culture
3. The categories of definitions of culture3. The categories of definitions of culture
4. Language, thought and culture4. Language, thought and culture
5. Language, Culture and Society5. Language, Culture and Society
6. Language learning6. Language learning
7. Culture, learning and communication7. Culture, learning and communication
8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and learning8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and learning
9.Globalization9.Globalization
10.Today, English as an International language10.Today, English as an International language
11. Official language or languages in one country11. Official language or languages in one country
12-Translation12-Translation
13. Language contact13. Language contact
14. Motivated factors to learn other languages14. Motivated factors to learn other languages
15. Multi complex category of factors15. Multi complex category of factors
16. Results16. Results
English in GlobalizationEnglish in GlobalizationReferencesReferences
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IntroductionIntroduction
Importance of relationship of language and cultureImportance of relationship of language and culture
Culture and language are two unseperatable sides of humanCulture and language are two unseperatable sides of human
communication systemcommunication system
A language of one society reflects the culture of that society
Language and culture are inter-linked to each others in various ways
Language is human societys most precious possession not only
because of its communicative values, but also because language is thevehicle of culture
Culture is the embodiment of all that a society believes produces
Language becomes an integral part of culture
Language and culture go hand in hand interacting with and shapingtogether CONTINUE
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The acquisition of one language is done through or with culture
Society and culture are more than background and even more thancontext
Language and society are so inter-linked and so much apart each
other that are cannot be thought of except in relation to the otherLanguage for the individual is his tool for interaction with communityas well as the communitys tool for interaction with the individual
Language acquiring is just one aspect of acculturation
The two languages are not translation of each others
Globalization in a literal sense is international integrationGlobalization can be described as a process by which the people ofthe world are unified into single society
The effects of globalization which work to linguistic homogenizationand cultural homogenization is done through modernization,
translation, standardization and the othersEndangered languages are not concluded to languages themselves
Endanger with or through languages due to endanger treasure ofculture
Various issues have been affect that the endangered state andcondition occur
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1. The history of word Culture1. The history of word Culture
Origin of concept cultureOrigin of concept culture
It is derived form the classical or may be pre-classical LatinIt is derived form the classical or may be pre-classical Latin
(Cultura)(Cultura)
In 1750, it was used to describe the human society for theIn 1750, it was used to describe the human society for the
first time in Germany languagefirst time in Germany language
In 1871,Tylore defined it as a clear scientific definitionIn 1871,Tylore defined it as a clear scientific definition
In 1926, Culture was added to Webster dictionary (for theIn 1926, Culture was added to Webster dictionary (for the
same meaning)same meaning)
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2. Nature and reality of culture2. Nature and reality of culture
It refers to some property of communityIt refers to some property of community
culture is something that everybody hasculture is something that everybody hasMaterial culture and Non-material cultureMaterial culture and Non-material culture
Culture is knowledge includes know-how and how-thatCulture is knowledge includes know-how and how-that
(1957, Goodenough)(1957, Goodenough)
Cultural knowledge , Shared non-cultural knowledge , Non-Cultural knowledge , Shared non-cultural knowledge , Non-
shared non-cultural knowledge in one societyshared non-cultural knowledge in one society
CultureCulture
is general; however, it is particular.is general; however, it is particular.
is dynamic, however, it is static.is dynamic, however, it is static.
is accepted through force, however, it is free willis accepted through force, however, it is free will
Problems of the study of cultureProblems of the study of culture
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3.The categories of3.The categories ofdefinitionsdefinitions of cultureof cultureThe Descriptive type-The Descriptive type- The factorial elements of cultureThe factorial elements of culture -Tylor 1871-Tylor 1871
The Traditional typeThe Traditional type- The social heritage or tradition- The social heritage or tradition -Sapir 1921-Sapir 1921
The Normative typeThe Normative type--
The rule or wayThe rule or way -Young 1934-Young 1934
The values and ideasThe values and ideas -Sorokin 1947-Sorokin 1947
The Psychological typeThe Psychological type --Culture as adjustmentCulture as adjustment -Small 1905-Small 1905
The learningThe learning -Opler 1947-Opler 1947
The habitsThe habits -Murdock 1941-Murdock 1941
The structural type-The structural type- The model, pattern or organization of cultureThe model, pattern or organization of culture
-Willey 1926-Willey 1926
The Genetical type-The Genetical type-
Culture is as a productionCulture is as a production - Falsom 1928- Falsom 1928
The ideas in cultureThe ideas in culture - Ward 1903- Ward 1903
The symbols of cultureThe symbols of culture - Whyite 1943- Whyite 1943
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4.Language, though and culture
In language acquisition, cognitive development and linguistic
development, go hand in hand, each interacting with and shaping the
other
Verbal labels can shape the way we store events for later recall
culture as socially acquired knowledge
culture is one part of memory
Culture is really an integral part of the interaction between language
and thought
Meanings for every thing, are in the human
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5. Language, Culture and SocietyThe facility of communication and interaction for socialliving, is as a result of social being and living in societies as
characteristic of the human
Language does not develop in a vacuum
Language records the cultural history of a community
A language is part of the culture of a people and the chiefmeans by which the members of a society communicate
Language is component of culture and central networkthrough which the other components are expressed
Differences in cultural meanings across language are aproblem in learning a new language
Contacting with people of another society, identifies somecharacteristics of the behavior ,that show they are as
member of a different society
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6. Language learning and teaching
Learning is as acquiring or getting of knowledge of asubject or skill by study, experience, or instruction
The concept of learning, as it is understood today, has beengenerally influenced by the psychological study of the
learning process
Teaching is as" showing or helping someone to learn how todo something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of
something, providing with knowledge, causing to know orunderstand
Your understanding of how the learner learns, will
determine the philosophy of education
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7. Culture, learning and communicationTo understand some materials and subject in one language, weshould understand the meanings of the culture expressed by the
words of the language
There can be no real learning of a language, withoutunderstanding something of the patterns and values of theculture of which it is a part
To become truly educated in language, it is necessary to absorbthe full cultural meaning of the target language
Breaking free of the elements meaning units of the learnersnative language, let him to achieve right communicationthrough a second language
CONTINUE
f h
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If we suppose that:
*M = Meaning which exists in the mind ofsender of message during the specific
communication, as it is called CommunicationA.
*M = Meaning which consist in the mindof receiver of message during the specificcommunication, as it is called CommunicationA.
**Among the two individuals communication,one of the below states, will occur:CONTINUE
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State one M'/M=1, Two individuals communicate eachothers completely.
State two M'/M=0, Two individuals do not communicate eacheach others.
State three M'/M
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8. The analysis of the social content of
language teaching and learning
The social content of language learning can be regarded as a set offactors that is likely to exercise a powerful influence on languagelearning
Socio-cultural factors that bear upon motivation
Sociolinguistic and socio cultural factors in learning environment
Importance to the influence of interethnic relations upon ethno-
linguistic attitudes and on language learning
the social opportunities for contact with the second language
Educational frame work in which the teaching normally occurs
9 G i i
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9.GlobalizationGlobalization (generally written with a Z) has been defined byGiddens as the intensification of worldwide social relationswhich link distant localities in such a way that local happeningsare shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa(Giddens, 1990)
Globalization in a literal sense is international integration
Globalization can be described as a process by which the peopleof the world are unified into single society
Scholars from various disciplines such as sociology, political,science and geography have perceived globalization differentlyand tried to define it from various angles CONTINUE
di f h i h b d i i di d
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Commodity of chains whereby production is coordinated ona global scale
Diffusion of practice, values and technology that have aninfluence on peoples life world wide
Increasing technological scale and information flow
Increasing broader flow of goods, services, money,information and culture
we can find some of common concepts like mutualinterdependence, exchange, and sharing the communityaround the world in all aspects such as social, economic,
cultural and even linguistic aspectsCONTINUE
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Although there seems to be a consensus that we are living inincreasingly globalized world, there is by no means agreement aboutrelated issues Compression of space and time, shrinking of world
Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in severaldifferent ways such as:
1.Industrial, 2) Financial, 3) Economic, 4) Political, 5) Informational,6) Cultural, 7) Social and 8) Ecological
In cultural aspects, there are many international exchanges such as:
1. Spreading of multiculturalism, 2) International travel and tourism,
3) Immigration, 4) formation or development of a set of universalvalues, 5) Development of a global telecommunicationsinfrastructure, 6) Internet, Communication satellites and the otherrelated tools, 7) Increase in the number of standards applied globally
CONTINUE
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Globalization is the emergence that is common cross-culturally and across national boundaries
The global communication leads to some extent functionalhomogenization of culture and language
Homogenization of culture and homogenization oflanguage, are particularly relevant for translatingglobalization as a reality
The active responses of sub-national languages and culturesto the global force are also very important for their ownsurvival and progress
10 T d E li h I t ti l
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10. Today, English as an International
language
Since 1950s, English is applied as a international language for themost of situations
The role of Lingua France of English is very clearly
The most power of such Lingua Franca may lead to situations that
many believe that acquiring of their mother-tongue which do not haveuniversal economic, social scientific and political benefits andadvantages and they waste their time during acquiring and using theirmother tongue for themselves and their children
And also many others who believe that world with one universallanguage is wonderful idea that due to unit peaceful world
Eagerness, zeal and enthusiasm to acquire such international languageonly plus lack of motivation to acquire their mother tongue duringmore than one generation lead to death of one language as results of
lack of speakers
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11. Official language or languages in one
country
Multi ligulas are as a usual phenomenon which includes manymillions of people in different countries
There is not particular and exact number among multi lingual peopleand also the number of languages
In countries which are called as monolingual countries such asEngland, France, German and U.S., there are many percentages ofspeakers of other languages
For example, in U.S., 10% of people speak languages other thanEnglish and in England; more than one hundred languages are spoken
CONTINUE
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There are different percentages of multi lingual in differentcountries and also there are different reasons for such multi lingualsituations
It is difficult to find balance in number of speakers of differentlanguages in one country ,and the condition without socialcontradiction
In such multi lingual situations, in order to balance linguisticcondition of country, internal changes of society and governmentspolicies will be done
The governments policies will be done in different ways such as a
selection of one or more native or non-native language orlanguages for country as official language or languages
CONTINUE
At least two below states may occur:
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At least two below states may occur:
1.The acculturation condition among the speakers ofparticular native languages through mandatory andcompulsory acquiring of the particular languages for long
time (at least more than one generation). In such condition,the speakers do not have motivation to acquire their mothertongue and they eager to acquire official language only
2.Different percentages of influences and linguisticborrowing on and in non-official languages by the officiallanguage or languages during long time (especially morethan one generation). In heavy influences and borrowing,even new language or dialect will be created, or thelanguage or dialect will be forgotten
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12-Translation
Translation is transfer of concepts from one language toanother in both oral and written forms
Nowdays, because of importance of knowledge, sciencesand modern technology, translation plays a main role
The number of languages as source or target, or largelanguages in translation and the topics and subjects fortranslation are increasing during the time
Translation in both types, through human and speciallymachine (because of lack of cultural and social background)due to enter and transfer some strange and unknown valuesto the target language from source language
CONTINUE
I li h l d f b l l b
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In reality, the languages are not used for symbols merely, but
they different ways of view to the world
Different cultures and languages families among source andtarget languages make problems more in translation
Word for word translation and literal translation of text are twomain highways of entrance strange values to target language
Strange values are not set and suitable to the speakers own
culture of target languages which are as new lexical items orsame words to target language words with new values to target
language
13 L
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13. Language contact
Language contact or contact vernaculars are contact of
speakers of different languages which dues to influencesand linguistic borrowing
Such contact is depend on different percentages of contact
of speakers, long time of contact, varieties of socialeconomic and political relationships, similarities oflanguages and the other factors
Close contact and heavy influence and borrowing for longtime will due to death of some organ of language body
The most dramatic examples of new language are arisingout of contact situations are pidgins and after that Creole
CONTINUE
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There are some main characteristics which are belonging topidgin languages contrast to natural languages:
1.The lexical items of pidgin languages are more limited thannatural languages, because pidgin languages have minimumlexical items for communication in particular situations
2.Pidgin languages are found or created during two or threegenerations contrast to natural languages, in this way,natural languages has big treasure of cultural background.
3.Pidgin languages have simple structure contrast to naturallanguage, such simple structure due to many linguisticambiguous cases ,social and cultural ambiguous states
4.Normally, pidgin languages have less social values5.The values of lexical items of pidgin languages can be
different from lexical items of natural languages whichpidgin languages are outcome of their contract
CONTINUE
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To conclude:
*Language contact can due to finding new dialect or languagewhich partly or mostly different from varieties of languageswhich are in contact
*Such new dialect or language will have new treasure ofcultural and social reflection
*For long time, through decreasing the number of speakers of
language which are in contact, the death of partly orcompletely will occur and long traditional and big treasurewill be forgotten through less reflection in limited vehicle(language)
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14. Motivated factors to learn other languages
There are some motivated factors that lead people to acquire other
than mother-tongue directly or indirectly, and partly or completely
14.1. International relationships
*As it was discussed before, for example, English has a main
political, academic and social role among the different countries to
communicate each others. For long and much power of such role of
English or any language, can due to such feeling that the speakers of
different language, believe that their mother-tongue do not have muchuses in the world and they will lose their motivation to use and also
teach their mother-tongue to their children as next generation
CONTINUE
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14.2.The press
*Since four hundreds years ago, English is as a primary mediumof the press
*Today, 1/3 of the worlds press are in countries which Englishhas special importance in them and it is logically that if wethink that most of such press in English
*New York Times, Washington post, Wall Street journal and
Sunday Times have highest printed press in the world
*Since the end of 19th century, advertisements play primary role,today, especially advertisements in English CONTINUE
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14.3.Television, Radio, Cinema and Music
*It is estimated that serial films in U.S and England channels are
watched more than 120 countries*Regarding to BFI, in 1996, 80 percent of produced films in the world
are in English
*However, there are some governments policies against English inFrance and German, but only 25 percent of Cinemas income is fornon-English movies in such countries
*During the recent decades, English has distinctive role in songs
*549 from 557 famous music groups (99percent) act in English
language
*1156 from1219 famous singers (95percent) sing in EnglishCONTINUE
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Nowdays, people believe in what they watched
and listen through television, radio, cinema
and music and they do as they had watched andlisten; in other words, television, radio, cinema
and music are peoples religion. Primary
medium of this religion is English. In such way,English can affect the languages, cultures and
social treasure of different people in different
countries. For long time and much moer, sucheffect can be dangerous because of power of
influence
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14.4. Abroad travel
*The people travel abroad for different reasons such as business and
study
*The main facility in abroad for communication is language which should
be as a international communicative language
*Living, immigration and traveling which are for long time, due to
acquire and use language in order to communicate with the majority in
abroad
*Such acquiring and using language will influence the native language of
the speakers and even their native language will be lost for long time
CONTINUE
14 5 Internet
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14.5. Internet
*80% of registered information in Internet is in English which
includes different information of different companies,
organizations, universities, and so on*However, there is not particular method to determine
particular official language in Internet, but if every body
wants to find answers for his questions in Internet , it is
necessary that he should know English
*It is estimated that in 2020, one milliard users will use
Internet and for such using, mainly, knowing of English is
necessary. The progress of knowing and using Internetaffect the languages of many speakers
*One sociologist stated that now days, finding of translation of
Destoevskys works in English in Internet is easier than
finding such works in Russian language in bookshops
15 Multi complex category of factors
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15. Multi complex category of factors
**There are some factors which are called as a multi-complex
category here, because such factors are not distinctive factors
themselves and separate form the others mentioned categories
15.1 .Political condition
The political aexation, military occupation, groups migration
and the other political factors, due to new linguistic outcomes.For example, as result of political asylum, the people will
learn language of foreign country
15.2. Religional factors
Sometimes shifting and acceptance of new religion or triness
to maintenance of own religion due to learn new language
partly or completely CONTINUE
15 3 Cultural factors
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15.3. Cultural factors
**Interesting in other foreign or other than own cultural andsocial groups can be important motivation to acquire new
language, and for long time, joining to such groups due tocommunicate through such new language only
15.4. Natural catastrophe
Earthquakes, eruption, drough and the other natural
catastrophes can be reason for many groups migration toareas and countries which different languages are spokenthere
15.5 .Educational, cultural, economical and social
factors**Such factors, as mentioned before are as separate orrelated factors to many factors which can act as mainreasons to acquire new language and lose mother tongue for
long time.
16 R lt
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16.ResultsLanguage and culture go hand in hand, each interacting with
and shaping together
Language and culture are inter-linked to each others in
various ways
Language is an integral part of culture and the vehicle of
cultureEffects on every one of them, leads to affect the other as it can
to be called directly or indirectly
Globalization, through linguistic homogenization and cultural
homogenization, affects on language and culture as
modernization, translation, standardization and the others
CONTINUE
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Globalizations effects can be positive and negative effects
The homogenization of culture due to globalization process
results in the marginalization of indigenous cultures
However, globalization through cultural homogenization,
can be helpful in the progress and development of the
cultures; if .The members of one culture community should try to
maintain their positive aspects of culture and replace
negative aspects of their culture through positive aspects of
globalization
The members of one culture community should aware
about outcomes of globalization
CONTINUE
At the language level globalization leads to growth of
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At the language level , globalization leads to growth of
many countries
The technological and advanced communicational facilitiesmake the world to shrink and pave way for homogenization
many who believe their mother tongue does not haveuniversal role , they waste their time to use their mother
tongue or teach it to their children
many others who believe such language (English) is as a
language that can make the world as a peaceful unit world
through understanding same language
CONTINUE
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Some ideas as result of globalization and English or any
language with such effect can be dangerous for national,
local languages, specially endangered language which areunderstood to be moribund languages
The industrialists, traders and their marketing techniques
play a major role in shaping the languages
It should be mentioned that, in fact the control over the
language is not in the hands of scholar or academicinstitutions. It is shaped by the traders and marketing
agencies
English in Globalization
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English in Globalization
English is as a language of communication and official
language in many countriesEnglish is not own language of particular community or
country
Since 1945 (after second world war), English became alingua France
More than 2/3 of scientists in the world, write their books
and articles in English
3/4 of letters in the world are written in English
90 percent of all communications in Internet as international
network, is in EnglishCONTINUE
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The education English programs of English radios are usedby more than 150 millions in the world
More than 500 millions of children in elementary schoolsand more than 800 hundreds in secondary and high school(without china) are familiar with English as a second orforeign language
However, there are some governments policies againstEnglish in countries such as France, German, Spain
There are three circles regarding to English first circle, suchas U.S and England, the second circle such as India, which
English has much dominance and it is applied as a secondlanguage and the third circle ,such as china and Russiawhich English has special importance as a internationallanguage and for such countries is as first foreign language
CONTINUE
In 1994 1/3 of the press in the world are printed in countries
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In 1994 , 1/3 of the press in the world, are printed in countries
which English has special importance
In 1995, 110 from 160 of linguistics journals(70 percent) wereprinted in English
In 1995, there were 5000 radio station that 45 percent of them
were in countries that English has special role
It is estimated that English film serials in U.S. and England are
watched in more than 120 countries
In 1996, 80 percent of produced films were in English
CONTINUE
85 percent of incomes of worlds cinemas are for English
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85 percent of incomes of worlds cinemas are for Englishproduction of Hollywood
In countries such as German and France, although, there
are governments policies against English, but only, 25percent of their cinemas incomes are for non-Englishmovies
In 1990, 549 from 557 of famous music groups act inEnglish
1156 from 1219 of famous singers, sing in Englishlanguage
In 1998, U.S. had the first percentage of income of tourism(50 milliards dollars )
Around 80 percent of register of information in Internet, isin English .The users of Internet in 1990 had been onemillion and in 1993,Tthey became 20 millions and 40millions in 1995. It is estimated that in 2020, Such numberswill be one milliard
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ACKONWLEDGMENTI Acknowledge that Idid main from workof the present workbased on the work ofHossein Yaghobi.
References
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THANKYOU