BackgroundBackground Bilinguals can voluntarily control which

language is used Distinguish language heard/read Which language speech is to be produced in Inhibition of non-selected language

Proficient bilinguals activate same brain regions regardless of which language presented or produced (Abutalebi, & Perani, 2005).

Neural circuits for different languages are overlapping/ interconnected but don’t indicate how brain controls language in use

Question & Question & HypothesisHypothesis

What brain areas are responsible for language control?

DV: brain activation (fMRI & PET)

IV: Language of target Target & prime

semantics Target & prime language

Hypothesis? They didn’t

really have one…

MethodsMethods Subjects (German-English & Japanese-English

bilinguals)visually shown pairs of words (i.e. trout-SALMON) in sequence Language Pairs semantically similar/different Target and prime were in same/different language

Ignore first word (prime) & make decision based on meaning of second word (target) Time between prime & target optimized for priming,

but not long enough to predict target (250 ms) Task presented while subjects being scanned (fMRI

& PET)

ResultsResults No significant effect of

target language on accuracy

Some variance in visual cortex activation

Semantic priming in left ventral anterior temporal lobe is language-independent

Language-dependent semantic priming only in left caudate (LC) Reduced activation

when semantically similar prime & target in same language

DiscussionDiscussion Suggest that LC plays a role in

sensing change in language OR word semantics

LC seems to function for language control Neuropsychological study on

particular trilingual patient with white matter lesions around LC Retained comprehension in all 3 Involuntarily switched between

languages during production tasks

Limitations & Next Limitations & Next StepStep

Limitations Characters/word varied

between languages Sample size/bilingual

group (~ 10-15) Tested only German-

English & Japanese-English bilinguals

Next Step Determine adjacent &

connecting pathways Test other bilingual

groups Check effect of varying

proficiencies (one language more dominant then other)

Final NoteFinal Note

Strengths Interesting Topic Tested bilinguals

from completely separate linguistic families

Equivalent linguistic proficiencies

Weaknesses Difficult to read No clear question,

hypothesis or variables

Not enough information or detail regarding subjects & procedures

ReferencesReferences

Abutalebi, J., & Perani, D. (2005). the neural basis of first and second language processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 202-206.

Aso, T., Crinion, J., Fukuyama, H., Green, D. W., Grogan, A., Hanakawa, T.,…Urayama, S. (2006). Language control in the bilingual brain. Science, 312, 1537-1540. doi: 10.1126/science.1127761.