Language Arts: Grammar, Usage, And Mechanics Teacher's Edition

Teacher’s Edition

Teacher’s Edition Level D

Language ArtsGrammar, Usage, and Mechanics

Perfection Learning®

Contents iii

CONTENTSLittle Journeys in Language Arts

Introduction to the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ixScope and Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi

PART ONE NOUNS

Lesson 1 Common and Proper Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1ATeaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1A–4Assessment/Assessment Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4A–4B

Lesson 2 Singular and Plural Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5ATeaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5A–8Assessment/Assessment Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8A–8B

Lesson 3 Irregular Plural Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ATeaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9A–12Assessment/Assessment Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12A–12B

Lesson 4 Possessive Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13ATeaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13A–16Assessment/Assessment Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16A–16B

PART TWO PRONOUNS

Lesson 5 Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21ATeaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21A–24Assessment/Assessment Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24A–24B

Lesson 6 Subject Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25ATeaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25A–28Assessment/Assessment Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28A–28B

Lesson 7 Object Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29ATeaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29A–32Assessment/Assessment Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32A–32B

Lesson 8 Possessive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33ATeaching Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33A–36Assessment/Assessment Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36A–36B

Review 1 Lessons 1–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

MECHANICS

nFirst Word of a Sentence ✗ ✗ ✗

Proper Nouns nNames and Titles of People ✗ ✗ ✗

nWith Place Names ✗ ✗ ✗

nDates ✗ ✗ ✗

nHolidays ✗ ✗ ✗

nTimes ✗ ✗

nIn Titles of Works ✗

Spelling nNoun Plurals ✗ ✗ ✗

nPossessive Nouns ✗ ✗ ✗

nVerb Endings ✗ ✗ ✗

nComparative Forms ✗ ✗ ✗

nSpecial Spelling Rules ✗ ✗ ✗

Periods nEnd of Declarative and Imperative Sentences ✗ ✗ ✗

nWith Abbreviations ✗ ✗ ✗

Exclamation Point n ✗ ✗ ✗

Question Mark n ✗ ✗ ✗

Commas nWith City and State ✗ ✗ ✗

nIn Series ✗ ✗ ✗

nWith Names ✗ ✗ ✗

nWith Dates ✗ ✗ ✗

nWith Addresses ✗ ✗ ✗

nIn Compound Sentences ✗ ✗ ✗

nWith Direct Address ✗ ✗ ✗

nWith Introducing Words, Phrases, Clauses ✗ ✗ ✗

nWith Quotation Marks ✗ ✗

nIn Parts of a Letter ✗ ✗ ✗

Apostrophes nContractions ✗ ✗ ✗

nPossessive Nouns ✗ ✗ ✗

Quotation Marks nIn Titles of Works ✗ ✗ ✗

nDirect Quotation ✗ ✗ ✗

Colons nWith Time ✗ ✗ ✗

Underlining/Italics nIn Titles of Works ✗ ✗

Punctuation

Capitalization

Scope and Sequence xiii

C D E

LESSON 1COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

TEACHING PLAN

LESSON OBJECTIVES

■ Identify nouns.■ Identify common and

proper nouns.■ Proofread sentences for

errors in the use of com-mon and proper nouns.

■ Write sentences that con-tain common and propernouns.

ASSIGNMENT GUIDEBASIC ■ Items 1–6, 7–16,32–35, 36–40

AVERAGE ■ Items 7–16, 17–26,27–31, 32–35, 36–40

CHALLENGING ■ Items 17–26,27–31, 32–35, 36–40

CURRICULUMCONNECTIONSLANGUAGE ARTS ■ Reading,Grammar, Spelling, Writing

SOCIAL STUDIES ■ The Starsand Stripes

CULMINATING ACTIVITIES

CHAIN OF NOUNS

Student pairs play a game inwhich they provide examplesof common and propernouns.

WINNING ENTRIES

Students invent ten raffleprizes, using common andproper nouns to specificallydescribe each prize.

Common and Proper Nouns • Lesson 1 1A

KEY POINTSE A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing.

E A common noun names any member of a group ofpersons, places, or things. Always use a lowercase letterto begin a common noun.

Person: child, friend, unclePlace: state, city, countryThing: month, holiday, park

E A proper noun names a special person, place, or thing.Always use a capital letter to begin all important words ina proper noun.

Person: Liz, Mr. Arisa, Uncle BobPlace: Ohio, Akron, People’s Republic of ChinaThing: June, Labor Day, Central Park

1B Common and Proper Nouns • Lesson 1

CHALKBOARD WARM-UP ANSWERS1. aunt 2. train 3. Philadelphia

CHALKBOARD WARM-UPMy aunt came by train from Philadelphia.

1. Which word names a person? 2. Which word names a thing?3. Which word names a specific place?

BUILD BACKGROUND

Review the concept of a noun. Be surethat students understand that a noun is aword that names a person, place, or thing.Remind students that there are two kindsof nouns: nouns that name any person,place, or thing; and nouns that name aspecific person, place, or thing. Ask:

■ Does the noun aunt name any person ora specific one? (any person)

■ Does the noun Philadelphia name anyplace or a specific one? (a specific one)

DEVELOP LESSON FOCUS

Have a volunteer read the model sentencein the Chalkboard Warm-Up to the class.Discuss the answers to the questions.Next, use the following discussion pointsto develop the lesson focus:

■ Point to the word train and ask: Doesthis noun name a general thing or a spe-cific one? (a general one)

■ Repeat this with the word Philadelphia.

Then ask: Why is the word Philadelphiacapitalized? (Nouns that name a specificperson, place, or thing are capitalized.)

■ Ask: How many nouns are in this sen-tence? (three)

SET LESSON FOCUS

Use these points to set the lesson focus:

■ Explain to the class that in this lessonthey will learn how to identify nouns.

■ Explain that a noun that names any per-son, place, or thing is a common noun.A noun that names a specific person,place, or thing is a proper noun.

■ Point out that the first and all importantwords in a proper noun begin with acapital letter. A common noun does notbegin with a capital letter unless it is thefirst word in a sentence.

■ Point out how nouns can appear in anypart of a sentence.

1 INTRODUCE

Common and Proper Nouns • Lesson 1 1

Name Class/Date


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READING CONNECTION • SOCIAL STUDIESRead the passage. Then complete the Checkpoint.

THE STARS AND STRIPES

In 1777, the United States of America adopted a new flag.

It had thirteen stripes and thirteen stars. Each star and stripe

represented one of the first colonies. There is a story that

Betsy Ross sewed the first flag in Philadelphia. That story

may not be true. An artist named Francis Hopkinson

probably helped, too.

CHECKPOINT Complete the chart below with underlined nouns from the passage.

� A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing.

� A common noun names any member of a group of persons, places, orthings. Always use a lowercase letter to begin a common noun.

Person: child, friend, unclePlace: state, city, countryThing: month, holiday, park

� A proper noun names a special person, place, or thing. Always use acapital letter to begin all important words in a proper noun.

Person: Liz, Mr. Arisa, Uncle BobPlace: Ohio, Akron, People’s Republic of ChinaThing: June, Labor Day, Central Park

LESSON 1COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

Why do you think a flagmight inspire people?

flag

stripes

story

Betsy Ross

United States of America

Philadelphia

sporting events. Guide stu-dents to infer that thesemoments inspire national prideas people feel a group identityas members of a nation.

VISUAL LITERACYOBSERVING / INFERRING Point to thepicture of the person saluting theU.S. flag. Have a volunteer readthe question.■ Ask students to imagine how

people feel when they see theirflag at the Olympic games or at

KEY POINTS: COMMON AND PROPERNOUNS Have studentsread the key points anddiscuss the examples. ■ Invite a volunteer to

read aloud each defini-tion and example.

■ Invite students tobrainstorm other com-mon nouns for eachcategory, such as sister(person); town (place);and calendar (thing).

■ Continue the activityby having studentssupply proper nounsfor each category, suchas Pete (person); Texas(place); and World’sFair (thing).

■ Point out that a sen-tence can contain bothcommon and propernouns.

READING CONNECTIONAsk students to describethe flag of the UnitedStates. Then tell studentsthat they will read aboutthe first U.S. flag. Have avolunteer read aloud thepassage “The Stars andStripes.” Then ask thesequestions:■ What two kinds of

nouns are underlined?(common nouns andproper nouns)

■ How are proper nounsdifferent from commonnouns? (Proper nounsname a specific per-son, place, or thingrather than a generalone; for this reason,proper nouns are capitalized.)

CHECKPOINT Have stu-dents complete the activity.■ Have students write

their answers on theblanks.

■ Call on students toshare their responseswith the class.

2 TEACH

Name Class/Date

2 Common and Proper Nouns • Lesson 1

IDENTIFYING NOUNSUnderline the nouns in each sentence. Above each noun, write CN if it is a common noun. Write PN if it is a proper noun.

7. Every country has a unique flag.

8. A banner is usually made of cloth.

9. The Aztecs made banners with feathers.

10. Most flags are rectangles.

11. Flags of the world fly at the United Nations in New York City.

12. A moon and four stars decorate the flag of Turkey.

13. In 1965, Canada decided on a new design.

14. First, politicians met in the city of Ottawa.

15. That meeting was the longest debate in the history of Canada.

16. The new flag shows a red maple leaf on a white square.

WRITING PROPER NOUNSOn the line following each common noun, write a proper noun that names a specific example

17. country

18. state

19. river

20. ocean

21. author

22. president

23. teacher

24. story

25. song

26. pet

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Common and Proper Nouns

PRACTICE

CN CN

CN CN

CN CN

CN CN

CN CN

CN

CN

CN

CN

CN CN CN

CN

CN CN

PN

PN

PN

PN

PN

PN

PN

Answers will vary. Samples: Japan

Vermont

Rio Grande

Atlantic

Laura Ingalls Wilder

George Washington

Mr. Ramirez

The Three Little Pigs

“Mary Had a Little Lamb”

Champ

CN

CN

IDENTIFYING NOUNS Havea volunteer read aloudthe directions for theactivity. ■ Explain to students

that they shouldunderline the nounsdirectly on the page.

■ Model the activity bycompleting the firstitem with the class.Show students how toidentify the nounscountry and flag. Invitevolunteers to identifyboth nouns as com-mon nouns, and towrite CN above eachone on the page.

WRITING PROPER NOUNSRead the directions forthe activity to the class.Invite volunteers to para-phrase the directions tomake sure everyoneunderstands what to do. ■ Explain to students

that they should writea proper noun that is aspecific example ofeach common noun inthe exercise.

■ Remind students tocapitalize all the impor-tant words in a propernoun.

■ Complete the first itemwith the class, callingon students for exam-ples of different coun-tries. Write one or twoof the students’ exam-ples and ask: Why isthe first letter of eachword capitalized?(Each specific example of a country is a propernoun and propernouns are capitalized.)


MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS

LOGICAL /MATHEMATICAL LEARNERSHave these students identify thenouns in items 7–16 that name gener-al people, places, or things, such aspoliticians, moon, and banner. Thenhave students identify nouns thatname specific people, places, orthings, such as Canada and United

Nations. Have students chart thesenouns and add others in the cate-gories people, places, things.

Display students’ chart and havethe class identify the common andproper nouns and give otherexamples.

2 TEACH


PROOFREADING FORERRORS Review theproofreading marks.Explain to students thatthe questions in theProofreading Checklistwill help them focus onthe types of errors to look for.■ Have students work in

pairs or small groups tocompare errors.

■ Remind students tocheck for capitalizationand punctuation errors.

WRITING SENTENCESPoint out that each sen-tence must match thedescription in the direc-tions. Read the directionsto make sure studentsknow what they mustwrite.■ Have students draft

their sentences on sep-arate sheets of paper.

■ Then direct students torevise and proofreadtheir sentences for pos-sible errors. Studentsshould be sure theyhave identified theirnouns by writing CNor PN above each one.

■ Be sure that studentscapitalize the first wordin each sentence andend the sentence with a period.

■ Have students copytheir revised sentencesonto the lines provided.

LEARNING LINKS

Students can use theInternet to find informa-tion about the U.S. flag.The following site con-tains photos, the Pledgeof Allegiance in severallanguages, and otherrelated information:

http://www.usflag.org/

READ ON! Students can furtherexplore the theme of this lessonusing the following resource: ■ Betsy Ross: Designer of Our

Flag by Ann Weil (Simon andSchuster, 1983).

CURRICULUM CONNECTIONSOCIAL STUDIES Have studentsfind a picture of their state flag.Ask them to research what thedifferent parts of the flag repre-sent and to write a paragraphthat summarizes what theylearned.

2 TEACHName Class/Date


PROOFREADING FOR ERRORSCorrect all errors in the capitalization of common and proper nouns. Add end punctuation to each sentence.

WRITING SENTENCESUse each description to write a sentence that contains examples of common and proper nouns. Above each noun you use, write CN or PN to identify it as a common or proper noun.

32. Write a sentence about the state where you live.

33. Write a sentence about a historical event.

34. Write a sentence about a person you would like to meet.

35. Write a sentence about a movie you like.

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(27) The F lag of the uni ted states

of amer ica changed as the Country

grew (28) New States jo ined the

Nat ion. (29) In 1791, vermont

became a state (30) One year la ter,

Kentucky jo ined, too

(31) Each State is represented wi th

a whi te Star

✔Did I follow rules aboutwriting common andproper nouns correctly?

✔Did I end sentences withthe correct punctuationmark?

Common and Proper Nouns

PRACTICE

.

.

.

.

I live in California.

Betsy Ross sewed an American flag.

I would like to meet Michael Jordan.

My favorite movie is The Wizard of Oz.

Sample answers are given.PN

PN CN

PN

PNCN

Name Class/Date


SUM UP WHAT YOU’VE LEARNEDComplete each sentence based on what you have learned from the lesson.

36. A noun is

37. A common noun names

38. A proper noun names

39. Two examples of common nouns are

40. Two examples of proper nouns are

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WINNING ENTRIES

Write a prize list for anamazing raffle. Will you include tripsto exotic places? What about dinnerwith someone famous? List ten greatraffle prizes. Invent prizes that differentkinds of people will enjoy. Usecommon and proper nouns to makeyour prize descriptions vivid.

Common and proper nouns

Review

CHAIN OF NOUNSLANGUAGE ACTIVITY Try this gamewith a partner. First, choose acommon noun category, like animal,

country, or movie. Then, one playersays a proper noun that fits the

category. The other player says aproper noun that begins with the

final letter of the first proper noun.Keep adding proper nouns to thechain. When a player can’t add

another noun, the other player winsthe round. Choose a new category

and play again.

a word that names a person, place, or thing.

any member of a group of persons,

places, or things.

a special person, place, or thing.

Examples include fish,

dog, tree, state, day, and teacher.

Examples include Ohio,

Mrs. Jordan, Chile, and the Golden Gate Bridge.


SUM UP WHAT YOU’VELEARNED Review stu-dents’ definitions to makesure they are completeand accurate. Encouragestudents to proofreadtheir sentences beforethey hand in their papers.

CHAIN OF NOUNSMaterials: none

Review the directions tothe game with the class.Invite a volunteer todemonstrate by playinga few rounds with you.■ Have students choose

partners and play qui-etly so they don’t dis-turb other pairs.

■ After some time, stopthe players and invitevolunteers to come tothe board and writeexamples of commonand proper nouns.

■ Regroup students andhave them continuethe game with theirnew partners.

WINNING ENTRIESMaterials: paper, pencils,or pens

Before students workindividually, ask them tothink of game showsthey’ve seen and to shareexamples of the kinds ofprizes that were awarded.■ Tell students their raffle

ideas should includespecific persons,places, and things.

■ Remind students touse capital letters forproper nouns.

■ Students can exchangetheir work for peerreview before theyrevise, edit, and proof-read.

■ Invite volunteers toshare their raffle ideaswith the class.

■ Use the Writing ScoringRubric on page 4A toevaluate student writing.

TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE PairELL students and those whoseEnglish-speaking skills aremore proficient. Have the firststudent name a category (per-son, place, or thing) and thenpantomime a noun example.

The second student has toguess the noun and tellwhether it is a common nounor a proper noun. Then part-ners switch roles and continuethe game for five rounds.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS

3 CLOSE

CLASSROOM QUIZ Write the following sen-tences on the chalkboard. Have studentscopy the sentences and identify each under-lined noun as a common noun or a propernoun.

1. Canada is one of our neighbors. (propernoun)

2. It is directly north of the United States.

(proper noun)

3. Many comedians and performers come

from Canada. (common noun)

4. Michael J. Fox is from Canada. (propernoun)

5. Someday, I hope to visit the old city of

Quebec. (common noun)

4 EXCELLENTThe writer:

❑ lists ten original raffle-prize ideas

❑ writes vivid descriptions of the prizes

❑ uses a variety of common and propernouns in the descriptions

❑ capitalizes all proper nouns

3 ABOVE AVERAGEThe writer:

❑ lists ten raffle-prize ideas

❑ writes good descriptions of the prizes

❑ uses both common and proper nouns in thedescriptions

❑ capitalizes most proper nouns

2 AVERAGEThe writer:

❑ lists ideas for raffle prizes

❑ writes satisfactory descriptions of the prizes

❑ uses common and proper nouns in descrip-tions

❑ makes several mistakes in capitalization ofproper nouns

1 UNACCEPTABLEThe writer:

❑ lists a few ideas for raffle prizes

❑ does not write adequate descriptions of theprizes

❑ does not include enough nouns

❑ makes numerous mistakes in capitalizationof proper nouns

SCORING RUBRIC ■ WINNING ENTRIES

ANSWER KEY1. B 2. J 3. B 4. H 5. A6. F 7. A 8. H 9. D 10. F

ASSESSMENT MASTER 1

Choose the letter of the underlined part thatis a noun.

1. Some think that Betsy Rosstsewed the

A B C

first flag.

D

2. At the time, theretwere 13 colonies.

F G H J

Choose the letter of the underlined part thatis a common noun.

3. I visited the countries of France and

A B C

England.

D

4. There were beautifultcathedrals in France.

F G H J

Choose the letter of the underlined part thatis a proper noun.

5. Montmartre is the most beautiful cathedral

A B

in the wholetcountry.

C D

6. Mr. Rabon, our tour guide, was proud of it.

F G H J

Choose the letter of the word or group ofwords that correctly completes the sentence.

7. I would like to climb the ...... in Paris.

A Eiffel Tower C eiffel tower

B Eiffel tower D eiffel Tower

8. London is famous for the .......

F tower of London H Tower of London

G Tower Of London J Tower of london

9. In Boston, people visit the .......

A Museum Of Fine Arts

B museum of Fine Arts

C Museum of fine arts

D Museum of Fine Arts

10. In New York, tourists flock to the .......

F Metropolitan Museum of Art

G metropolitan Museum of Art

H Metropolitan Museum Of Art

J Metropolitan museum of art

For each item, fill in the correct space inthe Answer Grid below.

Name


Assessment 1COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

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Common and Proper Nouns • Lesson 1 4A

ASSESSMENT

Choose the letter of the underlined part thatis a noun.

1. Some think that Betsy Rosstsewed the

A B C

first flag.

D

2. At the time, theretwere 13 colonies.

F G H J

Choose the letter of the underlined part thatis a common noun.

3. I visited the countries of France and

A B C

England.

D

4. There were beautifultcathedrals in France.

F G H J

Choose the letter of the underlined part thatis a proper noun.

5. Montmartre is the most beautiful cathedral

A B

in the wholetcountry.

C D

6. Mr. Rabon, our tour guide, was proud of it.

F G H J

Choose the letter of the word or group ofwords that correctly completes the sentence.

7. I would like to climb the ...... in Paris.

A Eiffel Tower C eiffel tower

B Eiffel tower D eiffel Tower

8. London is famous for the .......

F tower of London H Tower of London

G Tower Of London J Tower of london

9. In Boston, people visit the .......

A Museum Of Fine Arts

B museum of Fine Arts

C Museum of fine arts

D Museum of Fine Arts

10. In New York, tourists flock to the .......

F Metropolitan Museum of Art

G metropolitan Museum of Art

H Metropolitan Museum Of Art

J Metropolitan museum of art


Name


Assessment 1COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

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Choose the letter of the word that bestdescribes the subject of each sentence.

1. Marie and Tony take clarinet lessons.

A singular C compound

B plural D pronoun

2. Toby wants to play bassoon.

F singular H compound

G plural J pronoun

3. I hope to play viola one day.

A singular C compound

B plural D pronoun

4. Next year, my brothers begin violin

lessons.

F singular H compound

G plural J pronoun

Choose the letter of the correct form for theunderlined part of each sentence.

5. My teacher say that violas are harder

than violins to play.

A teacher tell me C teacher says

B teacher saying D correct as is

6. I practices an hour every day.

F I practicing H I practice

G I is practicing J correct as is

7. Toby sets a timer when he practices.

A Toby setted C Toby setting

B Toby set D correct as is

8. My brother and sister watches TV when I

finish.

F brother and sister be watching

G brother and sister watch

H brother and sister watching

J correct as is

9. Sometimes my father be playing piano

with me.

A father play C father playing

B father plays D correct as is

10. My family and friends enjoys music.

F family and friends be enjoying

G family and friends enjoying

H family and friends enjoy

J correct as is


Name Class/Date

72B Subject-Verb Agreement • Lesson 15

Assessment 15SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

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Language Arts: Grammar, Usage, And Mechanics Teacher's Edition