Language and Literature IntroductionLesson Objective:

To explore an unseen textTo become familiar with how to

approach a text

Language and Literature

• Write down your definition of each term: Language and Literature

• Share with a partner and refine your definition• Pair up with another pair and discuss your

ideas• Link up with the whole class.

• Language – the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in an agreed way

• Literature – written works, esp. those whose value lies in beauty of language or in emotional effect

Can these definitions ever be challenged?

For example have you ever read something that you have valued and enjoyed but which may not be accepted as literature?

Or have you ever read a text which uses language that is not beautiful but which had an emotional effect?

What does FOOD mean to you?

• Culture• Satisfying hunger• Celebration• Sharing with friends• Expensive vs Cheap• At home or in a restaurant

YOUR attitudes to FOOD

1. What is your favourite food?2. Is there any food you absolutely hate?3. Is there a food which is traditional to your

family?4. Which member of your family cooks the

food?5. Do you have any bad memories of food from

when you were a child?

Approaching and Analysing Texts

Pre-Reading:S – Subject - What is it about?P – Purpose - What is the purpose(s) of the text?A – Audience - Who is it written for?G – Genre - What genre does the text belong to?

Post-Reading:When approaching any text, apply the following 5 questions:• What does the text tell us?• What does the author wish to convey?• What does the author want us to think?• How does the author structure the text to shape our

response?• What features of language are chosen to achieve desired

effects?

Key Terms 1 • Lexis = the total ‘stock’ of words in a language

(WORDS)• Lexical field = a broad area of meaning that includes

a number of words or phrases (WORDS THAT ARE SIMILAIR IN MEANING)

• Semantics = the study of the meaning of words (WHAT WORDS MEAN)

• Denotation = the literal meaning of a word (THE PRIMARY MEANING)

• Connotation = the associations and feelings linked to a word (ASSOCIATED MEANING)

Meat is Murder

• Morrissey – well known for being a vegetarian

• Banned the other members of The Smiths from eating meat when on tour

Heifer whines could be human criesCloser comes the screaming knifeThis beautiful creature must dieThis beautiful creature must dieA death for no reasonAnd death for no reason is MURDERAnd the flesh you so fancifully fryIs not succulent, tasty or kindIt's death for no reasonAnd death for no reason is MURDER

And the calf that you carve with a smileIs MURDERAnd the turkey you festively sliceIs MURDERDo you know how animals die ?Kitchen aromas aren't very homelyIt's not comforting, cheery or kindIt's sizzling blood and the unholy stenchOf MURDERIt's not natural, normal or kindThe flesh you so fancifully fryThe meat in your mouthAs you savour the flavourOf MURDERNO, NO, NO, IT'S MURDERNO, NO, NO, IT'S MURDEROh ... and who hears when animals cry?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xacRTqk5QFM&feature=fvwrel

On your copy of the lyrics...

• Alliteration• Repetition• Exaggeration• Emotive language• Personal pronouns• Opinions

These are all examples of what type of writing?

So, the PURPOSE of this text is to ......?

Attitudes?• Eating meat is ‘murder.’• Food can cause controversy• Food can be the topic of debate / argument• Food is a lifestyle choice

HOMEWORK:

Read TEXT 9 (Why we all need to eat red meat...) from the anthology and be prepared to discuss it next lesson.Complete a SPAG on the text.

Anthology – Text 9

Lesson Objective:To use key terminology when

analysing the grammar of a text

The Anthology

• What is an ANTHOLOGY?Etymology

The word anthology comes from Greek: ‘anthos’ means flower and ‘logia’ means gathering, so the literal meaning is ‘a gathering of flowers’.

TASK – in pairs

Skim through the contents page and look at the front cover

Discuss which texts will be LITERARY texts and which will be NON-LITERARY texts

Make links between texts based on their titles and brief dicriptions

The Anthology – An Introduction• 33 Texts• The theme is FOOD• ‘Food Glorious Food’• Different text types• Poems• Plays• Novels• Non-Fiction• Transcripts

Key Terms 2

• Context = the social situation, including audience and purpose, in which language is used; this situation is an important influence on the language choices made by the speakers or writers

• Pragmatics = the study of implied meanings and what is understood by language in a particular context

Contexts of production and reception

Production Reception

Who has produced it? Who is reading/hearing it?

When was it produced? When is it being read or heard?

Where was it produced? Where is it being read or heard?

Why was it produced? Why is it being read or listened to?

For whom was it intended? Who is reading or hearing it?

Using linguistic frameworks

Level of analysis Explanation

Graphology and typography Concerned with visual presentation

Phonology Concerned with the sounds of words and the effects they produce

Lexis The choice of vocabulary

Grammar Concerned with:• Sentence types• Syntax – the order of words • Morphology – the changes we make to words in a sentence according to the job they do• Punctuation

Semantics and Pragmatics The literal and implied meanings of a text or individual words

Text structure and organisation

How a text begins, continues and ends – the ‘flow’ of ideas

Grammar – sentence types• Turn to page 4 of your booklets

Sentence type Example from text 9 Effect of the sentence type

complex

compound

simple

exclamatory

imperative

declarative

Key Terms 3: Sentences

Type: • Minor • Simple• Compound• ComplexFunction: • Declarative• Interrogative• Imperative • Exclamatory

Key Terms 4: Sentences

• Clause • Subject• Object• Subordinating clause • Subordinating conjunction • Infinitive clause• Coordinating conjunction

Text 9 – what was it all about?

Pre-Reading:S – Subject - What is it about?P – Purpose - What is the purpose(s) of

the text?A – Audience - Who is it written for?G – Genre - What genre does the text

belong to?

Writing about grammar

• You have identified different sentence types.• There are examples of each different sentence

type in Text 9.• Now, how do you write an ANALYSIS of this

information?• What is essential is that you write about

linguistic features with the PURPOSE and AUDIENCE of the text in mind.

Compound sentences – example analysis

• In the article ‘Text 9’, John Torode is trying to advise the reader about how to eat a balanced diet. He ends the article with two compound sentences. “We don’t have huge hunks of meat, but we do enjoy a roast. It’s all about balance – and not eating too much of anything.” The use of these two compound sentences helps him to advise his readers because it provides simple information which is easy to understand. It is almost as if he is ‘dumbing down’ the advice. This links to the rest of the article of which the subtext is that British people are like children when it comes to food, especially beef.