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Language and Literacy. Ann Morrison, Ph.D. Expressive and Receptive Language and Literacy Processes (Language Matrix). Auditory Discrimination. http://www.sounddogs.com/sound-effects/59/mp3/607974_SOUNDDOGS__su.mp3 http://www.sounddogs.com/previews/25/mp3/229550_SOUNDDOGS__vo.mp3 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ann Morrison, Ph.D.
Language and Literacy
Expressive and Receptive Language and Literacy Processes (Language Matrix)
Receptive Expressive
Print Reading Writing
Oral Listening Speaking
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 2
Auditory Discrimination
• http://www.sounddogs.com/sound-effects/59/mp3/607974_SOUNDDOGS__su.mp3 • http://www.sounddogs.com/previews/25/
mp3/229550_SOUNDDOGS__vo.mp3 • What are the people saying in the clips? • If this was the way your brain processed
language, how would it impact your daily life?
Case Study: Clay
• How did Clay’s APD present itself?• What did Clay’s family think?• What was Clay’s family’s response?• How was Clay’s APD diagnosed?
APD Definition
• The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) describes APD as occurring when difficulties in one or more of the following areas are observed: auditory discrimination; sound localization; auditory pattern recognition; decreased auditory performance in the presence of background noise, competing acoustic signals and/or degraded acoustic signals (ASHA, 1996)
Principles of APD
(also called Central Auditory Processing Disorder)1.Auditory processing disorders take place in the brain, not in the ear2.Often impacts a student’s phonological awareness which is one of the primary skills used in sounding words out and spelling
Assessing APD
• Assessing APD• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90ZC2rztnyQ• What are some of the key distinctions that need
to be made in order to diagnose APD?• What other disabilities can it appear to be?
Summary of APD
• Can present as other disabilities such as phonological processing, hearing impairment, and autism spectrum disorders• Requires assessment by an audiologist and
specialist in speech and language disorders• Requires specialized speech and language
therapy for remediation• Impacts multiple areas of a person’s life
Comprehensive Literacy Development Paradigm
Morrison, 2009
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 9
Comprehensive Literacy Development Paradigm
• Phonological awareness• Concerns only sound (can be done with eyes closed)
• Print awareness• Concerns only print (can be done with the ears closed…lol)
• Phonics• The intersection of phonological awareness and print
awareness.• Vocabulary• Word meaning in all contexts
• Grammar and syntax• Sentence construction
• Reading fluency• Reading with speed, accuracy, and prosody
• Comprehension and pragmatics• Understanding of language and text in context
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 10
Comprehensive Literacy Development Paradigm
• Bottom up and top down processes• Adjacent skills impact each other• Relative strengths in one area do not imply
strengths in others, but contribute to the potential strength of neighbors• Relative needs on one skill will likely negatively
impact adjacent skills
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 11
What Do You Notice?
• Here is a video of a 7 year-old reading• http://youtu.be/cBIK0XVPbXo• What do you notice about his reading?• What are some of the errors he makes?• If you were him, how would you feel about
reading?• Discuss these questions at your tables
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 12
What do You Notice?
• This is a video of a 3 year-old boy writing words• As you watch, consider how his speaking,
spelling, and handwriting compare to other 3 year-olds• http://youtu.be/zSzrYIdLFYQ• At your tables, talk about what you noticed with
this young boy
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 13
Predominant Reading Disabilities
Dyslexia Hyperlexia
Defined as a language-based learning disability resulting in the reduced ability to hear and manipulate sounds within words
Defined as a language-based learning disability resulting in the reduced ability to make sense of oral and printed language
Usually above average IQ Usually above average IQ
High comprehension, low decoding
Low comprehension, high decoding
Subtypes exist Subtypes exist
Relatively high prevalence Relatively low prevalence
1.3.14
Ann Morrison, Ph.D.
14
Predominant Reading Disabilities: Socially, looks like…
Dyslexia Hyperlexia
Socially, people with dyslexia are frequently very successful, have many friends
Socially, people with hyperlexia are frequently unsuccessful making and keeping friends
Confidence Anxiety and self-doubt
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 15
Predominant Reading Disabilities: Academically, looks like…
Dyslexia Hyperlexia
Looks like extremely poor spelling, ability to sound out words well below grade level
Looks like extremely early and successful decoding and spelling, well above grade level
Looks like high social and “big picture” comprehension
Looks like low social and “big picture” comprehension
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 16
Predominant Reading Disabilities
Dyslexia Hyperlexia
Can be associated with attention disorders
Can be associated with autism spectrum disorders
Results in low self-esteem related to reading and writing
Results in low-self esteem in many areas
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 17
Predominant Reading Disabilities: Teaching
Dyslexia Hyperlexia
Teach phonological awareness, phonics, use of graphs, charts, study skills, and how to use strengths in comprehension
Teach social and figurative language, visualization using dual coding, and how to use strengths in analytical thinking
Teach code-based or “bottom-up” skills
Teach meaning-based or “top down” skills
Students can successfully be taught how to hear and manipulate sounds, use spell-check, and use strategies for school success
More difficult to help children make gains than for dyslexia
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 18
Predominant Reading Disabilities: Assessment
Dyslexia Hyperlexia
Higher scores on tests of sight words than nonsense words, lower on both, however
Relatively same scores on tests of sight words than nonsense words, high on both
Low scores on spelling and written language
High scores on spelling. Written language may be fluent yet lack depth of meaning
1.3.14 Ann Morrison, Ph.D. 19