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7/25/2019 Landscapes of Russia - Chuvash and Tatarstan
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Report on Chuvash and Tatarstan regionsof the Russian Federation
Joshua LevyM.Sc. in Science Technology and Innovation
,
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Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3
Chuvash Region ......................................................................................................................... 3
Origins of Chuvashia ................................................................................................................. 4
Chuvashia: Coat of Arms and Flag ............................................................................................ 6
Natural Features ......................................................................................................................... 8
Culture........................................................................................................................................ 9
Climate ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Economy and Demographics ................................................................................................... 11
Tatarstan Region ...................................................................................................................... 13
Origins of Tatarstan ................................................................................................................. 14
Tatarstan: Coat of Arms & Flag............................................................................................... 15
Climate & Geography .............................................................................................................. 16
Culture...................................................................................................................................... 18
Economics ................................................................................................................................ 20
Political situation in Tatarstan & Chuvashia ........................................................................... 22
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 25
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Introduction
This report attempts to highlight, compare and contrast the two prominent regions of the
Russian Federation, namely, the Chuvash and Tatarstan regions with respect to demographics,
natural features, whilst highlighting social and economic issues together with opportunities
they provide. Before describing the above regions, it is vital to understand the two separate
parts of the Russian Federation.
European part of Russia spans across the Dagestan region upwards, from St. Petersburg up to
the Murmansk region vertically. The horizontal area cover starts from Belgorod to Komia
region, just shy of the Ural Mountain chain. According to the latest statistical figures, this part
of Russia has the most population with respect to the whole country.
Chuvash Region
The Chuvash region, is the Federal subject of Russia and is located within the central
European part of the country, situated within the central
Volga region; according to the archive portal (Vasilieva,
N. 2015),1with Cheboksary as its capital. Other notable
cities according to Russiatrek2 are Novocheboksarsk,
Alatyr and Shumerlya.
As of 2014, The Federal State Statistical Service (FSSS)3
reports that the total population is 1.24 million with
approximately 746,200 of them living within urban locations and 493,800 living in rural
1N Vasilieva, The Chuvash History and Language, accessed March 13, 2015,http://www.myimperia.com/arhiv-saita/en/mychuv.htm.2Chuvashia Republic, Russia (Chuvash), accessed March 3, 2015, http://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republic.3Federal State Statistical Service: Chuvashia: Population: Beginning of theYear, 2014,
http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/8edf4f004ecc683189e0bb9dd5046e95/240314%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.pdf.
Figure 1 the map of the Chuvash Region
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conditions. Recently FSSS4 figures published in January 2015, within which it has been
reported that the birth rate dipped to 12.9%, amounting to 187 people as compared to 2014.
However, the region witnessed a 3.2% rise in mortality rate, amounting to 44 individuals.
Based on the figures relating to 2013, there has been a slight decline in population by
approximately 34,000 whilst the number of people living in rural conditions decreased from
499,800 to 493,800 representing an increase of 3000 individuals. Predominantly, the
population consists of Chuvash, Russians, Tatars and Moldavians.
Origins of Chuvashia
In conjunction with the State Historical
Archives of the Chuvash Republic5,
(Smirnov. A, 1948)6, Surskiezori7 and
Russiatrek8, the origins of Chuvashia can be
tracked back eighty thousand years, starting
from the Palaeolithic age. The first
confirmed entry seems to be dating back to
2200-1100 BC when the first tribes of Balanovskaya culture began to settle along the plains of
the Volga river. The Bulgar and Suvar tribe, coming from Indian-Iranian civilisation, were
mainly nomadic in nature with agriculture as their mainstay; hence, it was called the Volga-
Bulgaria region. Additionally, recent archaeological excavations have uncovered settlements
near Shorkin, Tohmeevo, Pikshiki have confirmed such settlements to reaffirm the claims
4Demographic Situation in the Chuvash Republic in January 2015, 2015.http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdf.5The Origins of Chuvash Republic, 2013.http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133.6Smirnov, A.P. The Ancient History of the Chuvash People. Edited by A.V. Artsikhovsky, 1948.http://suvar.org/books/smirnov_a._p._dryevnyaya_istoriya_chuvashskogo_naroda.pdf.7
Chuvashia: History and Culture. Accessed March 13, 2015.http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htm.8Chuvashia Republic, Russia (Chuvash). Accessed March 3, 2015.http://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republic.
Figure 2: The historical Chuvashia
http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=5133http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republichttp://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republichttp://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republichttp://russiatrek.org/chuvashia-republichttp://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=93&id=51337/25/2019 Landscapes of Russia - Chuvash and Tatarstan
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above. As the tribes continued to settle and create their livelihood over the centuries, other
tribes and races of settlers began to establish their presence within the region. In the beginning
of the 660 BC, the rise of Khazars was observed and consequently they established a kingdom.
Originally, the Khazars are semi-nomadic people with Turkish roots, and emerged during the
Byzantine Empire. As the settlers were primarily agriculturally focused, the development of
the same was observed, together with animal husbandry. This led to an increase in handicraft
and small trade industries.
Subsequently, in year 922, the Prince of Bulgaria, Prince Almas visited the region and having
observed the lifestyle of the people together with the natural landscape of the region, it began
to akin to his liking towards the region. Finally, in 965AD with the war between Bulgaria and
the Khazars, the Bulgarian Kingdom was established, whilst forming a feudal state. In the first
have of the 13thcentury, Batu Khan of Mongolia invaded the region and razed the region to the
ground, cities Bilyar, Zhukotin amongst others saw unforeseen destruction, with scores of
people killed. This event was later reconfirmed during the excavations in the early part of the
1900s using the archaeological data. Moving forwards, towards the middle of the 1500s the
people of Chuvash were fighting the Khazars, asked the Russian military to intervene in the
conflict in defeating them. Subsequently, in 1551 the first Russian city within region called,
Sviyazhsk was established; this in effect marked the entry of the Chuvash region to the Russian
Federation.
Coming to the onset the 19th century, the region began to operate its economy based on
capitalism, which saw a rapid development of factories and heavy industries such as oil. This
in effect created a demand for jobs, with a reported six thousand people being employed whilst
contributing to the overall population, it increased to a little over half a million in late 1800s.
As the region grew demographically and economically stronger; In June 24, 1920, the
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autonomous region of Chuvashia was officially established and later on 21stApril 1925, the
Republic of Chuvashia was established.
Additionally, it has been reported that during the late 1950s the annual production and
manufacturing of industries exceed most of the Russian Federation
Chuvashia: Coat of Arms and Flag
The flag representing the Chuvash Republic, was initially
designed by Elli Yurev Mikhailovich (,
) and approved in the year 1992, following
cessation of the USSR and was subsequently entered into
the Heraldic division of the Russian Federation number 208. The flag has a rectangular design,
having an aspect ratio of 5:8 or 62.5% of the total area, symbolising the tree of life and three
suns. The flag consists of two primary colours, with the first being yellow, and the second
being red sandalwood, with top four fifths of the area covered by yellow, representing the
people of Chuvashia and the bottom one fifth areas in red sandalwood denoting the land of
Chuvashia. The yellow colour () has been highly acclaimed within the folklores of the
Chuvash people, with being dazzling and glistening, and therefore subsequently occupies the
majority of the flag. Additionally, the colour is a symbolic representation of Gold, denoting
richness, benevolence, steadfastness and trustworthiness. The second colour, being red
sandalwood, is considered the most popular colour amongst the people of Chuvashia, which
denotes character, omnipotence, gallantry and tenacity.
Figure 3 Flag of the Republic of Chuvashia
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The element is the tree of life, covers three fifths of the flag that consists of an oak tree,
having symmetrical three leaves on either side. The tree takes inspirational values from the red
sandalwood, whilst having gallantry and tenacity in common, withstanding the weather with
steadfastness. Additionally, the tree yearns to evoke synchronous harmony within themselves
and the connected environment. The tree also shows unity amongst the inhabitants of the
region. The second element of the flag denotes the land of Chuvashia,
upon which the tree is rooted, which has two horizontal stripes consisting
of varied degree of thickness, representing the disbandment of the
Chuvash people. The upper thinner part represents the native inhabitants
of the Republic of Chuvash, with the lower thicker part representing the non-native residents
of the region. The final element of the flag consists of three sun, which are in effect three point
eight-ending stars, shining above the oak tree. Deriving its energy
from the Sun, the trio represent sunlight, prosperity and promoting life. While, the coat of
arms, representing the Republic of Chuvashia, bears resemblance and takes inspiration from
the flag, the thee sun are placed in horizontal position with each other9, as opposed to a
varying degree in the flag. Additionally, the three sun represent the past, present and future of
the region. The heraldic shield is inscribed with the name of the Republic, both in Russian on
the right and Chuvashian on the left whilst ending with 3 golden leaves on either ending of the
shield.
9Government of Chuvashia. History of Chuvashia. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104.
Figure 7 Coat of Arms of the
Republic of Chuvashia
http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/1047/25/2019 Landscapes of Russia - Chuvash and Tatarstan
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Natural Features
Chuvashia is region located in the middle plateau of
the Volga River, ranging from 175-227 meters above
the sea level10. According to the Government of
Chuvashia,11the territory occupied by the region could
be similar to that of Kuwait with the longitudinal
boundary being 190 Km and latitudinal boundary being 160 Km. Therefore the total area
covered by the region is 7.5m acre or 3.04 1042. The natural landscape of Chuvashia is
a myriad of lakes and natural offshoot tributaries in conjunction with hilly landforms created
by centuries of erosion due to river delta. Due to its close proximity to the river, the majority
of the land is fertile which approximately constitutes 50% of the land mass, with 30% forested
with mostly oak trees. This additionally, reflects the reasoning behind its mentioning within
the regional emblem. In contrast, the region plays host to various flora and fauna including
animals
12
. It has been estimated around 60 various types of animals, such as wild boar, fox,
lynx amongst others. Additionally there are two hundred and fifty, fowl species, with 40
different fishes within the region, thereby playing an essential role within the food chain and
creating sustainable wildlife.
10Balandinsky, N. Geography Chuvashia. Chuvash Republic. http://www.geografia.ru/. Accessed March 16,2015.http://www.geografia.ru/chuv.html.11Government of Chuvashia. History of Chuvashia. Accessed March 16, 2015.
http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104.12Government of Chuvashia. Territory, Natural Resources, Climate. Territory, Natural Resources, Climate.Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753.
Figure 11: Landscape of Chuvashia
http://www.geografia.ru/chuv.htmlhttp://www.geografia.ru/chuv.htmlhttp://www.geografia.ru/chuv.htmlhttp://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/6753http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./103/104http://www.geografia.ru/chuv.html7/25/2019 Landscapes of Russia - Chuvash and Tatarstan
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Culture
Based on the rich ancestry, the Chuvash region contains a myriad of regional
dialects, national customs and ethnicity. The Chuvash language derives its
roots from Turkish language13, and additionally, has traces of Persian and
ancient Mongolian language. The modern Chuvash language consists of 37
Russian letters but additionally, contains four extra Chuvash language letters,
which denote specific sounds, with eight vowels14. Currently, there estimated
1.1 million speakers of this language. The national costume of women before the 20 thcentury
consisted mainly of embroidered canvas shirts, having striped patterns with bright colours. The
lower garment consisted of ethnically styled clothing. In addition, women wore a bib (apron)
having an embroidered lace pattern. In line with rich heritage, the regions cuisine equally
reflects the same. Some famous cuisine include15but not limited to Shirtan16, a crusty dish
which is a traditional stuffed lamb cooked with garlic and baked at 100C with sheep stomach
and Tsar Fish Soup, commonly known as ()17which is cooked in mainly with river fish
such as trout. Chuvash region is also famous for beer18, Russia Today reports that the region
has a long history of brewing and claims to have the first beer museum in the country. The
Govt. of Chuvashia19reports that region actively encourages arts and cultural activities, and
boasts as one of the foremost regions to research innovative means of leisure and rural
13Chuvashia: History and Culture. Accessed March 13, 2015.http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htm.14Chuvash.org. About Chuvash Alphabets. Accessed March 18, 2015.http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5.15Cheboksary European Athletic Team Championships. Traditional Foods of Chuvash Region, 2014.http://www.cheboksary2015.ru/en/cheboksary/attractions/6834.htm.16. . Accessed March 18, 2015.http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/2332/%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D.17. . Accessed March 18, 2015.http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/211/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0.18Chuvashia: Where Beer Is Not Just a Drink. Accessed March 18, 2015.http://rt.com/art-and-
culture/chuvashia-beer/.19Government of Chuvashia. General Information about the Chuvash Republic. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htm.
Figure 15 Chuvash
Culture
http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htmhttp://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://www.cheboksary2015.ru/en/cheboksary/attractions/6834.htmhttp://www.cheboksary2015.ru/en/cheboksary/attractions/6834.htmhttp://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/2332/%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9Dhttp://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/2332/%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9Dhttp://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/211/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/211/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htmhttp://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://rt.com/art-and-culture/chuvashia-beer/http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/211/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/2332/%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9Dhttp://www.cheboksary2015.ru/en/cheboksary/attractions/6834.htmhttp://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09e20d187d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0bed0bc20d0b0d0bbd184d0b0d0b2d0b8d182d0b5http://www.surskiezori.narod.ru/2_2_history.htm7/25/2019 Landscapes of Russia - Chuvash and Tatarstan
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recreational facilities. There are six professional theatres, specialising in ballet, opera,
dramatics, fringe theatre and puppet shows, additionally, the region has its own philharmonic
orchestra, academic choir and dance troupe. Within the region there are approximately 655
Federal and local monuments, including 346 architectural museums dealing with history and
arts.
Climate
Based on the statistical data obtained
from multiple sources2021 it can be
inferred that the region enjoyed a
moderate continental climate with a
historical 10-year average starting
2002 to 2012, with the peak season
being May to August having temperatures ranging from 15 to 18 degrees Celsius. The lows
range from -11 to zero during the winter months of January to March, with the snow term
lasting 5 months. Additionally, it has been observed that the region gets a fair amount of rainfall
each year. The figures suggest on an average of 450 to 700 millimetres of rainfall. In
Cheboksary,22June and July are the rainiest months during the year. In addition, the region
enjoys 180 days of sun, along with half-year favourable season for agriculture.
20Weatherspark. Average Weather For Cheboksary, Russian Federation - WeatherSpark. Accessed March 16,2015.https://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federation.21WorldWeatherOnline. Chuvash Burnayevo, Russia Weather Averages | Monthly Average High and LowTemperature | Average Precipitation and Rainfall Days | World Weather Online. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Chuvash-Burnayevo-weather-averages/Tatarstan/RU.aspx.22
WorldWeatherOnline. Cheboksary, Russia Weather Averages | Monthly Average High and LowTemperature | Average Precipitation and Rainfall Days | World Weather Online. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Cheboksary-weather-averages/Chuvashia/RU.aspx.
Figure 19 Historical average temperature
https://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federationhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federationhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federationhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Chuvash-Burnayevo-weather-averages/Tatarstan/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Chuvash-Burnayevo-weather-averages/Tatarstan/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Cheboksary-weather-averages/Chuvashia/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Cheboksary-weather-averages/Chuvashia/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Cheboksary-weather-averages/Chuvashia/RU.aspxhttp://www.worldweatheronline.com/Chuvash-Burnayevo-weather-averages/Tatarstan/RU.aspxhttps://weatherspark.com/averages/33900/Cheboksary-Chuvash-Republic-Russian-Federation7/25/2019 Landscapes of Russia - Chuvash and Tatarstan
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Economy and Demographics
As it was briefly mentioned, the demographics of the population23consist of Chuvash making
up 67.7% with Russians 26.5% and the remaining minority being Tatars 2.7% and Mordvinians
1.2%. It has been estimated that 97 nationalities comprising of nine multi ethnic groups inhabit
within the region. Based on the demographic data collected by the Federal State Statistical
Service (FSSS)24on 1stJanuary 2015, collected during January 2013 and December 2014, the
net migration has decreased slightly i.e. by 1872 persons. The data suggests, 37,535 person
arrived within the region, in contrast with 40,167 emigrated elsewhere, this represents a net
emigration of 2,602 persons. In 2013, 35, 739 persons arrived within the region, in contrast
with 40,213 emigrated elsewhere, this represents a net emigration of 4,474 persons, this implies
that the economy has progressed within the year gap specified, which in fact increased the
standards of living within the region. The data according FSSS25as of January 1st2014 informs
that, more than sixty percent of the population is living within developed areas of the region,
with the remaining, thirty-nine percent living under agricultural regions. Inevitably, the
demographics and population statistics are intrinsically linked to the economy of the region.
The economy of the Chuvash region is primarily based on heavy industries and a well
developed building construction26 sector, having over two thousand companies, employing
over forty thousand workers. Over the years, as the region has progressed, the Govt. position
on the region has been largely optimistic whilst having a positive outlook towards the future.
Additionally, the professionalism and working ethics of the region has also improved as a
23Government of Chuvashia. General Information about the Chuvash Republic. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htm.24Demographic Situation in the Chuvash Republic in January 2015, 2015.http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/2d39ce00413932eea84def367ccd0f13/2015+02+27+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD.pdf.25Urban Population of Chuvashia: 2014, 2014.http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/6fbf15804eccf3ad9c20be9dd5046e95/201
4+03+24+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB.pdf.26Government of Chuvashia. General Information about the Chuvash Republic. Accessed March 16, 2015.http://gov.cap.ru/home/49/ElEnI/prezident/infochuv/portret/05/11/01.htm.
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Tatarstan Region
Tatarstan is a federal administrative region
(Volga Federal District) and is located within
the European part of the Russian Federation29
at the intersection of two rivers, Volga and
Kama30 with a total area of 68,000 km,
having Kazan as its capital. The maximum
longitudinal distance is 290 km with
latitudinal distance being 460 km. Apart from being known as the Eastern Capital of Russia,
the region is divided into 43 administrative regions and 2 urban regions, which are the biggest
cities (Kazan & Naberezhnye Chelny). The land borders of the region are shared with Republic
of Chuvashia, towards the west, Samarskaya Oblast in the south, Republic of Bashkortostan
on the east and Republic of Udmurtia on the north. Additionally, the region is known to cohabit
multi faiths that include Islam, Russian Orthodox and Polish Roman Catholics. The city is also
known to have numerous mosques and has its own fortress, the Kazan Kremlin, which was put
on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2002. Additionally, as the region resides within the
intersection of rivers, it contains numerous lakes, colloquially called Kaban Lakes. The region
also has its island on which the ancient city of Sviyazhsk, established in May 155131. The town
also has an active monastery, and is a major tourist attraction in the region.
29Tatarstan Official Portal. Geography and Climate, 2014.http://tatarstan.ru/about/geography.htm.30
Tatarstan Republic, Russia (Tatar). Accessed March 18, 2015.http://russiatrek.org/tatarstan-republic.31Ministry of youth affairs and sport of the Republic of Tatarstan. Sviyazhsk, 2014.http://mdms.tatarstan.ru/eng/sviyazhsk-205089.htm.
Figure 23 Map of Tatarstan
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Origins of Tatarstan
As compared to the Chuvash Republic, Tatarstans history
goes back even further to 100,000 years32. Whilst having a
similar troubled past as that of Chuvash, the origins began
in Palaeolithic age when the first recorded settlers, who
were primarily Bulgars settled in 8thcentury BC, along the
Volga rivers, thereby establishing the state of Volga Bulgar
from 700-1238 AD33, whilst the state was resisting occupation from Khazars, which is similar
to that of Chuvash. As time progressed, in 922 AD peace treaty was signed between the two
forces, with Islam being established as the official state religion. Moving forwards, around
1230 AD, the Mongol price Batu, who was the grandson of Genghis Khan34invaded the region,
as he previously did with Chuvash region. Subsequently, the internal resistance of occupation
was ever present and the fight for independence eventually succeeded around 1440 AD with
the state of Kazan, representing the Kazan Khanate was established. However, the state had a
short-lived freedom, with the Russian Tsar Ivan IV, colloquially known as Ivan: The Terrible
conquered the region in 1552. As the Tsar himself was an Orthodox Christian, subsequently,
numerous cathedrals and churches were built within the region, whilst banning the construction
of mosques in the region. This ban was eventually lifted during the reign of Catherine the
Great in 1770 AD. In the 20thcentury during the SSR (Soviet Social Republic) was established
with 1992, being the year when Tatar region started the referendum for independence, which
was eventually gained in 1994 with the Republic of Tatarstan being established.
32Travel.ru. Regions of Russia: Tatarstan, 2014.http://guide.travel.ru/russia/tatarstan/.33
Tatarstan Republic, Russia (Tatar). Accessed March 18, 2015.http://russiatrek.org/tatarstan-republic.34Kozin, S, and A Grachov. The Beginning of Kazan Khanate - Competitor of Moscow Russia, 2012.http://aboutkazan.com/kazan-rival-russian-moscow.shtml.
Figure 27 Origin of Tatarstan
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Tatarstan: Coat of Arms & Flag
The official flag representing the Republic of Tatarstan has been
designed by Russian designer TG Khaziakhmetov35. The flag has a
rectangular feature, containing three primary colours, green, white
and red36, whilst the first primary colour having a coverage ratio of
1:2, symbolises the official state religion i.e. Islam, together with spring, growth and revival.
The white symbolises purity and peacefulness and finally, the red symbolises power, energy
and forcefulness in addition it matches the colours of Russia. The three colours additionally,
encompass the traditional folk costume theme. The overall design and representation of the
flag exudes unity amongst the people inhabiting the region, consisting of various religions,
cultures, traditions and ethnicity.
The coat of arms is the official state symbol, which contains a
rounded armour, whilst sharing the same colours as that of the flag.
The centrepiece of the shield contains a white leopard, embossed
with the red disc in the centre with seven wings curled upwards in
upright position. The red disc is considered the sun within the Tatar
region, which signifies power, grace, happiness and wealth. The
legend has it37 the leopard was considered a sacred animal, which was worshipped, and
additionally, thought to be the defender of children. Recent archaeological finds shown the
connection to be intrinsic within the society, with jewellery and coins having embossment of
the animal. The right raised paw of the leopard denotes movement in the right direction
towards prosperity and revival. The raised tail of the leopard additionally denotes jovial
35Tatarstan Official Portal. Tatarstan Symbols, 2014.http://tatarstan.ru/about/symbols.htm.36E-education in the Republic of Tatarstan. Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2013.
https://edu.tatar.ru/upload/images/files/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%20%D0%A0%D0%A2.docx.37National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan. The State Coat of Arms of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2013.http://kitaphane.tatarstan.ru/state_symbols/gerb.htm.
Figure 31 Flag of the Republic
of Tatarstan
Figure 35 Coat of Arms
Tatarstan
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character of the animal. It can also be observed that the smaller rounded shield is affixed on
the torso of the leopard. This shield comprises of eight-pealed flower this represents longevity
with eternal source of life. At the topmost centre of the armour, a small petal flower can be
seen, acting like a tiara or crown piece, which represents the new awakening. To conclude, the
only extra colour being gold is being used within the coat of arms, which denotes elegance,
wealth and beauty of the land.
Climate & Geography
As the region resides within the European part of
Russian in conjunction with two rivers, the region
enjoys a similar climate to that of the Chuvash
region i.e. continental climate whilst having warm
summers but extremely cold winters. Based on the
statistical data collected by various governmental
organisation and meteorological centres383940 the summers begin starting June to August
having a peak average of 19C whilst having the lowest temperature being -20C. Over the past
5-year average, the average temperature of the region continues to rise gradually due to global
warming. Additionally, the region moderate humidity with the highest rainfall perception in
August and the lowest in March, whilst having an almost uniform distribution, ranging from
460-540mm. In addition, the region gets approximately 6.5 hours of sunlight, which is
38WorldWeatherOnline. Tatarstan Monthly Climate Average, Russia, 2013.http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Tatarstan-weather-averages/Khabarovsk/RU.aspx.39Weatherspark. Average Weather For Kazan, Russian Federation, 2013.https://weatherspark.com/averages/33898/Kazan-Republic-of-Tatarstan-Russian-Federation.40
"Department for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of the Republic of Tatarstan. ClimaticCharacteristics of Kazan, 2014.http://www.tatarmeteo.ru/ru/meteorologiya-i-klimat/klimaticheskaya-harakteristika-RT.html.
Figure 39 Average temperature of Tatarstan
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beneficial for agricultural reasons and as such reflected within the official symbols of the
region.
The region of Tatarstan contains both river plains,
plateaus and mountainous regions, which is in stark
contrast with Chuvash region. The rivers Volga and
Kama run a total length of 3119 km, with Kama
being the longest serving river having a total length
of 1805 km. additionally, the rivers divide the region
into three territories, called Pre-Volga, Pre-Kama Trans-Kama41. The Pre-Volga territory is
situated the right of the river Volga42 which is part of the Volga Upland, contains the
mountainous terrain which the highest peak being 276m above sea level. The pre-kama
territory, which spans across the left embankment of Volga, is slightly less mountainous with
height up to 243m above sea level. In contrast, the trans-kama region features a contrasting
landscape, having a peak of 364m, this being the highest within the Tatarstan region along with
the lowest being 200m above sea level.
The region largely forested in nature, with 17% of total area occupied by forests, with trees
consisting of oak, birch amongst others, thus sharing a similar feature with the Chuvash region.
As the region is quite mountainous with several rivers, the soil composition varying from grey
podzol to black earth texture in the southern regions citing its close proximity to the river. Due
to the forest being delicious in nature, the region has a number of nature reserves and parks,
which brings the subject of flora and fauna. The region flourishes with dense flora and fauna.
It has been estimated that over four hundred vertebrae, including foxes, lynx, hedgehog etc...
41
Tatarstan Official Portal. Geography and Climate, 2014.http://tatarstan.ru/about/geography.htm.42Republic of Tatatstan unofficial page. Geography and Climate. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://www.tatarstanrsp.ru/geography/.
Figure 43 Forests of Tatarstan
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together with two hundred and seventy fouls inhabit the region4344when compared to Chuvash
region; it is significantly more diverse and dense. In addition, there is a total 650 variety of
plants constituting the various national parks within the region.
Culture
Tatarstan has a long and rich history, whilst similar to
Chuvash region; it shares multi-ethnic and diverse
community of inhabitants. Russia Infocentre45informs that
the total population consists of over seventy multi-ethnic
groups, mainly of Tatars, Russians and Chuvash origins,
followed by, Ukrainians and Bashkirs, in that order46. The region has an influence of Turkish,
Russian-Slavic and Finno-Urgic culture47with Islam being the main religion of the republic.
Their traditional costume equally reflects their true heritage, with the women and men wearing
embroidered suit. Womens suit consists of predominately-silver jewellery with beads and
crown outer shells and coins4849. Additionally, the men wear long sleeve shirts, called
(kulmak) and wide trousers with skullcap consisting of various shapes, which is made of felt
in the summer and fur in the winter. Whilst women wear, embroidered cap made of velvet in
addition to scarf. The traditional shoes made of embroidered leather boots
43 . , 2007.http://./article.php?nid=15320.44Denmuhametov, R.R., I.T. Gysin, and O.V. Zyablova. Nature of Tatarstan. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://tatarile.org/ru/node/80.45Russia Infocentre. Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), 2012.http://russia-ic.com/regions/2925.46Tatarstan Official Portal. Population, 2012.http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/population.htm.47Tatarstan Official Portal. History, Culture, Religion. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/human.htm.48
Zhuravskiy, A.V., and V.A. Tishkov. Tatars. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://nazaccent.ru/geo/tatar/.49tatrkitap.ru. The Culture of the Tatar People Briefly. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://tatarkitap.ru/tatars/tatkult.aspx.
Figure 47 Tatar women in costume
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The Tatar language is traditionally belongs to Turkish group of
languages50 known as the Kipchak group51, sharing the same
alphabets. The origins of the language can be traced back to 9th
Century BC, whilst orkhon alphabets which is a variant of Arabic
alphabets until 1920. Between 1920 and 1937, the language used
Latin alphabets, and since 1937, under the orders of Stalin, it began to use Cyrillic alphabets.
However, in 2001, the Tatarstan Government decided to introduce a Latin variant of alphabets,
which is still being used today. It has been estimated that seven million people within Tatarstan
and the neighbouring CIS countries communicate using this language.
Tatar Cuisine shares commonality with Chuvash region concerning soups, such as Shulpa and
Tokmakh is considered the staple diet of the Tatar people. In addition, of being influenced by
the Volgar-Bulgars52the cuisine has a Mediterranean cooking style. During the reign of Tsar
Nicholas the first, potatoes were integrated as a part of the staple diet, which led to creation of
the dish: Echpochmak. This is a mincemeat dish consisting of peppers, onions and potatoes.
During the course of the years, another dish: Belesh, which is stuffed loaf of bread has become
popular with the Tatar people and is cooked with a massive pot and decorated lid known as
korovai. It is served with broth together with meat. The dessert consists of baked pasty balls
soaked in honey called chak chak, and traditionally eaten during weddings.
50Tatar Language (tatara / Tatarcha / ) | Encyclopedia of Languages. Accessed March 19, 2015.http://langopedia.ru/2012/07/29/%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA-tatarca-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7/.51Encyclopedia Krugosvet. Tatar Language. Accessed March 20, 2015.
http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/TATARSKI_YAZIK.html.52Hertiage of Tatarstan, ed. National Cuisine, 2012.http://www.tatarstanheritage.ru/en/objects/national_kitchen/.
Figure 51 Tatar Alphabet
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Economics
The economy of Tatarstan is mainly an industrially based economy, which shares similar
characteristics to that of Chuvash region however, it is considered the most well developed
economy structure within the Russian Federation53. Tatarstan is well connected in terms of
land, air and sea and additionally has its own international airport in Kazan. As the region is
located at the confluence of Volga and Kama, it is abundant in natural resources and is rich in
oil and mineral deposits.
The output of the region is based on oil and gas together with construction and automobile
production. Therefore, with the exception of oil and gas, the two regions have similar
production outputs, whilst Chuvash region focusing on automobile repair. The total GRP of
the region comprises of 44% construction industry in conjunction with single digit
telecommunications, logistics and agriculture.
The region produces 32 million tonnes of oil each year. Furthermore, over 24% of tractors are
produced within the region in combination of 40% synthetic rubber, which are used in
production of tyres. The government has actively promoted foreign investment and stimulated
innovation drive for technological advancement.
This has led to creation of techno park which are R&D centres within the SEZ (Special
Economic Zone) which have a lower tax rate of 13.5% as compared to 20%, with exemption
of transportation tax, property tax and land tax for 10 years starting from the date of registration
within the region. While comparing economic drivers, the Gross Regional Product according
53Tatarstan Official Portal. Economy: General Information. Accessed March 20, 2015.http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/economy.htm.
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to the latest figures published by the FSSS54totalled 1.547 million Rubles55, which is an overall
rise 7.6% from 2013; however, the Chuvash region had lower GRP of 224,448,000 Rubles.
The per capita income of the region was analysed which includes income from employment
income, self-employment, pensions, social benefits, amongst other. In year 2013, it stood at
26,101 rules per person, when compared to Chuvash region, whose income was 15,264
Rubles56; it was substantially higher.
Finally, the life expectancy levels were compared, with Tatarstan having an average life
expectancy of 77.2 years, which was almost similar to Chuvash, having 76.2 years as of 201157.
According to FSSS58the total population of Tatarstan as of 2014 is 3.8 million, additionally
FSSS59reported an annual decrease of 8860 persons from 2013-2014 as the number of births
decreased by 520, whilst the mortality rate increased by 483 persons. Having compared the
statistics with Chuvash region60(-870), Tatarstan has a slower population decline.
54Federal State Statstical Service. The Volume and the Change in Gross Regional Product at Basic Prices inthe Republic of Tatarstan. Accessed March 20, 2015.55Knoema Data Service. Tatarstan, Republic of - Gross Regional Product (GRP) at Current Prices (MillionRubles). Knoema Data Service, 2015.http://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Gross-regional-product?compareTo=RU_CU.56Knoema Data Service. Tatarstan, Republic of - Per Capita Monthly Money Income (Rubles). Knoema DataService. Accessed March 20, 2015.http://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Personal-income?compareTo=RU_CU.57Knoema Data Service. Tatarstan, Republic of - Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Population (Years). KnoemaData Service. Accessed March 20, 2015.http://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Life-expectancy?compareTo=RU_CU.58
Federal State Statstical Service. Distribution of the Population of the Republic of Tatarstan by Sex and AgeGroup on 1 January 2014, 01/0/12014.http://tatstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/tatstat/resources/177c630040ff18c78957ef367ccd0f13/%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+2014%D0%B3.pdf.59Federal State Statstical Service. Demographics of Tatarstan, January 1, 2015.http://tatstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/tatstat/resources/1a5d980043e5539ea8c9ebd92111eac8/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.pdf.60Federal State Statstical Service. Births, Deaths and Natural Increase (decrease) of the Population, 2014.http://chuvash.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chuvash/resources/395a05004ffd3214b406fdd8c740ec4f/020714_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%2C+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82
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mpareTo=RU_CUhttp://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Personal-income?compareTo=RU_CUhttp://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Personal-income?compareTo=RU_CUhttp://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Gross-regional-product?compareTo=RU_CUhttp://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Tatarstan-Republic-of/Gross-regional-product?compareTo=RU_CU7/25/2019 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Political situation in Tatarstan & Chuvashia
Both regions share a similar political past, which transcends from within the USSR and after
the post break up. (Gorenburg, D. 1999)61the power struggle started at the penultimate year of
the USSR, with a growing resentment towards the centralised political structure of the Soviet
Union, which was particularly observed within the Tatarstan region, who were striving for
independence owing to their unique culture, heritage and social values. In 1991, Mintimer
Shaimiev who the thrusting force of the region became the president of Tatarstan. Additionally,
it has been noted that the region has enjoyed political calm without significant power struggles.
Having concluded the same, it does come at a price. Recently due to almost even population
amongst the Muslims and Christians, the region is experiencing unrest between the ethnic
groups62, as the region demographically shifts towards ethnic Tatars. .
In 2012, clashes between radical Muslims and Christians have been observed in connection
with car bombing of a moderate Muslim cleric Mufti63, which led the FSB (Federal Migration
Bureau) to dismantle a terrorist camp within the region. In addition, the region has a long
political struggle with the Federal Government in Moscow, with the President of the Russian
Federation passing the Federal law in 200564, which states that regional heads to be appointed
by the President, whilst Tatarstan attempted to elect its own regional leader through popular
elections. The independent newspaper Radio Free Europe65reported that Tatarstan republics
political structure needs a radical overhaul, with a pressing need for openness. According to
Rafail Khakimov, a former advisor to Shaimiev, additionally, being the director of Kazans
61Gorenburg, D., 1999. Regional Separatism in Russia: Ethnic Mobilisation or Power Grab? HarvardUniversity.62Jacobson, C., 2010. Tatarstan. The School of Russian and Asian Studies.63Muslim leaders targeted in twin attacks in Russias Tartarstan (VIDEO) [WWW Document], n.d. URLhttp://rt.com/news/leaders-tatarstan-bomb-attack-561/ (accessed 3.22.15).64
, 2005. [WWW Document].URL http://www.rg.ru/2005/05/24/vybory-doc.html (accessed 3.22.15).65Tatar Politician: Tatarstan Should Push For More Sovereignty, 2011. . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
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history institute reinstated his position to strengthen the republics sovereignty in lieu of the
political unrest recently owing to numerious federal issues. In contrast, the Chuvash region has
a troublesome past, with significant changes within the political sphere. In the previous article
cited by Harvard University, it was observed during the during the period 1991-1994, numerous
political persons have attempted to grab power, which have included A. M. Leontiev, who was
the former chairman of the Soviet Union and was subsequently ousted in 1991, replaced by
Eduard Kubarev, with the current regional head being Mikhail Ignatiev.
As compared to Tatarstan, the region is relevantly calm and is considered stable. Since his rise
to power, Mr. Ignatiev has attempted to improve the economic and social problems with the
region. In 2014, the leader met with the President Vladimir Putin 66 to discuss and alleviate
social issue e.g. minimising waiting times for kindergarten and obtain regional support for
younger families. This has improved his popularity amongst the locals. The regional
newspaper Grani67that leader reaffirms his position within the region, stating that the people
entrust him with regional decisions. In similarity to Tatarstan, the media broadcast containing
criticism of the leader is frowned upon. In connection with the earlier statement, in January
2015,68it has been suggested to curb the broadcasting content of the media, thereby restricting
independent reporting. Both Tatarstan and Chuvash regions have been assessed by various
credit monitoring organisations e.g. Moodys and Fitch but have suffered decrease in credit
rating due to political situations within the regions.
66The Kremlin, 2014. Working meeting with Vladimir Putin head of the Chuvash Republic Mikhail Ignatiev |Putin today.67 : [WWW Document], n.d. URLhttp://www.grani21.ru/pub/glava-chuvashii-mihail-ignatev-chuvstvuju-doverie-naroda (accessed 3.22.15).68
? , 2015. [WWW Document].? . URL http://cheboksar.net/negativ/2979-glava-chuvashii-mihail-ignatev-predlagaet-uzhestochit-otvetstvennost-smi.html (accessed 3.22.15).
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In 2014, Fitch gave Chuvash region a credit rating of BB+ citing improved economic climate
and improved regional key performance indicators69. However owing to worsening political
situation, the rating has been slightly reduced in 201570. Tatarstan region has also suffered a
similar fate71, with Moodys reviewing the long-term credit rating of BAA3 with a view to
downgrade citing political instability. In comparing, the recent data obtained by RAEX72gave
a rating of A+ for overall region rating with 3B1 for investment, citing medium potential for
investment whilst having moderate risk. In contrast73, Tatarstan obtained an investment rating
of 2A, which is higher than Chuvash region, in terms of risk and investment.
69Fitch Affirms Chuvash Republic at BB+; Outlook Stable [WWW Document], n.d. URLhttp://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/25/fitch-affirms-chuvash-republic-at-bb-out-idUKFit70954820140725(accessed 3.22.15).70 - : :REGNUM [WWW Document], 2015.. REGNUM. URL http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1887702.html(accessed 3.22.15).71Global Credit Research, 2014. Moodys places Tatarstans Baa3 rating on review for downgrade [WWWDocument]. Moodys.com. URL https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-places-Tatarstans-Baa3-rating-on-
review-for-downgrade--PR_315548 (accessed 3.22.15).72RAEX, 2014. Chuvash Republic. Ratings are appropriated to the region.73RAEX, 2014. Tatarstan Republic. Ratings are appropriated to the region.
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