702132/702835 European Architecture B

landscape,associationism & exoticism

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Pope's Villa at TwickenhamPevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, I, p 89

CCHISWICKHISWICK

Chiswick, by Lord Burlington, begun 1725, south frontJeff Turnbull

Chiswick and its garden from the west, by Pieter Rysbrack, 1748 Steven Parissien, Palladian Style (London 1994), p 99

Chiswick: drawing by Kent showing portico and gardenJohn Harris, The Palladian Revival: Lord Burlington, his Villa and Garden at Chiswick (Montréal 1994), p 255

Chiswick: general view of house and garden, by P J Donowell, 1753Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 103

Doric column, Chiswick, perhaps by William Kent, c 1714

Harris, The Palladian Revival, p 71

Bagno, Chiswick, by Burlington,

1717

Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, III, p 26

Bagno and watercourse, ChiswickJourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 105

Chiswick: plan of the gardenArchitectural Review, XCV (1944), p 146.

Chiswick, garden walkspainting by

Peter Rysbrack & engraving

Lawrence Fleming & Alan Gore, The English Garden

(London 1988 [1979]), pl 57.B S Allen, Tides in English Taste (1619-1800) (2 vols,

New York 1958 [1937]), I, fig 33

Bagno and orange trees, Chiswick, by Rysbrack, c 1729-30Fleming & Gore, The English Garden, pl 58

Bagno or Pantheon, Chiswick,probably by William KentJeff Turnbull

Chiswick: design for the Cascade, by William KentHarris, The Palladian Revival, p 14

Chiswick: the Great Walk and Exedra,

by Kent. overall design &

detail of the Exedra

Harris, The Palladian Revival, p 234; Wittkower,

'Burlington and Kent', p 130

Chiswick, drawing of garden with statuary, by KentHarris, The Palladian Revival, p 236

Chiswick, pavilion on south-west avenue, probably by Kent; gateway formerly at Beaufort House, Chelsea, by Inigo Jones, 1631

Jeff Turnbull

Euston, Suffolk: Kent's design for gates, showing the clumping of treesFleming & Gore, The English Garden, p 97

ASSOCIATIONISM & EXOTICISMASSOCIATIONISM & EXOTICISM

Castle Howard, the Mausoleum, begun 1729, by Hawksmoor: view with the house in the distance, in a painting by Hendrik de Cort

from a postcard

'Merlin's Cave', Richmond, Surrey, by

William Kent: view & section

J D Hunt, William Kent: Landscape and Garden

Designs (London 1987), pl 31

Castle Howard, the Gatehouse, by Vanbrugh, 1719MUAS 8,487

design for the south entrance of Holkham, Norfolk, by William Kent, undatedRudolf Wittkower, 'Lord Burlington and William Kent', p 131

South entrance, Holkham, Hall, Norfolk, by Kent: as executed by Matthew Brettingham without the side pavilions

Mott & Aall, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions, p 73

'Worcester Lodge' gatehouse, Badminton House, Gloucestershire, by William Kent, c 1740Mott & Aall, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions, p 31

ROUSHAM ROUSHAM

Rousham, OxfordshireKent’s plan

1738-41

from a tourist map

Bridgeman's plan, c 1715-20, at small scale

Rousham: Kent's drawing of 'Venus Vale', 1738-41Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 104

Rousham: Venus Vale seen from the lower cascadeMiles Lewis

Rousham: Venus Vale, tablet to RingwoodMiles Lewis

Rousham: the arcadeMiles Lewis

Rousham: the arcade from belowMiles Lewis

Rousham: Kent's first design for the Temple of Echo (Townesend's

Building), c 1738?

Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 115

Rousham: Temple of EchoKent's first design, and as built

Jourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 115; Miles Lewis

Rousham: Palladian GateMiles Lewis

Rousham: the Gothic LodgeMiles Lewis

Rousham: Gothic seat by Kent, ?after 1738Miles Lewis

Roushamthe Pyramid

Miles Lewis

Rousham: Temple of the MillJourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 120

Rousham: Kent's view of the Temple of the Mill and the EyecatcherJourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 118

Rousham: the EyecatcherJourdain, The Work of William Kent, fig 119

VISUAL VARIETYVISUAL VARIETY

ASSOCIATIONAL VARIETYASSOCIATIONAL VARIETY

L B Alberti

The landmarks of some bygone era [and] records of times and events to fill the eyes and mind with admiration' made a region

especially beautiful

Richard Payne Knight

All the pleasures of the intellect arise from the association of ideas ...

EXHIBITIONAL VARIETYEXHIBITIONAL VARIETY

Blenheim Palace, Blenheim Palace, OxfordshireOxfordshire, by Sir John Vanbrugh, 1705, by Sir John Vanbrugh, 1705--2424

Blenheim: Military or

State Garden by Henry

Wise, from a plan of 1709

David Green, Blenheim Park and

Gardens [guidebook] (Oxford 1972), p 3

Stowe, Bridgeman's ærial perspective, 1719-20Country Life, 18 May 1972, p 1256

the house

the first stockade ditchby the lime walk

the Rotondo at the tipof the projected salient

the octagon

Rotunda and Queen's Theatre, Stowe, Bucks, by Vanbrugh, c 1719-24

Christopher Hussey, English Gardens and Landscapes 1700-1750 (London 1967), pl 122

THE HATHE HA--HAHA

Stowe, detail of a view by Rigaud, showing the ha-ha to the south-eCountry Life, 18 May 1972, p 1254.

Stowe, conjectural cross-section of early ha-haCountry Life, 18 May 1972, p 1256

Stowe, perimeter ha-ha of about 1727, detail of a view by RigaudCountry Life, 18 May 1972, p 1256

STOWESTOWE

Stowe, Buckinghamshire: plan of the grounds as developed to 1739Country Life, 18 May 1972, p 1254

Stowe, Buckinghamshire: plan of the grounds in 1797Lawrence Fleming & Alan Gore, The English Garden (London 1988 [1979]), p 99

Stowe, the Cascade, undated, from an engraving by Bickham, 1750

Osvald Siren, China and the Gardens of Europe of the Eighteenth Century (New York 1950), p 31

Stowe, the CascadeMiles Lewis

Stowe: the Temple of Venus, by Kent, before 1732Miles Lewis

Horace Walpole

Every acre brings to one's mind some instance of the parts or pedantry, of the taste or want of taste, of the ambition or

love of fame, or greatness or miscarriages, of those who have inhabited, decorated,

planned or visited the place. Pope, Congreve, Vanbrugh, Kent, Gibbs, Lord Cobham, Lord Chesterfield, the mob of

nephews, the Lyttletons, Grenvilles, Wests, Leonidas Glover and Wilkes, ....

the late Prince of Wales, the King of Denmark, Princess Amelia, and the proud monuments of Lord

Chatham's services, now enshrined here, then anathematized there, and now again commanding

here, with the Temple of Friendship, like the Temple of Janus, sometimes open to war, and sometimes shut up in factious cabals - all these images crowd upon one's memory, and add visionary personages to the charming scenes, that are so enriched with

fanes and temples, that the real prospects are little less than visions themselves.

Stowe

Temple of Modern Virtue, by Kent, c

1734emple of Modern Virtue, by Kent, c 1734.[1]

Temple of Ancient Virtue, by Kent, c

1734

William Gilpin, The Beauties of Stow [sic] (London 1750), p

25, 30

Stowe: Temple of Ancient Virtue, by

Kent, c 1734

Miles Lewis

Stowe: Temple of British Worthies, by Kent, c 1735Shiremark, ST 133

Stowe: Temple of British Worthies, detailShiremark

Stowe: Temple of Friendship, by James Gibbs, finished 1739Miles Lewis

Stowe: the Pebble Alcove, by Kent

Shiremark, ST 136

Stowe: the Congreve Monument, by Kent, 1736Shiremark, ST 141

Stowe: the Grenville

Column, 1747

Miles Lewis

Stowe: the Temple of Liberty, or Gothic Temple, by James Gibbs, 1741 Shiremark

Stowe: Temple of Liberty, view of the ceilingG B Clarke, Stowe [brochure] (St Ives [Huntingdon Shire] 1971), p 13

CHINOISERIECHINOISERIE

Versailles, Trianon de Porcelaine, by Louis le Vau & Francois Dorbay from c 1669: reconstruction by Ian Dunlop

Nancy Mitford, The Sun King (London 1966), p 40

Stowe: Chinese House, possibly by William Kent, before 1738Mott & Aall, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions, p 71

Stowe: Palladian Bridge and Chinese House, engraving of 1750Siren, China and the Gardens of Europe, p 30

design for a Chinese pavilion at

Wallington, Northumberland,

1752

Country Life, CLV, 399

garden pavilions in the Chinese style, by William Halfpenny

William Halfpenny [Michael Hoare], New Designs for Chinese Temples (1750-1752)

Shugborough, Staffordshire: Chinese house, by Brett, 1747B B & H Lewis

Chinese house, from ChambersWilliam Chambers, Designs for Chinese Buildings &c (London 1757) pl ix

Kew Gardens, Surrey: the Pagoda, by Chambers,

1761-2MUAS

A tower or taa, on the

banks of the Ta-Ho,

between Canton and Hoang-Pou,

from ChambersChambers, Designs for

Chinese Buildings, pl v

Kew: Pheasantry, by ChambersSiren, China and the Gardens of Europe, pl 66A

Kew, Ruined arch, by ChambersJohn Harris, Sir William Chambers, Knight of the Polar Star (London 1970), pl 31

Kew Gardens, view with the Orangery, temples of Aeolousand Bellona, the House of Confucius and the Chinese

Bridge: mostly by Chambers

Fleming & Gore, The English Garden, pl 133

Kew, the Alhambra, by Chambers, 1758Harris, Sir William Chambers, p 25

Kew, the Mosque by Chambers,

1765

William Chambers, Plans, Elevations, Sections and Perspective Views of the Gardens and Buildings at Kew in Surrey (London

1763)

Kew, The Gothic

Cathedral, by J H Muntz,

1753-9

Crook, The Dilemma of Style , p 22

GROTTOES & ARBOURSGROTTOES & ARBOURS

design for an Arcadian hermitage, by William Kent, c 1731Margaret Richardson, Soane: Connoisseur and Collector (London 1995), no 14

Gothick Grotto, from William Wrighte, GrottesqueArchitecture, 1757

Ralph Dutton, The English Garden (London 1945), pl 147

Rural bath, from Wrighte, Grottesque ArchitectureBarbara Jones, Follies and Grottoes (2nd ed, London 1974 [1953]), p 76

'Temple of Winter at the Bottom', attributed to John DonowellCountry Life, 20 June 1974, p 1621

entrance to the Hellfire Caves, West Wycombe, attributed to Donowell, mid-C18thMiles Lewis

a root hut, from Thomas Wright, Book of Arbours, 1755Country Life, 14 February 1974, p 309

Hermit's Park house at Badminton, Gloustershire, probably by Thomas Wright, 1750

Fleming & Gore, The English Garden, p 111

pavilion with bark-coated columns in

the garden at Dropmore,

Buckinghamshire

Siren, China and the Gardens of Europe, pl

69

THE GREEKTHE GREEK

James 'Athenian' Stuart, sketching the Erectheion, AthensNikolaus Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, Volume One. From

Mannerism to Romanticism (London 1968), p 203

Garden Temple of Theseus at Hagley, by

James Stuart, 1758

Garden temple at Shugborough, by

Stuart, c 1764

J M Crook, The Greek Revival (London 1972), pl 4;

B B & H Lewis

design from Thomas Wright, Six Original

Designs for Arbours, c 1767

Country Life, CL, 3873 (2 September 1971), p 548

sketch of an antique column,

by James Stuart

British Museum BMS Add 22.153

+Shepherd's Monument,

Shugborough, by Thomas Wright, c

1756, & James Stuart, c 1764

B B & H Lewis

=

Monument of Lysicrates,

Athens, 334 BC

Lanthorne of Demosthenes, Shugborough,

by Stuart, 1764-1771

Stuart & Revett, Antiquities of

Athens, I (1762), chIV, pt 3

B B & H Lewis

Tower of the Winds (or Horologium of Andronicus), Athens, C1st BC; Tower of the Winds, Shugborough, 1764

Hannibal 2/110; B B & H Lewis 1975

Arch of Hadrian, Athens, c AD

138

MUAS 12,617

Arch of Hadrian, Shugborough, 1764B B & H Lewis

In a landscape garden with its variety of vistas the Greek copy becomes an ornament, a stage

property of exactly the same qualities as a Gothic ruin or a Chinese bridge.

Stuart's patrons no doubt wished to be in the latest fashion and to demonstrate their

archaeological interest by such three-dimensional quotations from the Greek

Nikolaus Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, I, p 203

Church at Ayot St Lawrence, by Nicholas Revett, 1778-9Colonnade of the Temple of Apollo, Delos, from Stuart & Revett, The Antiquities of

Athens, III (1794)]Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, I, p 208; Crook, The Greek Revival, pl 16

STOURHEADSTOURHEAD

view of Delphi, by Claude Gellée (Lorrain) [1600-1682]H A Millon [ed], The Triumph of the Baroque: Architecture in Europe, 1600-1750

(New York 1999), p 250

Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus, by Claude, 1654Earl of Leicester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk

Ascanius and the Stag, by Claude, 1682Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

The Ashes of Phocion, by Nicholas Poussin

Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool

The Falls of Tivoli, by Gaspard Poussin

[Dughet] (1615-1675)

John Ingamells, The Wallace Collection

(London 1994 [1990]), p 46

Arcadian landscape by Claude Lorrain (or Gellée) (1600-1682), 1675; Arcadian landscape by l’Orizonte[J F van Bloeman]; Aeneas at Delos, by Claude; The Pantheon and Gothic Cottage, by Nicholson

Lawrence Fleming & Alan Gore, The English Garden (London 1988 [1979]), plates 55, 56Kenneth Woodbridge, Landscape and Antiquity: Aspects of English Culture at Stourhead 1718 to 1838 (Oxford 1970), pls 2B, 19A

Stourhead, Wiltshire, first design by Colen Campbell, c 1721John Summerson, Architecture in Britain 1530 to 1830 (4th ed, Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1963 [1953]), pl 134A.

Stourhead, plan of the lake &

buildings

Kenneth Woodbridge, The Stourhead

Landscape (no place [London] 1971), p 2

Stourhead, Temple of Flora, by Henry Flitcroft, c 1745Nicholson's view, of 1812, and modern view

Woodbridge, Landscape and Antiquity, pl 18a; Trans-Globe slide NT

Stourhead, the Grotto, 1748: plan by Piper, 1779Woodbridge, Landscape and Antiquity, pl 12a

Stourhead, the Grotto:interior, by Nicholson; the Nymph of the Grot, attributed to John Cheere

Woodbridge, Landscape and Antiquity, pl 18b; Trans-Globe slide NT 395, bought 1974

Alexander Pope

Nymph of the grot, these sacred springs I keep,And to the murmur of these waters sleep;

Ah, spare my slumbers, gently tread the cave!And drink in silence, or in silence lave

Alexander Pope to Edward Blount, 2 June 1725, in Alexander Pope [ed G Sherburn] Correspondence (Oxford 1956), II, p 297

Stourhead, the Grotto,

River God, by John Cheere,

1751

Trans-Globe slide NT 402

Stourhead, view from the grottoTrans-Globe slide NT

Stourhead, the Pantheon, by Henry Flitcroft, c 1754Miles Lewis

Stourhead, the Rock Arch, c 1765Miles Lewis

Stourhead, the tunnelMiles Lewis

Stourhead, Temple of Apollo, by Henry

Flitcroft, 1765

Trans-Globe slide NT 405

Temple of Apollo, Stourhead, by Henry Flitcroft, 1765the ‘Temple of Venus’ at Baalbek, c AD 273

George Mott & S S Aall, Follies and Pleasure Pavilions (London 1989), p 102; Robert Wood, The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria (London 1757)

Stourhead: view looking across the lake towards Stourton village and church

Trans-Globe slide NT 403