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Prof. William Hogland
(Linnaeus University-LNU,
Sweden):
Mobile: +46 70 58 58 352
Landfill Mining in the
Circular Economy
- Old waste to resource Tenerife 9th June 2016
Why the rising waste levels?
Worlds society has grown wealthier, create more and more waste.
Higher living standards makes people buying more products.
More single-person households produce more waste per person
than families. More single-use and disposable products exist
Consumption pattern changes dramatically. Consumers have
more choice and products are designed to have shorter lifespans.
Advances in technology mean that people own and use many
more personal devices, and update often.
Lifestyle changes have increased our quality of life which gives
more waste.
Waste Management Vision
Zero waste!
Longterm goals 2020:
Decoupling amount of waste – growth rates
Strong upward movement in EU waste hierarchy
GDP
Amount of waste
Swedish household waste
Decrease in
landfilling
Energy Recovery
Material Recovery
Biological Recovery
Composting Anaerobe
Digestion
Packaging Recycling paper
Metal Scrap
Electronics
Landfill
Total amount treated 2007-2011 in tonnes
Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999
on the landfill of waste’ (the Landfill Directive)
•14 of the European countries reported having 8934
active landfills just before the Landfill Directive
was implemented (landfills for inert material are
missing)
• The need of storage of waste and recyclables increased
Existing Landfills 4 000 - 6 000 landfills in Sweden
75 000 – 100 000 landfills in the Baltic Sea Region
150 000 – 500 000 landfills in EU
Active at 1999/31/EC EU Council Directive
300 in Sweden
366 in Finland
371 in Estonia
550 in Latvia
800 in Lithuania
2984 in Germany
In 1999 – 21 incineration plants for solid waste in Sweden In 2012 – 31 incineration plants In 2015 -34 Incineration plants
Import and Export of MSW in Sweden
Fire in the largest landfill in the Indian, city of Mumbai, 132 hectares near Thane Creek, receive 3,700 metric tons trash per day, about
one-third of the city’s waste, 30 m high, January 2016.
Bild © NASA Earth Observatory - Natural Colour Image
10
Avalanche in a landfill killed 50 persons
Concept of Biocover System
(In Tien, 2015)
Waste Generation and Waste as a Resource
• Laurent et al. (2014) says the annual total solid waste generation
worldwide is about 17 billion tonnes and will reach about 27 billion
tonnes by 2050.
• Solid waste contains many important constituents, as valuable metals
zinc, copper, nickel, chromium and lead.
• Man are wasting huge volumes of important metal resources,
literature has highlighted continuous depletion of natural stocks
(including metals) gives higher prices in metal market (Meylan and
Spoerri, 2014).
The circular economy
• Aims to eradicate waste—not just from manufacturing processes, but systematically, throughout the life cycles and uses of products and their components.
• Tight component and product cycles of use and reuse, aided by product design, help define the concept of a circular economy and distinguish it from the linear take–make–dispose economy, which wastes large amounts of embedded materials, energy, and labor.
Zero Waste • Zero Waste - a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life
cycles so all products are reused. No trash should be sent to landfills
and incinerators
• Zero Waste - a goal that is ethical, economic, efficient and visionary, to
guide people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate
sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded materials are designed
to become resources for others to use.
• Zero Waste means designing and managing products and processes to
systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste and
materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury
them.
• Zero Waste implementation will eliminate all discharges to land, water
or air that are a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health.
(Wikipedia)
“Beyond the zero waste concept” • Encourages recovery of all materials lost during the entire life cycles of different
products manufactured, which are still available in different sinks (landfills, sediments of rivers, ocean, etc.).
• All waste, materials and chemical compounds lost as sludge, slag, harbor sediments and others can in principle, return to the anthropogenic loops
• The toxics substances should be removed from the circuits and handled in an environmental friendly way.
• The long-term goal is to apply such innovative approach in an environmental and economic efficient way, making use of the accumulated knowledge, including reuse/recycling of materials bound in urban and rural structures. This will include landfill mining, glass mining, harbor and bay mining as well as ”seafloor mining”
… to a circular
economy
W. Bosmans, 2014
NEW CONCEPT:
Bank Account Storage Cells!!
The landfills and old dump sites considered
being anthropogenic reservoirs for raw
materials instead of burying materials only (European circular Economy Conference, 2015).
The circular economy approach is highlighted
(which means reusing, repairing, renovating
and recycling the existing materials and
products) and could be the solution for the
future needs of more resources.
The first Excavation – NSR Helsingborg
1995 1994
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1930 1940 1950 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
%
Garden waste Paper Plastic Glass Textiles Metal Other/Miscellaneous
Paper
Plastic
21
Whats this??
Garden Waste
Landfilling through history in
Sweden
Economics of landfill mining?
Critical Metals within EU
41 raw materials analysed Aluminum Antimony Barytes Bauxite
Bentonite Beryllium Borates Chromium
Clays (incl. kaolin) Cobalt Copper Diatomite
Feldspar Fluorspar Gallium Germanium
Graphite Gypsum Indium Iron ore
Limestone Lithium Magnesite Magnesium
Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Perlite Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)
Rare earths (REE) Rhenium Silica sand
Silver Talc Tantalum
Tellurium Titanium
Tungsten Vanadium
Zinc
2016-06-13
Wind sieve Trommel screen Pre-crushing
Vika landfill, Katrineholm, Sweden Mechanized process working on landfill mining. Wind sieve, trommel screen, pre-crushing,
pre-sorting by excavator.
WIND SCREENING
Sorting of coarse fraction and medium fraction to get a light burnable fraction (mainly plastic) and a heavy fraction
Magnet sorts iron scrap from heavy fraction
Sorting of non-mangnetic fractions?
Remainings of heavy fraction are construction materials (gravel materials)
Problem materials
Scrap and metal separation
Tekna 2008-02-01 [email protected] 29
Plastic
Plank
High Temp
in Plastic
Storage Plastic Storage
Leachate
RDF Energy
• Sieving
10 – 40 mm
15-17 MJ/kg
Waste to oil
Reuse of old plastics
The Estonian landfill before
and after excavation
Sampling
Waste was well characterised
Paper 7%
Soft plastic 17% PET plastic
1% Mixed
plastic and textile 20%
Metal 6%
Wood 8%
Rubber 4%
Glass 1%
Hazardous waste
1%
Stones 22%
Reject 3%
Others, < 40 mm 10%
Coarse
Totally, 5453 kg fine fraction < 40 mm
14 critical raw materials Graphite
Rare Earth Elements (REE)
Fluorspar
Platinum Group Metals (PGM)
Waste from Kudjape Municipal LF
Total content of elements detected in samples of fine fraction of waste from the Kudjape Landfill
(average and median values are shown)
Högbytorp, RagnSells Excavation
Avoid transporting bucket-loads of waste by excavator.
Partial contribution (average in %) of the different sorting fractions in each of the excavated test pit. (n=3) Högbytorp landfill, Sweden
Hole
1
Hole
2
Hole
3
Hole
4
0
20
40
60
80
100%
pa
rtia
l c
on
trib
utio
n
<10mm
10-40 mm
> 40 mm
<40mm
Högbytorp, Sweden • Fraction <40mm (10-40mm and <10 mm), approximately 38% of such
fraction was <10mm suggesting it a considerable volume of soil-like fraction.
• No significant differences between different test pits nor in terms of different excavated depths suggesting that fine fraction (<10mm) will have considerable contribution in case a full-scale excavation is to be done making it necessary.
• Proper strategies to transport, store and further use of such fine fraction for different purposes (adequate properties and quality needed).
Aluminiumssulfate (dos 58 g Al2(SO4)3/m3 , 1 540 USD/ton and 46 ton Fe, 46 USD*/ton
MINING OF WATER WORKS SLUDGE
Contaminated Sediments of Oskarshamn
Harbor a problem or as resource:
Feasibility of Nutrients and Metals
remediation/recovery?
Metal Amount in
Oskarshamn
Price (USD/kg) Can we get it from the
sediments??
Zinc 570 ton 2 USD 1,140,000
Copper 250 ton 7.89 USD 1,972,500
Lead 160 ton 2.1 USD 336,000
Arsenic 28 ton 1.92 USD 53,760
Nickel 20 ton 31.5 USD 630,000
Cobalt 16 ton 123 USD 1,968,000
Cadmium 3 ton 7.54 USD 22,620
TOTAL = USD 6,122,880
Phosphorus and Nitrogen
??? USD
Glass Mining
Glass Mining?
The Kindom of Crystal, Småland, Sweden
Foto: MARIA ERIKSSON, 2001
Urban Mining
Foto William Hogland
Conclusions
• Increased world population, non-sustainable waste management
and hugh use of global resources give problems for future
• World society grown wealthier gives more waste
• EU-council Directive 1999/31/EC closed landfills, gave more
recycling and incineration
• Landfills kills, give fires, methane emission, avalanche, leachate,
explosions etc
• Zero waste - go also for beyond the zero waste concept
• Go for urban mining, landfill mining, glass mining, ash and sludge
mining, harbor mining
• Recovery and remediation of old landfill and industrial areas will
return lots of lost resources to the society and the anthropogenic
circuits, also fractions < 10mm
• “Bank account cells” shall be constructed environmentally correct
storage of excavated mineral rich waste fractions
Let’s go for Landfill/urban mining!!!
William Hogland
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
Dept. of Biology and Environmental Science
Linnaeus University
SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
E-mail: [email protected]
Mobile: +46 (0)70 58 58 352
Linnaeus University
