This is an electronic reprint of the original article.This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail.

Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This material is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user.

Landertshamer, O.; Benseny, J.; Hämmäinen, H.; Wainio, P.Cost model for a 5G smart light pole network

Published in:2019 CTTE-FITCE: Smart Cities & Information and Communication Technology

DOI:10.1109/CTTE-FITCE.2019.8894818

Published: 01/01/2019

Document VersionPeer reviewed version

Please cite the original version:Landertshamer, O., Benseny, J., Hämmäinen, H., & Wainio, P. (2019). Cost model for a 5G smart light polenetwork. In 2019 CTTE-FITCE: Smart Cities & Information and Communication Technology IEEE.https://doi.org/10.1109/CTTE-FITCE.2019.8894818

IEEE CONFERERNCES, SMART CITIES AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CTTE-FITCE) 2019 1

Cost model for a 5G smart light pole networkOliver Landertshamer1, Jaume Benseny1, Heikki Hammainen1, and Pekka Wainio2

1Dept. of Communications and Networking, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland (firstname.lastname@aalto.fi)2Nokia Bell Labs, Espoo, Finland (pekka.wainio@nokia-bell-labs.com)

Abstract—The adoption of 5G smart light poles can facilitatethe massive deployment of communications equipment in theurban environment, accelerating the advent of new smart cityservices. In this article, we define a cost model for a 5G smartlight pole network that includes (1) four pole configurations withdifferent hardware components, (2) a grid-based deploymentstructure that assigns poles to zones with different demandrequirements, and (3) the evolution of key cost items due toprototype improvement, volume sale discounts, and price erosion.The model estimates the total deployment cost (TDC), includingcapital and operational expenses. We estimate a TDC of 4.84Me/km2 for a minimum deployment providing uniform coverageof basic services. We also estimate a TDC of 6.57 Me/km2

for a massive deployment providing heterogeneous coverage ofadvanced services. These values can potentially decrease to 3.23Me/km2 and 4.05Me/km2 when cost evolution is considered.Although more than 30% cost reduction might be possible, thisis mainly caused by the improvement of prototype components,given that public works are less sensible to cost evolution.Therefore, we recommend cities to promptly start civil worksand to select upgrade-able pole designs.

Index Terms—Smart city, 5G, small cells, smart light poles

I. INTRODUCTION

Future smart city services will require new street-levelnetworks capable of providing 5G connectivity, sensor datacollection, accurate positioning, and more. However, the mas-sive deployment of communications equipment (e.g. 5G smallcells, video cameras) in an urban environment faces thechallenge of increasing deployment costs per subscriber (incomparison to previous mobile generations) and the lack ofnew sites due to stricter municipal regulations [1]. Recently, ithas been proposed to integrate communications equipment intolight poles since they are ubiquitous in streets and may remainthere for the foreseeable future [2]. In addition, regulators mayissue local spectrum licenses to attract additional investmentfrom local players [3]. To contribute to this proposal, we studythe cost structure and the main cost items of a 5G smart lightpole network.

A large body of literature exists on the cost structure ofaccess mobile networks however, studies typically concentrateon nationwide macro-cell infrastructure [4]. More recently,numerous publications examined the deployment of 5G net-works, including the role of small cells [5, 6]. Although someof these publications address the case of dense urban areas,they typically focus on the mobile service alone. In contrast,other publications focus on the cost of smart light poles thatprovide LED-based smart lighting [7]. Although smart light

poles may include low-power sensors or even Wi-Fi access,their ability to support future smart city services is limited e.g.due to the lack of device mobility management.

To fill this gap, we propose a cost model for a 5G smart lightpole network which not only provides 5G connectivity butother smart city services e.g. video signage, electrical vehicle(EV) charging while collecting real-time sensor data e.g. videosurveillance, air quality and weather monitoring. The modelincludes (1) four pole configurations with different hardwarecomponents, (2) a grid-based deployment structure that assignspoles to zones with different demand requirements, and (3)the evolution of key cost items due to prototype improvement,volume sale discounts, and price erosion. We estimate the totaldeployment cost (TDC) of two scenarios via probabilistic sen-sitivity analysis, including variation for deployment parametersand the cost evolution of key cost items.

This article is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly de-scribes the employed method. Section 3 defines the cost model,including the structure and different output calculations. Sec-tion 4 reports the obtained cost data derived from the minimumand the massive deployment scenarios. While Section 5 drawsconclusions, Section 6 describes limitations and future work.Finally, Appendices provide detailed cost data.

II. METHOD

The cost model has been developed in an iterative manner,incorporating feedback from experts at each iteration. Weinterviewed experts from Finnish cities, network equipmentvendors, Mobile Network Operators, and Small and MediumEnterprises, who have been involved in the LuxTurrim5Gproject.

Cost data is obtained from partner quotations, field trialinvoices, and expert interviews. In order to cover for uncertain-ties, probability distributions are assigned to key cost items,enabling a sensitivity analysis on the TDC.

III. COST MODEL DEFINITION

A. Structure

The cost model is made of three modules:1) Pole Configuration Module: It defines four pole config-

urations each of which includes a different set of hardwarecomponents, allowing for multiple combinations of sensors.

2) Infrastructure Module: It estimates capital and opera-tional expenses for the deployment of the pole network tosatisfy coverage requirements from different pole components.

c© 2019 IEEE - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8894818

IEEE CONFERERNCES, SMART CITIES AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CTTE-FITCE) 2019 2

3) Cost Evolution Module: It estimates future cost valuesfor pole configurations and infrastructure considering proto-type improvement, volume sale discounts, and price erosion.

B. Pole Configuration Module

We define four pole configurations each of which includesa different set of hardware components, as shown in Table I.

• The Light-Only (LO) provides smart lighting using LEDtechnology.

• The Light + 5G (L5G) additionally provides connectivity(i.e., broadband or IoT services) via 28 GHz small cellbase stations.

• The Light + 5G + Sensors (L5GS) additionally providessensor coverage including video surveillance, weatherand air quality monitoring, sound sensing and audioreproduction, and RTK positioning.

• The Full configuration provides complete smart cityfunctionality by additionally supporting high qualityvideo surveillance, EV charging, and information dis-plays.

Table I also includes today’s cost for each configurationand it anticipates possible future cost ranges. These ranges areobtained via the Cost Evolution Module described in SectionIII-D. Note that while some components are already availablein the market, others are still in the prototype stage. Detailedcost data can be found in Appendix B.

C. Infrastructure Module

We estimate the capital and operational expenses to conducta greenfield deployment that satisfies the coverage require-ments from different pole components. The model assumesfiber-based backhaul since civil works are anyway conducteddue to greenfield deployment.

1) Total number of poles (Ptotal): Given the full size ofthe area to be covered (A), we remove the percentage of area(α) where no light poles are needed or cannot be deployede.g. woods, agriculture fields or lakes. We denote the rest ofthe area as the Area of Interest (AoI). Then, we calculate thenumber of necessary poles assuming a grid-based deployment

with an adjustable pole-to-pole distance (dptp), which shouldbe aligned with the corresponding city regulation.

Ptotal = (

√A

dptp+ 1)2 · α (1)

2) Number of poles per configuration (Pconfig): To satisfydifferent demand requirements, we define zones with differentdevice density and device speed, as shown in Table II. Basedon these zones, we allocate a different mix of pole configu-rations considering the coverage of pole components e.g. 28GHz small cells, weather stations, and video cameras.

TABLE IIDEPLOYMENT ZONES

Zone Device density Device speed Example area1 Low High Commuting2 Medium Medium Suburban3 High Low City center

3) Average infrastructure cost per pole (Cinfra): Given adefined grid-based deployment, we estimate costs for diggingthe trenches in between poles, installing power and fibercables, installing protective tubes, installing the concrete basewhere the pole will stand, reconstructing the street surface,and installing a telematics center. The total infrastructure costis averaged to the number of poles, thus generating an averageinfrastructure cost per pole. Detailed cost data can be foundin Appendix A.

D. Cost Evolution Module

We model the cost evolution of key cost items by consider-ing cost reduction due to prototype improvement, volume salediscounts, and price erosion.

1) Prototype improvement: Since some pole hardware com-ponents are under development, we can expect their manu-facturing cost to decrease due to engineering optimization,utilization of cheaper sub-components, and reduction in labourcaused by mass production. Thousands of these componentsmay be needed to serve an increasing demand for 5G smartlight poles by the world’s cities.

TABLE IPOLE CONFIGURATIONS

Prototype (P)/ Market (M)

Lights Only(LO)

Lights + 5G(L5G)

Lights + 5G + Sensors(L5GS) Full

Pole shaft M x x x xPole base M x x x xUtility box P x x x xCommon radome unit P x x xSmart lights M x x x xWeather & air quality sensor M x xExternal camera system M xIntegrated camera system M x xSound sensing & speaker M x xExternal information display P xRTK positioning P x xEV charger M xDrone station P x28 GHz 5G base station P x x xToday’s cost 7 000 e 15 000 e 31 000 e 60 000 eFuture cost range 4 500 e - 7 000 e 8 000 e - 15 000 e 20 000 e - 31 000e 34 000 e - 60 000 e

IEEE CONFERERNCES, SMART CITIES AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CTTE-FITCE) 2019 3

2) Volume sale discounts: Component providers and civilwork companies may concede price discounts for large pur-chasing orders and deployments, respectively.

3) Price erosion: We take into account potential pricereductions due to component manufacturing improvements andthe emergence of competing component providers.

E. Today and Future TDC

To calculate the TDC, we first multiply the number ofpoles in each configuration by the cost of their respectiveconfiguration. Next, we add the multiplication of the totalnumber of poles by the infrastructure cost. This infrastructurecost is the average cost of deploying a pole consideringcapital and operational expenses. Equation 2 presents themathematical formulation.

TDC =∑

config

(Pconfig · Cconfig) + Ptotal · Cinfra (2)

1) Today TDC: The model estimates the TDC of today asa function of multiple deployment parameters di, as shown byEquation 3.

Cinfra = Cinfra(di) (3)

2) Future TDC: The model estimates the Future TDCas a function of deployment parameters and the evolutionof key cost items. The evolution of the pole cost includesvariations derived from prototype improvement (p), volumesale discounts (v), and price erosion (e). The infrastructurecost only depends on volume sale discounts, and price erosion.

Cconfig = Cconfig(p, v, e)

Cinfra = Cinfra(v, e, di)(4)

IV. SMART CITY DEPLOYMENTS

A. Minimum and massive deployments

We evaluate the cost model for a minimum deploymentscenario and a massive deployment scenario. The minimumdeployment provides uniform and seamless coverage for smartlighting and 5G small cell access. In addition, it providesRTK positioning and low-resolution video surveillance whenin close proximity of poles (i.e., basic smart city services).

The massive deployment scenario introduces a more realis-tic study case in which the area of interest is divided amongthe three zone types defined in Table II. Further, it additionallyprovides high-resolution surveillance, EV charging, video sig-nage via information displays, and drone docking and chargingservices (i.e. advanced smart city services).

Table III shows the pole configuration mix used for thedeployments. To calculate these mixes, we assume that 28GHz small cells have a coverage radius of 100m [8], whichdefines the fraction of L5G and L5GS poles. We also assumethat weather stations have a 500m radius, which is the mostdemanding in the Full configuration, defining the fraction ofFull poles.

TABLE IIIPOLE CONFIGURATION MIX

LO L5G L5GS FullMinimum deploymentuniform 88 % 6 % 5.4 % 0.6 %Massive deploymentzone 1 40 % 30 % 26 % 4 %zone 2 40 % 40 % 20 % 0 %zone 3 30 % 40 % 26 % 4 %

Fig. 1. Espoo-specific grid-based deployment structure

Figure 1 shows the grid-based deployed employed by themodel assuming an inter-pole distance of 50m, as defined byEspoo city.

Table IV presents TDC calculation details, including addi-tional input parameters, the number of poles for each config-uration, and Today TDC and Future TDC.

TABLE IVDEPLOYMENT DETAILS

Input parameters Minimum MassiveArea 10 km2

Pole-to-pole distance 50 mα 70 %Prototype impr. (p) 0.4Volume discounts (v) 0.1Price erosion (e) 0.2Zone alloc. unif. 33% each zonePole configurationsTotal 2890 2890LO 2526 1060L5G 182 1060L5GS 164 694Full 18 77TDC resultsToday TDC 48.4 Me 65.7 MeFuture TDC 32.3 Me 40.5 MeCost evolution reduction 34.1% 38.4%Today Min-Mass diff 28.5 %Future Min-Mass diff 20.0 %

IEEE CONFERERNCES, SMART CITIES AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CTTE-FITCE) 2019 4

Results from the minimum deployment scenario reveal thata 48.4 Me investment is required to cover a 10 km2, whichtranslates into a baseline deployment cost of 4.84 Me/km2.This cost can potentially decrease by a 34.1% due to costevolution to 3.23 Me/km2. Results from the massive deploy-ment scenario indicate a deployment cost of 6.57 Me/km2

which could decrease to 4.05Me/km2 due to a cost evolutionsize of 38.4%. If we compare both deployment scenarios, weobserve that the massive deployment requires an investmentthat is 28.5% higher (or 20% in the future) than the minimumdeployment, albeit it potentially providing more services.

B. Effect of cost evolution on TDC

Figure 2 shows the effect of prototype improvement, volumesale discounts, and price erosion on the pole cost and theinfrastructure cost for the minimum and the massive deploy-ment scenario. We observe that the pole cost has a larger costreduction potential than the infrastructure cost, particularly inthe massive deployment scenario. This difference in mainlycaused by the fact that prototype improvement does not

apply to the infrastructure cost and the operational expensesassociated with civil works are highly linked to the size of thedeployment, which remains the same.

C. Relative contribution of individual cost items

Figure 3 shows the relative contribution of individual costitems to Today TDC and Future TDC for the minimum andthe massive deployments.

In the minimum deployment, the top seven contributors toTDC, which have a weight larger than 5%, either belong tocivil works (i.e., protective tubes, cabling, digging, surface re-construction, concrete base) or to shared parts of the pole (i.e.,pole shaft, utility box). In contrast, in the massive deployment,the small cell base station accounts for a large fraction of theTDC. More importantly, this fraction significantly decreasesfrom a 22% in the Today TDC to a 15% in the FutureTDC. The RTK positioning also significantly decreases itscontribution from a 5% in the Today TDC to 3% in the FutureTDC. Hence, we conclude that the cost evolution of these twocomponents has the largest cost reduction impact to TDC.

52 807 114,29 ############# ############# #############

79 520 791,53 ############# ############# #############

Results

Trials MS_today MS_lt CO_today CO_lt

1 52807114 50, M€ 50 0 0 30529778 30, M€ 30 0 0 42656098 42, M€ 42,0 € 0 0 28210251 28, M€ 28,0 € 0 0

2 52969163 51,5 M€ 51,5 0 0 31695422 31,2 M€ 31,2 1 1 42827488 43, M€ 43,0 € 3 3 28286578 28,8 M€ 28,8 € 6 6

3 53187820 53, M€ 53 2 2 31771508 32,4 M€ 32,4 14 13 42967811 44, M€ 44,0 € 41 38 28424350 29,5 M€ 29,5 € 48 42

4 53364099 54,5 M€ 54,5 4 2 31774113 33,6 M€ 33,6 82 68 43042369 45, M€ 45,0 € 161 ### 28614709 30,3 M€ 30,3 € 215 167

5 54536343 56, M€ 56 32 28 31803547 34,8 M€ 34,8 265 183 43061230 46, M€ 46,0 € 447 ### 28654262 31, M€ 31,0 € 552 337

6 54565526 57,5 M€ 57,5 146 114 31936477 36, M€ 36 693 428 43176334 47, M€ 47,0 € 962 ### 28743627 31,8 M€ 31,8 € #### 651

7 54832293 59, M€ 59 436 290 31986960 37,2 M€ 37,2 #### 721 43190372 48, M€ 48,0 € #### ### 28754963 32,5 M€ 32,5 € #### 956

8 54856584 60,5 M€ 60,5 1018 582 31989232 38,4 M€ 38,4 #### 1179 43249958 49, M€ 49,0 € #### ### 28793547 33,3 M€ 33,3 € #### ###

9 54908701 62, M€ 62 1946 928 32172983 39,6 M€ 39,6 #### 1447 43294275 50, M€ 50,0 € #### ### 28811114 34, M€ 34,0 € #### ###

10 54975706 63,5 M€ 63,5 3132 #### 32181111 40,8 M€ 40,8 #### 1483 43303807 51, M€ 51,0 € #### ### 28811211 34,8 M€ 34,8 € #### ###

11 55092606 65, M€ 65 4489 #### 32181149 42, M€ 42 #### 1388 43391117 52, M€ 52,0 € #### ### 28849088 35,5 M€ 35,5 € #### ###

12 55142794 66,5 M€ 66,5 5860 #### 32243199 43,2 M€ 43,2 #### 1136 43450285 53, M€ 53,0 € #### ### 28910041 36,3 M€ 36,3 € #### ###

13 55196450 68, M€ 68 7121 #### 32243322 44,4 M€ 44,4 #### 853 43491777 54, M€ 54,0 € #### ### 28963676 37, M€ 37,0 € #### 734

14 55253025 69,5 M€ 69,5 8176 #### 32379745 45,6 M€ 45,6 #### 539 43500211 55, M€ 55,0 € #### ### 28971264 37,8 M€ 37,8 € #### 525

15 55294969 71, M€ 71 8990 814 32407155 46,8 M€ 46,8 #### 313 43508891 56, M€ 56,0 € #### ### 28980835 38,5 M€ 38,5 € #### 311

16 55332856 72,5 M€ 72,5 9548 558 32558779 48, M€ 48 #### 148 43534551 57, M€ 57,0 € #### ### 28988084 39,3 M€ 39,3 € #### 166

17 55355545 74, M€ 74 9809 261 32621587 49,2 M€ 49,2 #### 69 43535506 58, M€ 58,0 € #### ### 29047796 40, M€ 40,0 € #### 93

18 55423775 75,5 M€ 75,5 9943 134 32623733 50,4 M€ 50,4 #### 20 43574244 59, M€ 59,0 € #### 80 29062149 40,8 M€ 40,8 € #### 31

19 55456535 77, M€ 77 9986 43 32666954 51,6 M€ 51,6 #### 8 43575198 60, M€ 60,0 € #### 39 29062152 41,5 M€ 41,5 € #### 8

20 55478857 78,5 M€ 78,5 9999 13 32714680 52,8 M€ 52,8 #### 3 43608470 61, M€ 61,0 € #### 6 29089579 42,3 M€ 42,3 € #### 3

21 55540637 80, M€ 80 10000 1 32725968 54, M€ 54 #### 0 43613174 62, M€ 62,0 € #### 5 29156419 43, M€ 43,0 € #### 0

22 55542860 32734070 43651025 29190491

23 55593400 32780345 43663679 29206963

24 55593501 32790504 43705903 29207554

25 55600113 32807271 43706932 29236970

26 55688886 32824026 43717720 29261142

27 55786602 32834718 43721374 29266178

28 55844351 32844471 43726522 29268786

29 55869053 32884116 43737820 29276292

30 55947764 32889830 43767055 29278048

31 55958314 32890442 43800744 29280557

32 55988356 32898951 43859581 29296269

33 56053396 32902961 43884571 29309248

34 56068504 32913545 43889237 29336853

35 56094767 32922316 43920425 29341062

36 56111290 32933377 43925996 29347783

37 56125746 32934473 43938726 29357678

38 56139124 32945835 43949357 29378527

39 56141245 32961238 43969980 29387181

40 56164578 32972316 43978773 29399494

41 56200101 33007590 43986531 29408048

42 56224567 33021274 44019949 29417576

43 56233689 33082037 44050072 29431672

44 56248601 33100072 44085944 29435349

45 56267113 33107030 44096438 29438490

46 56280618 33122811 44104100 29466193

47 56281950 33129085 44105793 29476537

48 56295716 33135559 44119133 29479711

49 56312421 33152204 44136662 29500636

50 56331256 33158440 44142636 29502902

51 56334677 33164652 44169875 29511502

52 56345038 33190519 44171782 29541266

53 56368865 33203846 44188243 29547948

54 56379889 33218166 44193320 29549811

55 56385803 33234713 44199040 29550191

56 56416338 33241973 44213755 29553046

57 56424035 33250578 44217401 29553287

58 56430895 33258147 44218483 29563478

59 56439337 33286978 44227547 29568523

60 56460397 33300566 44241136 29574561

61 56499028 33314510 44250372 29577373

62 56507135 33338631 44261140 29593659

63 56563838 33359182 44278397 29603466

64 56576239 33400913 44309442 29610679

65 56577053 33411635 44310823 29612014

66 56587208 33431613 44314525 29617598

67 56590585 33463691 44322012 29633274

68 56600927 33466733 44327185 29642279

69 56618122 33474726 44335764 29644052

70 56620160 33480983 44359490 29645280

71 56666252 33483389 44376977 29649415

72 56672803 33501331 44395479 29651621

73 56687157 33512185 44398387 29656352

74 56689603 33525224 44406450 29666139

75 56689916 33554737 44414326 29672031

76 56697521 33555081 44416243 29672159

77 56700117 33567634 44419109 29685798

78 56701687 33570133 44423318 29694266

79 56711467 33575134 44436417 29706910

80 56740698 33583328 44441951 29709798

81 56744360 33591308 44471208 29711915

82 56759330 33593224 44474207 29716842

83 56766226 33608037 44476263 29731163

84 56774384 33608428 44489311 29738043

85 56803810 33620796 44489350 29746161

86 56808580 33627457 44498533 29750316

87 56835625 33645210 44499295 29756053

88 56847936 33664930 44515172 29763708

89 56856783 33666582 44515897 29788452

90 56860700 33672884 44525696 29788571

91 56911834 33681444 44530589 29804317

92 56932630 33685261 44531210 29806854

93 56936049 33692015 44533058 29806871

94 57030120 33697591 44547947 29813246

95 57038324 33712037 44562921 29827916

96 57052437 33723658 44565169 29828469

97 57056101 33728696 44575118 29834335

98 57088560 33772811 44589617 29845572

99 57111650 33788184 44604944 29846534

100 57112962 33808197 44608023 29857774

101 57128148 33816601 44616692 29858184

102 57135676 33820801 44628303 29860108

103 57140051 33834804 44643291 29865435

104 57141709 33840102 44643394 29879657

105 57146756 33852706 44646824 29884636

106 57175817 33853707 44659797 29886636

107 57176659 33870548 44673335 29891308

108 57179731 33871046 44688471 29902086

109 57183570 33873626 44689927 29902439

110 57187868 33875562 44694233 29907589

111 57204064 33876792 44696713 29911272

112 57209458 33892744 44725552 29918647

113 57221972 33922796 44726704 29920058

114 57224500 33929473 44728525 29929019

115 57229813 33930957 44730525 29933062

116 57243885 33935180 44734093 29933723

117 57251698 33939802 44752998 29933976

118 57254780 33946217 44766598 29936157

119 57261913 33960445 44767394 29941540

120 57264692 33963183 44770814 29943661

121 57265814 33973515 44772407 29950903

122 57278631 33994191 44774807 29955122

123 57303874 33995882 44778558 29957369

124 57310752 34006539 44781723 29961826

125 57317907 34011336 44783016 29964455

126 57319467 34031567 44799205 29967736

127 57324652 34032760 44800234 29979142

128 57328301 34045390 44803214 29986698

129 57336327 34058160 44809714 29987984

130 57337899 34067306 44815938 29994080

131 57350851 34076437 44817565 29994269

132 57374803 34077471 44818885 30003317

133 57374806 34078981 44834876 30003628

134 57378940 34094895 44835766 30004467

135 57413472 34100427 44836140 30007331

136 57443498 34102061 44842267 30009970

137 57445770 34115490 44863963 30010552

138 57453769 34128745 44873703 30016006

139 57454871 34159543 44884767 30024875

140 57455653 34159653 44884958 30025218

141 57459514 34161310 44887745 30028693

142 57470559 34161553 44887897 30028802

143 57470689 34165016 44888213 30034706

144 57482871 34171110 44891490 30041022

145 57490074 34188269 44911368 30041395

146 57499946 34188486 44916136 30043088

147 57502810 34190131 44926241 30052570

148 57506965 34214291 44939822 30056212

149 57512563 34237185 44944635 30061380

150 57536807 34238399 44946957 30063271

151 57550364 34242458 44947130 30064628

152 57551898 34265448 44950945 30069306

153 57561404 34280726 44956015 30070439

154 57561675 34284569 44963026 30071774

155 57566829 34287007 44967290 30072697

156 57568690 34291392 44969188 30075770

157 57572948 34307411 44969324 30077193

158 57574925 34307416 44989575 30078439

159 57577858 34309430 44989980 30083284

160 57582703 34323419 44993190 30088575

161 57598897 34324716 44995039 30089077

162 57602847 34325163 45002915 30092846

163 57610357 34326384 45007280 30101066

164 57613902 34329857 45010801 30114204

165 57617911 34332955 45014190 30115846

166 57618188 34341779 45014285 30118255

167 57667127 34342500 45014644 30125146

168 57685115 34343458 45015647 30126946

169 57686056 34345683 45023342 30131466

170 57688038 34346153 45030255 30133552

171 57691279 34350008 45030448 30133788

172 57708544 34352060 45035597 30135636

173 57709686 34355206 45046382 30144821

174 57710956 34369335 45049379 30146425

175 57712040 34376003 45052301 30148281

176 57733794 34378531 45054859 30153657

177 57735420 34379094 45056636 30156536

178 57736498 34379637 45057343 30166031

179 57739996 34396461 45060360 30167488

180 57753070 34401445 45065911 30167550

181 57758162 34406706 45066886 30169468

182 57760043 34417777 45068627 30170903

183 57762721 34429253 45068652 30172575

184 57764649 34438765 45076120 30172609

185 57767555 34439105 45082562 30173887

186 57769530 34439436 45085083 30174086

187 57785255 34454215 45094289 30176278

188 57791630 34456884 45104056 30177362

189 57837021 34465480 45105770 30178211

190 57838935 34478576 45107752 30180315

191 57851514 34488939 45108013 30182449

192 57858341 34489861 45109162 30191717

193 57858819 34492203 45109381 30194484

194 57860893 34493895 45110303 30198137

195 57865179 34494728 45110964 30201174

196 57866638 34497772 45114509 30202736

197 57870469 34512524 45116649 30202840

198 57871966 34514139 45118219 30208957

199 57875734 34520923 45135478 30210324

200 57876735 34521684 45148313 30210873

201 57885156 34525915 45149993 30215669

202 57894850 34529894 45155447 30219919

203 57904231 34537327 45156155 30221885

204 57908792 34545155 45158166 30222568

205 57917161 34548362 45177835 30223462

206 57918264 34552898 45182898 30224215

207 57922826 34558801 45187284 30224605

208 57923158 34559521 45187557 30225455

209 57924122 34559640 45193798 30230725

210 57929412 34561324 45194419 30234376

211 57931966 34562404 45194876 30236049

212 57937817 34567100 45200424 30237489

213 57944148 34570398 45209967 30241516

214 57949548 34574092 45211839 30242249

215 57957129 34574404 45216264 30242385

216 57965895 34574610 45220801 30252997

217 57966329 34577118 45228784 30261801

218 57983430 34580364 45236798 30265216

219 57995257 34584796 45250687 30265878

220 58008443 34588608 45251305 30268101

221 58010413 34595195 45252679 30273900

222 58013219 34610788 45257322 30278702

223 58014771 34612088 45257523 30281308

224 58014781 34613720 45261608 30284664

225 58029360 34614705 45264437 30285889

226 58032243 34615271 45265981 30294144

227 58037421 34618753 45266383 30296728

228 58038924 34619870 45271676 30298306

229 58039833 34634713 45275232 30304377

230 58040322 34636238 45281970 30307286

231 58043271 34636958 45287854 30308529

232 58044412 34642442 45289672 30318436

233 58056117 34642721 45299689 30318603

234 58056379 34645892 45301613 30324813

235 58060844 34648051 45302445 30327209

236 58067598 34650223 45305573 30338373

237 58067669 34650621 45312229 30339250

238 58068868 34666767 45320501 30340346

239 58075708 34669478 45322320 30342869

240 58080361 34669792 45323829 30343168

241 58083172 34683511 45332482 30343281

242 58083856 34690313 45347676 30347156

243 58087739 34690613 45347897 30347815

244 58096661 34691952 45350996 30349036

245 58097372 34695870 45351193 30353773

246 58097787 34698088 45351783 30357188

247 58117796 34712371 45354167 30359887

248 58120442 34714326 45355612 30361339

249 58122502 34715963 45357684 30367914

250 58127696 34717257 45358495 30373818

251 58131626 34721367 45360137 30374344

252 58133996 34722308 45365268 30375587

253 58134401 34723049 45371821 30377638

254 58142383 34728716 45376355 30378556

255 58144598 34729823 45376873 30383445

256 58151491 34748399 45377203 30384827

257 58153445 34754152 45379003 30389274

258 58156009 34757142 45383297 30389368

259 58161010 34762827 45388790 30391795

260 58163552 34773702 45396260 30394209

261 58169043 34773762 45409968 30400075

262 58169588 34777395 45411816 30401467

263 58176378 34780993 45414142 30405212

264 58178280 34785971 45415420 30407923

265 58185480 34796508 45420191 30409996

266 58199109 34805048 45420222 30410668

267 58214644 34809107 45433906 30410678

268 58219845 34810136 45435420 30416230

269 58236781 34816516 45442272 30419634

270 58269488 34828484 45444610 30419819

271 58282622 34828552 45445222 30421112

272 58285996 34829905 45447981 30422947

273 58288394 34833469 45448371 30425592

274 58292526 34845949 45449959 30430215

275 58301267 34846722 45466865 30433444

276 58306882 34851101 45468701 30434157

277 58310434 34854830 45469825 30435870

278 58314882 34856620 45471031 30437153

279 58318636 34856623 45471217 30442585

280 58318773 34856627 45472724 30452145

281 58318989 34874887 45474830 30452256

282 58323574 34878589 45486404 30454926

283 58324315 34878718 45487001 30457642

284 58335602 34880944 45490940 30460694

285 58335832 34890106 45497020 30461651

286 58343601 34890368 45498539 30461749

287 58347817 34891056 45498860 30465856

288 58347853 34891519 45501933 30470947

289 58347866 34891524 45503561 30473505

290 58348721 34893736 45507801 30476238

291 58353225 34895135 45510633 30479253

292 58357648 34899136 45514434 30479889

293 58361181 34910627 45527818 30480578

294 58367686 34915807 45533174 30482018

295 58399230 34920052 45535522 30482839

296 58400336 34928133 45539842 30493089

297 58402213 34929657 45541506 30495005

298 58402229 34941529 45542560 30499902

299 58407201 34946284 45544721 30501092

300 58408313 34946594 45546391 30501251

301 58411867 34948699 45550424 30501984

302 58419944 34960244 45560574 30502099

303 58421056 34961621 45563470 30505066

304 58430675 34963441 45565288 30505353

305 58432522 34968932 45565316 30508249

306 58436054 34974096 45565356 30510233

307 58442882 34974291 45565533 30513034

308 58444366 34974820 45567210 30513769

309 58454055 34988965 45575462 30514478

310 58454579 34989814 45577330 30515478

311 58457641 34993890 45579193 30518046

312 58460270 34994167 45579856 30519763

313 58461441 34996639 45593670 30522901

314 58469672 35000088 45594782 30523986

315 58474233 35004832 45599165 30524285

316 58474627 35004982 45610923 30528107

317 58479858 35007349 45611398 30530775

318 58482029 35011323 45616307 30531712

319 58491631 35016511 45618161 30535000

320 58491691 35017865 45619361 30535066

321 58500796 35030960 45619793 30537154

322 58501347 35033512 45620617 30537357

323 58503279 35034639 45631272 30537778

324 58504571 35039986 45632290 30538482

325 58508823 35041547 45637118 30540279

326 58510651 35043934 45640503 30542758

327 58515781 35051521 45641516 30548606

328 58517862 35053971 45654602 30554327

329 58527013 35060852 45658212 30556352

330 58527545 35063446 45662707 30557251

331 58528004 35067278 45663828 30559536

332 58530589 35067375 45666483 30560675

333 58531670 35072419 45670323 30563288

334 58540097 35073744 45671876 30565553

335 58551187 35073886 45674375 30568086

336 58560730 35074033 45676120 30570119

337 58567828 35079399 45679348 30570620

338 58569407 35089496 45683577 30571258

339 58575690 35092719 45685972 30577111

340 58581597 35101080 45687018 30578137

341 58584853 35103914 45689978 30578841

342 58591447 35105082 45695062 30579311

343 58594772 35106995 45695378 30581400

344 58601955 35110445 45695869 30584518

345 58610475 35111038 45697051 30594856

346 58618910 35113721 45703072 30596085

347 58621788 35121517 45707322 30596739

348 58628249 35130856 45711859 30597721

349 58630335 35137550 45719067 30598708

350 58646744 35137614 45719513 30600198

351 58658094 35147300 45723249 30603049

352 58668422 35152164 45725425 30606712

353 58672876 35153276 45728966 30607443

354 58683267 35154800 45731748 30608541

355 58683829 35156283 45731753 30618083

356 58686198 35162097 45732647 30621104

357 58695616 35164256 45733178 30621268

358 58700559 35165689 45738436 30623890

359 58701198 35171231 45738614 30625143

360 58701658 35171720 45741871 30625902

361 58706661 35172310 45745915 30627509

362 58706773 35173498 45747010 30628677

363 58709945 35173541 45756765 30629019

364 58715454 35178729 45759715 30630758

365 58721952 35179687 45761213 30632024

366 58723952 35180584 45762302 30632410

367 58731134 35180775 45764443 30632432

368 58732975 35182323 45764753 30636816

369 58734828 35186741 45764933 30639881

370 58736673 35188958 45764951 30642709

371 58740076 35190122 45765447 30644131

372 58740666 35191558 45766279 30645901

373 58744402 35200784 45766965 30647798

374 58746671 35203553 45767318 30650266

375 58747125 35205067 45772979 30654442

376 58754096 35209639 45773544 30654932

377 58754185 35211796 45775012 30655656

378 58759022 35214106 45782788 30657111

379 58767032 35216203 45783222 30657761

380 58769115 35217274 45785022 30660656

381 58779150 35219849 45786118 30662174

382 58779722 35221752 45791185 30662572

383 58793012 35226257 45796303 30663936

384 58793298 35227137 45804868 30665052

385 58796466 35230317 45808749 30666831

386 58797382 35233334 45808904 30667257

387 58800596 35235912 45811091 30667924

388 58801509 35239501 45813446 30670380

389 58804698 35240835 45814507 30674969

390 58813194 35242328 45820894 30677360

391 58820602 35243259 45823496 30684590

392 58831051 35243349 45824519 30686192

393 58834378 35244156 45826789 30686888

394 58837820 35244390 45828236 30688176

395 58840877 35246099 45828435 30689510

396 58843010 35247765 45828712 30691638

397 58848479 35251300 45829846 30692059

398 58850676 35252854 45830061 30699173

399 58853142 35254887 45833373 30699995

400 58857454 35256139 45834079 30700894

401 58864563 35260621 45838821 30701168

402 58869625 35264626 45840225 30701618

403 58873288 35267215 45841810 30705028

404 58873358 35274779 45856290 30711709

405 58878155 35279860 45864107 30714084

406 58878381 35282741 45880607 30715975

407 58879883 35283362 45886543 30718911

408 58881084 35286668 45888666 30723535

409 58883113 35293658 45891175 30729949

410 58886543 35293823 45892972 30730703

411 58889220 35295964 45895209 30734624

412 58893366 35301041 45900997 30735892

413 58893800 35304433 45904956 30740349

414 58894081 35305066 45907334 30741960

415 58897869 35305296 45909419 30744149

416 58898669 35306956 45910050 30744703

417 58911277 35307126 45913617 30745561

418 58913944 35307676 45916723 30745701

419 58919021 35310675 45919712 30746502

420 58921127 35311824 45919767 30751072

421 58924081 35313819 45922846 30752649

422 58926798 35314600 45922962 30753705

423 58927352 35316835 45923757 30756489

424 58934988 35318099 45925053 30756894

425 58939539 35319738 45929489 30759419

426 58941043 35321691 45931522 30760804

427 58943072 35322138 45931928 30765902

428 58955574 35323473 45939315 30766620

429 58962343 35329792 45941883 30768261

430 58968972 35332529 45943033 30770579

431 58976698 35333516 45951842 30773195

432 58983493 35334569 45958976 30774910

433 58984781 35338976 45961957 30775357

434 58990500 35339125 45967881 30776824

435 58997376 35340293 45968742 30780374

436 58999984 35340476 45972317 30784747

437 59001921 35341450 45972511 30784815

438 59006351 35343776 45972593 30785798

439 59010316 35346530 45976489 30787552

440 59014963 35354550 45976673 30788131

441 59015141 35362596 45982444 30798987

442 59015225 35365095 45991801 30799714

443 59018641 35366886 45994284 30803672

444 59022355 35367997 45995112 30804200

445 59025547 35372594 45996198 30804361

446 59028582 35372991 45996491 30804720

447 59029571 35377054 45997551 30804983

448 59033998 35378879 46001664 30806266

449 59037473 35379200 46002774 30807251

450 59042366 35379564 46003416 30807642

451 59045279 35380353 46006545 30807644

452 59046345 35383298 46007485 30808971

453 59061155 35384608 46009193 30812065

454 59062938 35392367 46009786 30812211

455 59071951 35393877 46014453 30814120

456 59079342 35396506 46016298 30823307

457 59090117 35403861 46018254 30834169

458 59097608 35406995 46018268 30839776

459 59097851 35409311 46022870 30839797

460 59101118 35410636 46025134 30840059

461 59106122 35411746 46025742 30848277

462 59115450 35415372 46028651 30850373

463 59124630 35415846 46029579 30851258

464 59127744 35422846 46031368 30851846

465 59127797 35423168 46032175 30852575

466 59129984 35425903 46032622 30852922

467 59132100 35426182 46037107 30854116

468 59135910 35429830 46042997 30857246

469 59136708 35430548 46049589 30859769

470 59143344 35432462 46054442 30860047

471 59144030 35434494 46058748 30860432

472 59146569 35439154 46065524 30863046

473 59147351 35439849 46065846 30863522

474 59147507 35443932 46069859 30864467

475 59153139 35444598 46070375 30866069

476 59153470 35450698 46074542 30868284

477 59153684 35451218 46075193 30869138

478 59157706 35451482 46076936 30870210

479 59159500 35452349 46079774 30870551

480 59159554 35455971 46080473 30871211

481 59164585 35458228 46080635 30873807

482 59164644 35458959 46086877 30873929

483 59165724 35462632 46087248 30874381

484 59165882 35465643 46087415 30876232

485 59169056 35467467 46089002 30876375

486 59175619 35467843 46092612 30880726

487 59177513 35468935 46092845 30881726

488 59183332 35469045 46102643 30881785

489 59184088 35469622 46104848 30886011

490 59185857 35471844 46105125 30888727

491 59200356 35483304 46106923 30888824

492 59206300 35489809 46114386 30891297

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

50,0 51,5 53,0 54,5 56,0 57,5 59,0 60,5 62,0 63,5 65,0 66,5 68,0 69,5 71,0 72,5 74,0 75,5 77,0 78,5 80,0

Freq

uen

cy

Cost in M€

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

30,0 31,2 32,4 33,6 34,8 36,0 37,2 38,4 39,6 40,8 42,0 43,2 44,4 45,6 46,8 48,0 49,2 50,4 51,6 52,8 54,0

Fre

qu

en

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Massive service deployment, long term costs

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

42,0 43,0 44,0 45,0 46,0 47,0 48,0 49,0 50,0 51,0 52,0 53,0 54,0 55,0 56,0 57,0 58,0 59,0 60,0 61,0 62,0

Freq

uen

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Coverage only deployment, today's costs

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

28,0 28,8 29,5 30,3 31,0 31,8 32,5 33,3 34,0 34,8 35,5 36,3 37,0 37,8 38,5 39,3 40,0 40,8 41,5 42,3 43,0

Freq

uen

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Coverage only deployment, long term costs

30

37,2

40,8

44,4

54

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

27 37 47 57 67 77

Freq

uen

cy

TDC for the massive deployment (M€)

Today TDC

Future TDC

28

30

32

37

430

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

27 37 47 57 67 77

Freq

uen

cy

TDC for the minimum deployment (M€)

Today TDC

Future TDC

65694135,28

56270403,28

50643362,95

40514690,3641756427,74

32332695,7429099426,16

23279540,9323937707,54 23937707,5421543936,78

17235149,43

0 M€

10 M€

20 M€

30 M€

40 M€

50 M€

60 M€

70 M€

Today cost Prototype Volume Price erosion

Future TDC

Pole cost

Infrastructure cost

48410102,5844799222,58

40319300,32

32255440,25

24472395,04

20861515,0418775363,53

15020290,83

23937707,54 23937707,5421543936,78

17235149,43

0 M€

10 M€

20 M€

30 M€

40 M€

50 M€

60 M€

70 M€

Today cost Prototype Volume Price erosion

Future TDC

Pole cost

Infrastructure cost

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Drone station

Telematics center

EXT camera

Weather sensor

Information display

Concrete base

EV charger

Sound sensor

CRU chassis

Pole base

Smart lights

Utility box chassis

CRU camera

RTK positioning

Surface reconstruction

Digging

Common Utility Box HW

Cabling

Protective tubes

Pole shaft

28 GHz 5G BS

Cost item contribution for mixed deployment

Today TDC

Future TDC

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Drone station

EXT camera

Information display

EV charger

CRU chassis

Sound sensor

Telematics center

Weather sensor

CRU camera

Pole base

RTK positioning

Smart lights

Utility box chassis

28 GHz 5G BS

Concrete base

Surface reconstruction

Digging

Common Utility Box HW

Cabling

Protective tubes

Pole shaft

Cost item contribution for minimum deployment

Today TDCFuture TDC

65,7 M€

56,3 M€

50,6 M€

40,5 M€41,8 M€

32,3 M€29,1 M€

23,3 M€23,9 M€ 23,9 M€21,5 M€

17,2 M€

0 M€

10 M€

20 M€

30 M€

40 M€

50 M€

60 M€

70 M€

Todays cost Prototype Volume sale Price erosion

TDC

Pole cost

Infrastructure cost

48,4 M€44,8 M€

40,3 M€

32,3 M€24,5 M€

20,9 M€18,8 M€

15, M€

23,9 M€ 23,9 M€21,5 M€

17,2 M€

0 M€

10 M€

20 M€

30 M€

40 M€

50 M€

60 M€

70 M€

Todays cost Prototype Volume sale Price erosion

TDC

Pole cost

Infrastructure cost

Fig. 2. Evolution of Future TDC for the minimum deployment (left figure) and the massive deployment (right figure)

52 807 114,29 30 529 777,66 42 656 097,78 28 210 250,69

79 520 791,53 52 604 827,02 61 700 488,80 42 043 797,41

Results

Trials MS_today MS_lt CO_today CO_lt

1 52807114,29 50, M€ 50 0 0 30529777,66 30, M€ 30 0 0 42656097,78 42, M€ 42,0 € 0 0 28210250,69 28, M€ 28,0 € 0 0

2 52969163,23 51,5 M€ 51,5 0 0 31695421,77 31,2 M€ 31,2 1 1 42827487,67 43, M€ 43,0 € 3 3 28286578,1 28,8 M€ 28,8 € 6 6

3 53187820,42 53, M€ 53 2 2 31771507,73 32,4 M€ 32,4 14 13 42967811,43 44, M€ 44,0 € 41 38 28424349,92 29,5 M€ 29,5 € 48 42

4 53364099,43 54,5 M€ 54,5 4 2 31774112,83 33,6 M€ 33,6 82 68 43042369,43 45, M€ 45,0 € 161 120 28614708,69 30,3 M€ 30,3 € 215 167

5 54536342,98 56, M€ 56 32 28 31803547,33 34,8 M€ 34,8 265 183 43061230,35 46, M€ 46,0 € 447 286 28654261,63 31, M€ 31,0 € 552 337

6 54565525,61 57,5 M€ 57,5 146 114 31936477,2 36, M€ 36 693 428 43176333,99 47, M€ 47,0 € 962 515 28743627,11 31,8 M€ 31,8 € 1203 651

7 54832292,76 59, M€ 59 436 290 31986960,04 37,2 M€ 37,2 1414 721 43190371,74 48, M€ 48,0 € 1660 698 28754962,93 32,5 M€ 32,5 € 2159 956

8 54856584,36 60,5 M€ 60,5 1018 582 31989231,76 38,4 M€ 38,4 2593 1179 43249958,15 49, M€ 49,0 € 2654 994 28793547,26 33,3 M€ 33,3 € 3226 1067

9 54908701,31 62, M€ 62 1946 928 32172982,69 39,6 M€ 39,6 4040 1447 43294274,61 50, M€ 50,0 € 3788 1134 28811113,84 34, M€ 34,0 € 4535 1309

10 54975705,64 63,5 M€ 63,5 3132 1186 32181111,08 40,8 M€ 40,8 5523 1483 43303806,5 51, M€ 51,0 € 4979 1191 28811211,08 34,8 M€ 34,8 € 5833 1298

11 55092606,02 65, M€ 65 4489 1357 32181149,39 42, M€ 42 6911 1388 43391117,23 52, M€ 52,0 € 6089 1110 28849087,52 35,5 M€ 35,5 € 7061 1228

12 55142794,37 66,5 M€ 66,5 5860 1371 32243198,86 43,2 M€ 43,2 8047 1136 43450284,52 53, M€ 53,0 € 7212 1123 28910041,43 36,3 M€ 36,3 € 8129 1068

13 55196450,44 68, M€ 68 7121 1261 32243322,37 44,4 M€ 44,4 8900 853 43491776,75 54, M€ 54,0 € 8152 940 28963676,13 37, M€ 37,0 € 8863 734

14 55253024,85 69,5 M€ 69,5 8176 1055 32379744,62 45,6 M€ 45,6 9439 539 43500211,25 55, M€ 55,0 € 8867 715 28971264,15 37,8 M€ 37,8 € 9388 525

15 55294969,3 71, M€ 71 8990 814 32407155,26 46,8 M€ 46,8 9752 313 43508891,07 56, M€ 56,0 € 9345 478 28980835,33 38,5 M€ 38,5 € 9699 311

16 55332856,08 72,5 M€ 72,5 9548 558 32558778,56 48, M€ 48 9900 148 43534551,18 57, M€ 57,0 € 9678 333 28988083,94 39,3 M€ 39,3 € 9865 166

17 55355544,98 74, M€ 74 9809 261 32621586,71 49,2 M€ 49,2 9969 69 43535506,46 58, M€ 58,0 € 9870 192 29047795,96 40, M€ 40,0 € 9958 93

18 55423774,56 75,5 M€ 75,5 9943 134 32623732,71 50,4 M€ 50,4 9989 20 43574244,46 59, M€ 59,0 € 9950 80 29062148,78 40,8 M€ 40,8 € 9989 31

19 55456534,71 77, M€ 77 9986 43 32666954,08 51,6 M€ 51,6 9997 8 43575197,67 60, M€ 60,0 € 9989 39 29062151,73 41,5 M€ 41,5 € 9997 8

20 55478856,67 78,5 M€ 78,5 9999 13 32714680,35 52,8 M€ 52,8 10000 3 43608469,87 61, M€ 61,0 € 9995 6 29089579,05 42,3 M€ 42,3 € 10000 3

21 55540636,64 80, M€ 80 10000 1 32725968,18 54, M€ 54 10000 0 43613174,14 62, M€ 62,0 € 10000 5 29156418,83 43, M€ 43,0 € 10000 0

22 55542860,37 32734069,93 43651024,95 29190490,56

23 55593400,15 32780344,82 43663678,58 29206963,46

24 55593500,89 32790504,24 43705902,77 29207554,24

25 55600112,96 32807270,52 43706932,43 29236970,02

26 55688885,97 32824025,84 43717719,98 29261141,69

27 55786601,8 32834718,21 43721373,6 29266177,55

28 55844351,05 32844471,03 43726521,7 29268785,58

29 55869053,32 32884116,31 43737820,02 29276292,43

30 55947764,02 32889829,7 43767054,59 29278048,47

31 55958313,54 32890442,22 43800744,12 29280556,82

32 55988355,7 32898951,43 43859580,92 29296269,14

33 56053395,9 32902960,53 43884570,93 29309248,48

34 56068504,38 32913545,32 43889236,8 29336852,6

35 56094766,53 32922315,96 43920424,83 29341062,33

36 56111290,24 32933377,14 43925995,59 29347782,64

37 56125746,14 32934472,54 43938725,77 29357678,24

38 56139123,85 32945835,48 43949357,09 29378526,75

39 56141245,06 32961237,77 43969980,17 29387180,69

40 56164577,88 32972315,78 43978772,63 29399494,11

41 56200100,74 33007590,11 43986530,9 29408048,05

42 56224567,41 33021273,91 44019948,97 29417576,17

43 56233688,99 33082037,44 44050071,71 29431672,44

44 56248601,04 33100071,95 44085943,75 29435349,07

45 56267113,48 33107030,35 44096437,82 29438489,98

46 56280617,94 33122810,93 44104099,54 29466192,83

47 56281950,05 33129084,95 44105793,38 29476536,96

48 56295716,15 33135558,66 44119133,41 29479710,56

49 56312420,97 33152204,24 44136662,23 29500635,91

50 56331256,03 33158440,21 44142635,57 29502902,38

51 56334677,46 33164652,49 44169875,08 29511501,9

52 56345038,12 33190518,95 44171782,42 29541266,46

53 56368865,38 33203845,77 44188242,87 29547947,58

54 56379888,82 33218166,45 44193319,86 29549810,54

55 56385802,51 33234713,49 44199040,32 29550191,21

56 56416338,15 33241973,37 44213754,58 29553045,67

57 56424034,63 33250577,6 44217400,9 29553287,47

58 56430894,78 33258146,78 44218483,21 29563478,28

59 56439337,25 33286977,83 44227546,61 29568522,59

60 56460397,28 33300565,84 44241135,58 29574560,91

61 56499027,67 33314509,83 44250372,02 29577373,15

62 56507135,4 33338630,67 44261139,83 29593658,72

63 56563837,62 33359181,77 44278397,3 29603465,81

64 56576239,32 33400912,97 44309441,5 29610678,77

65 56577053,26 33411634,63 44310823,36 29612013,59

66 56587207,98 33431612,69 44314524,92 29617597,76

67 56590585,45 33463691,16 44322012,03 29633273,53

68 56600927,22 33466732,66 44327185,04 29642279,3

69 56618122,06 33474725,72 44335764,22 29644052,06

70 56620159,96 33480983,07 44359489,6 29645280,2

71 56666251,92 33483389,29 44376977,34 29649415,06

72 56672802,62 33501330,81 44395478,57 29651620,86

73 56687157,3 33512184,6 44398386,99 29656351,69

74 56689602,68 33525224,09 44406449,58 29666139,07

75 56689916,5 33554737 44414326 29672030,54

76 56697521,21 33555080,54 44416242,84 29672159,27

77 56700117,29 33567634,42 44419108,82 29685798,42

78 56701687,01 33570132,56 44423317,89 29694265,55

79 56711467,49 33575134,12 44436417,24 29706910,49

80 56740697,53 33583327,93 44441950,77 29709798,38

81 56744360,43 33591308,46 44471207,52 29711915,35

82 56759329,85 33593224,04 44474206,92 29716842,2

83 56766225,7 33608037,1 44476262,74 29731162,87

84 56774383,88 33608427,74 44489311,2 29738043,12

85 56803810,14 33620795,95 44489349,93 29746160,65

86 56808580,09 33627456,67 44498532,96 29750315,57

87 56835625,39 33645209,65 44499295,01 29756053,04

88 56847935,74 33664929,55 44515171,89 29763707,66

89 56856782,57 33666582,21 44515896,9 29788452,14

90 56860699,74 33672883,73 44525696,24 29788571,3

91 56911834,07 33681443,62 44530589,32 29804316,94

92 56932629,95 33685260,8 44531210,37 29806854,28

93 56936048,5 33692015,2 44533057,68 29806871,13

94 57030120,16 33697590,71 44547947,23 29813246,44

95 57038324,14 33712036,81 44562921,48 29827915,5

96 57052436,51 33723657,72 44565168,51 29828469,25

97 57056100,51 33728696,13 44575117,86 29834334,93

98 57088560,5 33772811,08 44589617,14 29845572,05

99 57111649,54 33788184,3 44604943,83 29846533,55

100 57112961,87 33808197,24 44608023,33 29857774,36

101 57128148,41 33816600,79 44616692,22 29858184,17

102 57135676,09 33820801,04 44628302,53 29860107,95

103 57140050,63 33834804,25 44643291,47 29865434,99

104 57141709,2 33840101,57 44643393,78 29879657,37

105 57146756,13 33852706,31 44646823,54 29884636,04

106 57175816,74 33853707,38 44659796,74 29886635,83

107 57176659,26 33870547,71 44673334,68 29891308,14

108 57179730,61 33871046,11 44688470,82 29902085,65

109 57183569,7 33873626,13 44689927,38 29902438,98

110 57187867,73 33875562,23 44694232,93 29907588,8

111 57204063,93 33876792,34 44696713,18 29911271,63

112 57209457,99 33892744,25 44725551,74 29918647,03

113 57221972,18 33922796,35 44726704,14 29920057,84

114 57224499,93 33929472,88 44728524,64 29929018,54

115 57229812,73 33930956,7 44730525,33 29933062,48

116 57243885,41 33935180,31 44734093,36 29933722,6

117 57251698,36 33939802,22 44752997,61 29933976,11

118 57254780,33 33946217,45 44766597,76 29936157,37

119 57261913,41 33960444,63 44767393,85 29941540,34

120 57264691,57 33963183,47 44770814,44 29943660,69

121 57265814,35 33973514,84 44772406,85 29950903,3

122 57278630,75 33994191,5 44774807,37 29955122,23

123 57303874,18 33995881,77 44778558,34 29957368,84

124 57310752,05 34006539,04 44781723,49 29961825,51

125 57317907,07 34011336,23 44783016,3 29964454,73

126 57319467,17 34031567,23 44799204,83 29967735,66

127 57324652,02 34032760,47 44800234,39 29979142,32

128 57328301,02 34045390,29 44803213,92 29986698,48

129 57336327,47 34058159,62 44809713,99 29987983,87

130 57337899,02 34067306,18 44815937,97 29994079,68

131 57350850,87 34076436,59 44817564,78 29994269,04

132 57374802,62 34077471,27 44818885,49 30003316,57

133 57374805,68 34078980,91 44834876,2 30003628,07

134 57378940,14 34094894,95 44835765,95 30004467,21

135 57413471,79 34100427,09 44836139,86 30007331,45

136 57443498,15 34102061,4 44842267,06 30009969,83

137 57445770,18 34115489,71 44863962,57 30010552,01

138 57453769,14 34128745,1 44873702,62 30016005,85

139 57454870,91 34159542,87 44884766,83 30024874,97

140 57455653,35 34159653,18 44884958,19 30025218,02

141 57459514,13 34161310,48 44887744,74 30028693,03

142 57470559,48 34161553,21 44887896,59 30028802,27

143 57470689,41 34165015,66 44888213,43 30034705,87

144 57482870,56 34171110,18 44891490,11 30041021,96

145 57490073,78 34188269,45 44911367,67 30041394,61

146 57499945,71 34188485,8 44916136,14 30043088,47

147 57502809,69 34190131,17 44926240,94 30052570,1

148 57506965,38 34214291,22 44939822,35 30056212,45

149 57512562,64 34237185,16 44944634,94 30061380,3

150 57536807,28 34238398,96 44946956,63 30063271,14

151 57550364,06 34242457,74 44947130,29 30064627,76

152 57551898,36 34265448,27 44950945,29 30069305,73

153 57561404,13 34280726,19 44956015,39 30070439,24

154 57561675,49 34284569,03 44963026,4 30071774,43

155 57566828,59 34287006,86 44967290,2 30072697,12

156 57568689,92 34291392,09 44969187,51 30075770,03

157 57572948 34307411,36 44969324,01 30077193,44

158 57574925,24 34307415,68 44989575,1 30078439

159 57577857,78 34309429,92 44989980,5 30083284,1

160 57582702,7 34323419,46 44993189,81 30088574,92

161 57598897,1 34324716,33 44995039,43 30089077,33

162 57602847,18 34325162,8 45002915,32 30092846,13

163 57610356,91 34326383,84 45007279,52 30101066,33

164 57613902,34 34329857,48 45010800,65 30114204,07

165 57617910,51 34332955,46 45014189,51 30115845,82

166 57618188,09 34341779,05 45014284,68 30118255,18

167 57667127,49 34342500,38 45014644,17 30125146

168 57685114,79 34343457,74 45015647,2 30126946,35

169 57686056,39 34345682,87 45023342 30131465,68

170 57688038,12 34346152,95 45030254,82 30133552

171 57691278,68 34350008,19 45030447,94 30133788,2

172 57708543,58 34352060,26 45035597,34 30135636,39

173 57709686,48 34355206,17 45046381,95 30144821,44

174 57710956,14 34369335,21 45049378,77 30146424,79

175 57712039,77 34376003,13 45052301,28 30148281,3

176 57733793,77 34378531,36 45054859,29 30153657,11

177 57735420,48 34379093,73 45056636,08 30156536,42

178 57736497,67 34379636,91 45057343,39 30166030,98

179 57739995,87 34396460,68 45060360,08 30167488,21

180 57753069,92 34401445,36 45065911,32 30167550,03

181 57758161,86 34406706,43 45066886,48 30169467,92

182 57760043,2 34417776,57 45068626,76 30170903,33

183 57762721,01 34429253,31 45068651,81 30172575,06

184 57764649,14 34438764,71 45076120,43 30172609,09

185 57767555,46 34439105,06 45082562,33 30173887,35

186 57769529,95 34439436,43 45085083,36 30174085,87

187 57785255,12 34454215,14 45094289,27 30176277,89

188 57791630,03 34456884,42 45104056,18 30177361,85

189 57837020,86 34465480,11 45105770,29 30178210,64

190 57838935,5 34478575,64 45107752,27 30180314,67

191 57851514,28 34488939,5 45108012,69 30182448,6

192 57858341,17 34489860,78 45109161,96 30191716,92

193 57858819,23 34492202,85 45109381,05 30194483,72

194 57860892,95 34493894,87 45110303,26 30198137,35

195 57865179,32 34494727,93 45110963,7 30201173,88

196 57866638,48 34497772,12 45114508,99 30202736,14

197 57870468,76 34512524,07 45116649,46 30202839,68

198 57871966,15 34514139,02 45118218,68 30208956,7

199 57875733,64 34520923,04 45135477,63 30210324,35

200 57876735,36 34521683,91 45148313,49 30210872,51

201 57885156,27 34525915,14 45149993,29 30215669,24

202 57894850,16 34529894,13 45155446,78 30219918,98

203 57904231,19 34537327,21 45156154,65 30221885,34

204 57908791,58 34545155,42 45158165,6 30222568,21

205 57917161,37 34548362,43 45177835,13 30223462,17

206 57918264,35 34552897,8 45182897,87 30224215,47

207 57922825,56 34558801,32 45187284,35 30224604,6

208 57923157,97 34559521,31 45187556,53 30225454,92

209 57924122,11 34559640,01 45193798,03 30230725,19

210 57929411,69 34561324,11 45194419,02 30234376,35

211 57931966,41 34562404,43 45194876,27 30236049,35

212 57937817,13 34567099,77 45200423,58 30237488,87

213 57944148,13 34570398,42 45209966,66 30241516,05

214 57949547,64 34574092,34 45211838,88 30242249,47

215 57957128,72 34574403,54 45216264,3 30242384,88

216 57965895,14 34574610,15 45220801,21 30252996,6

217 57966329,31 34577118,19 45228784,47 30261800,79

218 57983429,93 34580363,58 45236798,18 30265216,36

219 57995256,66 34584796,3 45250687,31 30265878,39

220 58008443,19 34588608,19 45251305,32 30268101,18

221 58010412,53 34595194,9 45252678,76 30273899,53

222 58013218,95 34610788,26 45257321,9 30278702,39

223 58014771,24 34612088,33 45257523,11 30281308,35

224 58014780,5 34613720,49 45261607,64 30284663,95

225 58029360 34614705,03 45264437,2 30285889,27

226 58032243,1 34615271,18 45265981,15 30294144,25

227 58037420,71 34618753,26 45266382,85 30296728,49

228 58038924,34 34619869,98 45271676,17 30298305,96

229 58039833,08 34634712,71 45275232,46 30304376,69

230 58040322,43 34636237,93 45281970,41 30307286,4

231 58043270,95 34636958,39 45287854,08 30308529,09

232 58044411,74 34642441,63 45289671,82 30318436,25

233 58056116,64 34642720,67 45299688,67 30318602,74

234 58056379,38 34645892,19 45301613,18 30324812,64

235 58060844,2 34648051,45 45302445,42 30327208,77

236 58067598,23 34650223,35 45305573,48 30338372,65

237 58067669 34650620,87 45312229,32 30339250,42

238 58068868,04 34666767,15 45320500,67 30340345,56

239 58075707,51 34669477,52 45322319,8 30342868,66

240 58080361,12 34669791,91 45323829,05 30343168,27

241 58083172,27 34683511,39 45332481,95 30343281,38

242 58083855,83 34690312,6 45347675,64 30347156,12

243 58087738,86 34690613,08 45347896,8 30347815,44

244 58096661,32 34691951,62 45350996,4 30349036,2

245 58097371,89 34695869,64 45351192,98 30353772,51

246 58097786,69 34698087,8 45351782,87 30357188,01

247 58117795,67 34712371,29 45354166,99 30359886,56

248 58120441,56 34714325,73 45355611,67 30361338,57

249 58122502,26 34715962,56 45357683,64 30367914,48

250 58127696,38 34717256,89 45358494,65 30373818,06

251 58131625,65 34721367,02 45360137,02 30374343,52

252 58133995,65 34722308,39 45365268,21 30375587,01

253 58134401,29 34723048,65 45371820,63 30377638,01

254 58142382,91 34728716,12 45376354,65 30378555,53

255 58144597,75 34729823,04 45376873,05 30383444,98

256 58151490,85 34748399,4 45377203,07 30384826,7

257 58153445,42 34754151,82 45379003,29 30389273,8

258 58156009,37 34757142,34 45383296,85 30389368

259 58161009,57 34762826,86 45388789,53 30391795,04

260 58163551,59 34773702,19 45396260,06 30394208,77

261 58169043,4 34773762,2 45409968,26 30400075,43

262 58169587,93 34777395,45 45411816,39 30401467,24

263 58176378,12 34780992,69 45414142,16 30405211,94

264 58178280,24 34785970,94 45415419,51 30407922,58

265 58185479,62 34796508,21 45420190,55 30409995,72

266 58199108,9 34805047,52 45420222,48 30410668,44

267 58214643,51 34809107,39 45433906,01 30410678,41

268 58219845,12 34810135,99 45435419,89 30416230,08

269 58236780,79 34816515,78 45442272,16 30419633,78

270 58269488,47 34828484,12 45444609,73 30419818,57

271 58282621,8 34828551,9 45445222,12 30421111,87

272 58285996,28 34829905,24 45447980,96 30422946,89

273 58288393,88 34833468,53 45448370,62 30425591,55

274 58292525,88 34845948,94 45449958,84 30430215,17

275 58301266,52 34846721,87 45466865,16 30433444,39

276 58306882,39 34851101,27 45468701,34 30434156,75

277 58310433,76 34854829,7 45469824,66 30435869,66

278 58314881,63 34856620,3 45471030,54 30437152,87

279 58318635,64 34856623,03 45471216,58 30442585,29

280 58318772,76 34856626,79 45472724,47 30452145,06

281 58318988,64 34874887,06 45474830,18 30452255,7

282 58323573,8 34878589,46 45486403,58 30454926

283 58324314,85 34878717,85 45487001,4 30457641,56

284 58335602,45 34880944,2 45490939,99 30460693,84

285 58335831,5 34890106,33 45497020,08 30461650,58

286 58343601,2 34890367,51 45498539,08 30461749,16

287 58347816,93 34891055,84 45498859,6 30465855,83

288 58347853,24 34891519,43 45501932,59 30470947,27

289 58347866,5 34891523,91 45503561,29 30473505,06

290 58348721,21 34893735,68 45507801,15 30476237,5

291 58353224,74 34895135,45 45510633,34 30479252,93

292 58357647,94 34899135,7 45514434,07 30479888,6

293 58361181,16 34910627,09 45527818,49 30480578,2

294 58367686,38 34915807,16 45533173,74 30482017,79

295 58399230,19 34920052,19 45535522,4 30482838,93

296 58400336,43 34928133,34 45539842,2 30493089,43

297 58402212,92 34929657,04 45541506,24 30495005,44

298 58402228,93 34941528,66 45542560,03 30499902,02

299 58407201,28 34946284,01 45544720,72 30501091,82

300 58408313,26 34946593,61 45546390,75 30501251,25

301 58411866,7 34948699,37 45550424,45 30501984,31

302 58419943,96 34960244,15 45560574,01 30502098,54

303 58421055,51 34961620,84 45563470,14 30505065,87

304 58430674,91 34963440,89 45565288,14 30505352,95

305 58432521,63 34968931,51 45565316,47 30508249,13

306 58436054,16 34974095,92 45565355,85 30510232,88

307 58442882,46 34974290,94 45565533,11 30513033,81

308 58444365,53 34974819,5 45567210,18 30513768,71

309 58454055,34 34988965,19 45575462,11 30514478,27

310 58454579,17 34989814,34 45577329,57 30515477,84

311 58457641,1 34993889,68 45579192,98 30518046,38

312 58460270,4 34994167,01 45579856,37 30519762,8

313 58461441,43 34996638,97 45593669,86 30522900,53

314 58469671,7 35000087,68 45594781,66 30523985,95

315 58474233,05 35004831,52 45599165,01 30524284,75

316 58474627,39 35004981,66 45610923,05 30528107,13

317 58479857,62 35007348,53 45611397,68 30530775,04

318 58482028,73 35011323,15 45616306,88 30531711,64

319 58491631,06 35016511,5 45618160,61 30535000,21

320 58491690,64 35017864,52 45619361,24 30535066,49

321 58500796,41 35030959,96 45619793,19 30537154,2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

50,0 51,5 53,0 54,5 56,0 57,5 59,0 60,5 62,0 63,5 65,0 66,5 68,0 69,5 71,0 72,5 74,0 75,5 77,0 78,5 80,0

Fre

qu

en

cy

Cost in M€

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

30,0 31,2 32,4 33,6 34,8 36,0 37,2 38,4 39,6 40,8 42,0 43,2 44,4 45,6 46,8 48,0 49,2 50,4 51,6 52,8 54,0

Fre

qu

en

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Massive service deployment, long term costs

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

42,0 43,0 44,0 45,0 46,0 47,0 48,0 49,0 50,0 51,0 52,0 53,0 54,0 55,0 56,0 57,0 58,0 59,0 60,0 61,0 62,0

Fre

qu

en

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Coverage only deployment, today's costs

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

28,0 28,8 29,5 30,3 31,0 31,8 32,5 33,3 34,0 34,8 35,5 36,3 37,0 37,8 38,5 39,3 40,0 40,8 41,5 42,3 43,0

Fre

qu

en

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Coverage only deployment, long term costs

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

27 37 47 57 67 77Fr

equ

ency

TDC for the massive deployment (M€)

Today TDC

Future TDC

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

27,0 € 37,0 € 47,0 € 57,0 € 67,0 € 77,0 €

Freq

uen

cy

TDC for the minimum deployment (M€)

Today TDC

Future TDC

65694135,28

56270403,28

50643362,95

40514690,3641756427,74

32332695,7429099426,16

23279540,9323937707,54 23937707,5421543936,78

17235149,43

0 M€

10 M€

20 M€

30 M€

40 M€

50 M€

60 M€

70 M€

Today cost Prototype Volume Price erosion

Future TDC

Pole cost

Infrastructure cost

48410102,5844799222,58

40319300,32

32255440,25

24472395,04

20861515,0418775363,53

15020290,83

23937707,54 23937707,5421543936,78

17235149,43

0 M€

10 M€

20 M€

30 M€

40 M€

50 M€

60 M€

70 M€

Today cost Prototype Volume Price erosion

Future TDC

Pole cost

Infrastructure cost

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Drone station

Telematics center

EXT camera

Weather sensor

Information display

Concrete base

EV charger

Sound sensor

CRU chassis

Pole base

Smart lights

Utility box chassis

CRU camera

RTK positioning

Surface reconstruction

Digging

Common Utility Box HW

Cabling

Protective tubes

Pole shaft

28 GHz 5G BS

Cost item contribution for massive deployment

Today TDC

Future TDC

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Drone station

EXT camera

Information display

EV charger

CRU chassis

Sound sensor

Telematics center

Weather sensor

CRU camera

Pole base

RTK positioning

Smart lights

Utility box chassis

28 GHz 5G BS

Concrete base

Surface reconstruction

Digging

Common Utility Box HW

Cabling

Protective tubes

Pole shaft

Cost item contribution for minimum deployment

Today TDC

Future TDC

Fig. 3. Individual item cost contribution to the minimum deployment (left figure) and the massive deployment (right figure)

IEEE CONFERERNCES, SMART CITIES AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CTTE-FITCE) 2019 5

52 807 114,29 ############# ############# #############

79 520 791,53 ############# ############# #############

Results

Trials MS_today MS_lt CO_today CO_lt

1 52807114 50, M€ 50 0 0 30529778 30, M€ 30 0 0 42656098 42, M€ 42,0 € 0 0 28210251 28, M€ 28,0 € 0 0

2 52969163 51,5 M€ 51,5 0 0 31695422 31,2 M€ 31,2 1 1 42827488 43, M€ 43,0 € 3 3 28286578 28,8 M€ 28,8 € 6 6

3 53187820 53, M€ 53 2 2 31771508 32,4 M€ 32,4 14 13 42967811 44, M€ 44,0 € 41 38 28424350 29,5 M€ 29,5 € 48 42

4 53364099 54,5 M€ 54,5 4 2 31774113 33,6 M€ 33,6 82 68 43042369 45, M€ 45,0 € 161 ### 28614709 30,3 M€ 30,3 € 215 167

5 54536343 56, M€ 56 32 28 31803547 34,8 M€ 34,8 265 183 43061230 46, M€ 46,0 € 447 ### 28654262 31, M€ 31,0 € 552 337

6 54565526 57,5 M€ 57,5 146 114 31936477 36, M€ 36 693 428 43176334 47, M€ 47,0 € 962 ### 28743627 31,8 M€ 31,8 € #### 651

7 54832293 59, M€ 59 436 290 31986960 37,2 M€ 37,2 #### 721 43190372 48, M€ 48,0 € #### ### 28754963 32,5 M€ 32,5 € #### 956

8 54856584 60,5 M€ 60,5 1018 582 31989232 38,4 M€ 38,4 #### 1179 43249958 49, M€ 49,0 € #### ### 28793547 33,3 M€ 33,3 € #### ###

9 54908701 62, M€ 62 1946 928 32172983 39,6 M€ 39,6 #### 1447 43294275 50, M€ 50,0 € #### ### 28811114 34, M€ 34,0 € #### ###

10 54975706 63,5 M€ 63,5 3132 #### 32181111 40,8 M€ 40,8 #### 1483 43303807 51, M€ 51,0 € #### ### 28811211 34,8 M€ 34,8 € #### ###

11 55092606 65, M€ 65 4489 #### 32181149 42, M€ 42 #### 1388 43391117 52, M€ 52,0 € #### ### 28849088 35,5 M€ 35,5 € #### ###

12 55142794 66,5 M€ 66,5 5860 #### 32243199 43,2 M€ 43,2 #### 1136 43450285 53, M€ 53,0 € #### ### 28910041 36,3 M€ 36,3 € #### ###

13 55196450 68, M€ 68 7121 #### 32243322 44,4 M€ 44,4 #### 853 43491777 54, M€ 54,0 € #### ### 28963676 37, M€ 37,0 € #### 734

14 55253025 69,5 M€ 69,5 8176 #### 32379745 45,6 M€ 45,6 #### 539 43500211 55, M€ 55,0 € #### ### 28971264 37,8 M€ 37,8 € #### 525

15 55294969 71, M€ 71 8990 814 32407155 46,8 M€ 46,8 #### 313 43508891 56, M€ 56,0 € #### ### 28980835 38,5 M€ 38,5 € #### 311

16 55332856 72,5 M€ 72,5 9548 558 32558779 48, M€ 48 #### 148 43534551 57, M€ 57,0 € #### ### 28988084 39,3 M€ 39,3 € #### 166

17 55355545 74, M€ 74 9809 261 32621587 49,2 M€ 49,2 #### 69 43535506 58, M€ 58,0 € #### ### 29047796 40, M€ 40,0 € #### 93

18 55423775 75,5 M€ 75,5 9943 134 32623733 50,4 M€ 50,4 #### 20 43574244 59, M€ 59,0 € #### 80 29062149 40,8 M€ 40,8 € #### 31

19 55456535 77, M€ 77 9986 43 32666954 51,6 M€ 51,6 #### 8 43575198 60, M€ 60,0 € #### 39 29062152 41,5 M€ 41,5 € #### 8

20 55478857 78,5 M€ 78,5 9999 13 32714680 52,8 M€ 52,8 #### 3 43608470 61, M€ 61,0 € #### 6 29089579 42,3 M€ 42,3 € #### 3

21 55540637 80, M€ 80 10000 1 32725968 54, M€ 54 #### 0 43613174 62, M€ 62,0 € #### 5 29156419 43, M€ 43,0 € #### 0

22 55542860 32734070 43651025 29190491

23 55593400 32780345 43663679 29206963

24 55593501 32790504 43705903 29207554

25 55600113 32807271 43706932 29236970

26 55688886 32824026 43717720 29261142

27 55786602 32834718 43721374 29266178

28 55844351 32844471 43726522 29268786

29 55869053 32884116 43737820 29276292

30 55947764 32889830 43767055 29278048

31 55958314 32890442 43800744 29280557

32 55988356 32898951 43859581 29296269

33 56053396 32902961 43884571 29309248

34 56068504 32913545 43889237 29336853

35 56094767 32922316 43920425 29341062

36 56111290 32933377 43925996 29347783

37 56125746 32934473 43938726 29357678

38 56139124 32945835 43949357 29378527

39 56141245 32961238 43969980 29387181

40 56164578 32972316 43978773 29399494

41 56200101 33007590 43986531 29408048

42 56224567 33021274 44019949 29417576

43 56233689 33082037 44050072 29431672

44 56248601 33100072 44085944 29435349

45 56267113 33107030 44096438 29438490

46 56280618 33122811 44104100 29466193

47 56281950 33129085 44105793 29476537

48 56295716 33135559 44119133 29479711

49 56312421 33152204 44136662 29500636

50 56331256 33158440 44142636 29502902

51 56334677 33164652 44169875 29511502

52 56345038 33190519 44171782 29541266

53 56368865 33203846 44188243 29547948

54 56379889 33218166 44193320 29549811

55 56385803 33234713 44199040 29550191

56 56416338 33241973 44213755 29553046

57 56424035 33250578 44217401 29553287

58 56430895 33258147 44218483 29563478

59 56439337 33286978 44227547 29568523

60 56460397 33300566 44241136 29574561

61 56499028 33314510 44250372 29577373

62 56507135 33338631 44261140 29593659

63 56563838 33359182 44278397 29603466

64 56576239 33400913 44309442 29610679

65 56577053 33411635 44310823 29612014

66 56587208 33431613 44314525 29617598

67 56590585 33463691 44322012 29633274

68 56600927 33466733 44327185 29642279

69 56618122 33474726 44335764 29644052

70 56620160 33480983 44359490 29645280

71 56666252 33483389 44376977 29649415

72 56672803 33501331 44395479 29651621

73 56687157 33512185 44398387 29656352

74 56689603 33525224 44406450 29666139

75 56689916 33554737 44414326 29672031

76 56697521 33555081 44416243 29672159

77 56700117 33567634 44419109 29685798

78 56701687 33570133 44423318 29694266

79 56711467 33575134 44436417 29706910

80 56740698 33583328 44441951 29709798

81 56744360 33591308 44471208 29711915

82 56759330 33593224 44474207 29716842

83 56766226 33608037 44476263 29731163

84 56774384 33608428 44489311 29738043

85 56803810 33620796 44489350 29746161

86 56808580 33627457 44498533 29750316

87 56835625 33645210 44499295 29756053

88 56847936 33664930 44515172 29763708

89 56856783 33666582 44515897 29788452

90 56860700 33672884 44525696 29788571

91 56911834 33681444 44530589 29804317

92 56932630 33685261 44531210 29806854

93 56936049 33692015 44533058 29806871

94 57030120 33697591 44547947 29813246

95 57038324 33712037 44562921 29827916

96 57052437 33723658 44565169 29828469

97 57056101 33728696 44575118 29834335

98 57088560 33772811 44589617 29845572

99 57111650 33788184 44604944 29846534

100 57112962 33808197 44608023 29857774

101 57128148 33816601 44616692 29858184

102 57135676 33820801 44628303 29860108

103 57140051 33834804 44643291 29865435

104 57141709 33840102 44643394 29879657

105 57146756 33852706 44646824 29884636

106 57175817 33853707 44659797 29886636

107 57176659 33870548 44673335 29891308

108 57179731 33871046 44688471 29902086

109 57183570 33873626 44689927 29902439

110 57187868 33875562 44694233 29907589

111 57204064 33876792 44696713 29911272

112 57209458 33892744 44725552 29918647

113 57221972 33922796 44726704 29920058

114 57224500 33929473 44728525 29929019

115 57229813 33930957 44730525 29933062

116 57243885 33935180 44734093 29933723

117 57251698 33939802 44752998 29933976

118 57254780 33946217 44766598 29936157

119 57261913 33960445 44767394 29941540

120 57264692 33963183 44770814 29943661

121 57265814 33973515 44772407 29950903

122 57278631 33994191 44774807 29955122

123 57303874 33995882 44778558 29957369

124 57310752 34006539 44781723 29961826

125 57317907 34011336 44783016 29964455

126 57319467 34031567 44799205 29967736

127 57324652 34032760 44800234 29979142

128 57328301 34045390 44803214 29986698

129 57336327 34058160 44809714 29987984

130 57337899 34067306 44815938 29994080

131 57350851 34076437 44817565 29994269

132 57374803 34077471 44818885 30003317

133 57374806 34078981 44834876 30003628

134 57378940 34094895 44835766 30004467

135 57413472 34100427 44836140 30007331

136 57443498 34102061 44842267 30009970

137 57445770 34115490 44863963 30010552

138 57453769 34128745 44873703 30016006

139 57454871 34159543 44884767 30024875

140 57455653 34159653 44884958 30025218

141 57459514 34161310 44887745 30028693

142 57470559 34161553 44887897 30028802

143 57470689 34165016 44888213 30034706

144 57482871 34171110 44891490 30041022

145 57490074 34188269 44911368 30041395

146 57499946 34188486 44916136 30043088

147 57502810 34190131 44926241 30052570

148 57506965 34214291 44939822 30056212

149 57512563 34237185 44944635 30061380

150 57536807 34238399 44946957 30063271

151 57550364 34242458 44947130 30064628

152 57551898 34265448 44950945 30069306

153 57561404 34280726 44956015 30070439

154 57561675 34284569 44963026 30071774

155 57566829 34287007 44967290 30072697

156 57568690 34291392 44969188 30075770

157 57572948 34307411 44969324 30077193

158 57574925 34307416 44989575 30078439

159 57577858 34309430 44989980 30083284

160 57582703 34323419 44993190 30088575

161 57598897 34324716 44995039 30089077

162 57602847 34325163 45002915 30092846

163 57610357 34326384 45007280 30101066

164 57613902 34329857 45010801 30114204

165 57617911 34332955 45014190 30115846

166 57618188 34341779 45014285 30118255

167 57667127 34342500 45014644 30125146

168 57685115 34343458 45015647 30126946

169 57686056 34345683 45023342 30131466

170 57688038 34346153 45030255 30133552

171 57691279 34350008 45030448 30133788

172 57708544 34352060 45035597 30135636

173 57709686 34355206 45046382 30144821

174 57710956 34369335 45049379 30146425

175 57712040 34376003 45052301 30148281

176 57733794 34378531 45054859 30153657

177 57735420 34379094 45056636 30156536

178 57736498 34379637 45057343 30166031

179 57739996 34396461 45060360 30167488

180 57753070 34401445 45065911 30167550

181 57758162 34406706 45066886 30169468

182 57760043 34417777 45068627 30170903

183 57762721 34429253 45068652 30172575

184 57764649 34438765 45076120 30172609

185 57767555 34439105 45082562 30173887

186 57769530 34439436 45085083 30174086

187 57785255 34454215 45094289 30176278

188 57791630 34456884 45104056 30177362

189 57837021 34465480 45105770 30178211

190 57838935 34478576 45107752 30180315

191 57851514 34488939 45108013 30182449

192 57858341 34489861 45109162 30191717

193 57858819 34492203 45109381 30194484

194 57860893 34493895 45110303 30198137

195 57865179 34494728 45110964 30201174

196 57866638 34497772 45114509 30202736

197 57870469 34512524 45116649 30202840

198 57871966 34514139 45118219 30208957

199 57875734 34520923 45135478 30210324

200 57876735 34521684 45148313 30210873

201 57885156 34525915 45149993 30215669

202 57894850 34529894 45155447 30219919

203 57904231 34537327 45156155 30221885

204 57908792 34545155 45158166 30222568

205 57917161 34548362 45177835 30223462

206 57918264 34552898 45182898 30224215

207 57922826 34558801 45187284 30224605

208 57923158 34559521 45187557 30225455

209 57924122 34559640 45193798 30230725

210 57929412 34561324 45194419 30234376

211 57931966 34562404 45194876 30236049

212 57937817 34567100 45200424 30237489

213 57944148 34570398 45209967 30241516

214 57949548 34574092 45211839 30242249

215 57957129 34574404 45216264 30242385

216 57965895 34574610 45220801 30252997

217 57966329 34577118 45228784 30261801

218 57983430 34580364 45236798 30265216

219 57995257 34584796 45250687 30265878

220 58008443 34588608 45251305 30268101

221 58010413 34595195 45252679 30273900

222 58013219 34610788 45257322 30278702

223 58014771 34612088 45257523 30281308

224 58014781 34613720 45261608 30284664

225 58029360 34614705 45264437 30285889

226 58032243 34615271 45265981 30294144

227 58037421 34618753 45266383 30296728

228 58038924 34619870 45271676 30298306

229 58039833 34634713 45275232 30304377

230 58040322 34636238 45281970 30307286

231 58043271 34636958 45287854 30308529

232 58044412 34642442 45289672 30318436

233 58056117 34642721 45299689 30318603

234 58056379 34645892 45301613 30324813

235 58060844 34648051 45302445 30327209

236 58067598 34650223 45305573 30338373

237 58067669 34650621 45312229 30339250

238 58068868 34666767 45320501 30340346

239 58075708 34669478 45322320 30342869

240 58080361 34669792 45323829 30343168

241 58083172 34683511 45332482 30343281

242 58083856 34690313 45347676 30347156

243 58087739 34690613 45347897 30347815

244 58096661 34691952 45350996 30349036

245 58097372 34695870 45351193 30353773

246 58097787 34698088 45351783 30357188

247 58117796 34712371 45354167 30359887

248 58120442 34714326 45355612 30361339

249 58122502 34715963 45357684 30367914

250 58127696 34717257 45358495 30373818

251 58131626 34721367 45360137 30374344

252 58133996 34722308 45365268 30375587

253 58134401 34723049 45371821 30377638

254 58142383 34728716 45376355 30378556

255 58144598 34729823 45376873 30383445

256 58151491 34748399 45377203 30384827

257 58153445 34754152 45379003 30389274

258 58156009 34757142 45383297 30389368

259 58161010 34762827 45388790 30391795

260 58163552 34773702 45396260 30394209

261 58169043 34773762 45409968 30400075

262 58169588 34777395 45411816 30401467

263 58176378 34780993 45414142 30405212

264 58178280 34785971 45415420 30407923

265 58185480 34796508 45420191 30409996

266 58199109 34805048 45420222 30410668

267 58214644 34809107 45433906 30410678

268 58219845 34810136 45435420 30416230

269 58236781 34816516 45442272 30419634

270 58269488 34828484 45444610 30419819

271 58282622 34828552 45445222 30421112

272 58285996 34829905 45447981 30422947

273 58288394 34833469 45448371 30425592

274 58292526 34845949 45449959 30430215

275 58301267 34846722 45466865 30433444

276 58306882 34851101 45468701 30434157

277 58310434 34854830 45469825 30435870

278 58314882 34856620 45471031 30437153

279 58318636 34856623 45471217 30442585

280 58318773 34856627 45472724 30452145

281 58318989 34874887 45474830 30452256

282 58323574 34878589 45486404 30454926

283 58324315 34878718 45487001 30457642

284 58335602 34880944 45490940 30460694

285 58335832 34890106 45497020 30461651

286 58343601 34890368 45498539 30461749

287 58347817 34891056 45498860 30465856

288 58347853 34891519 45501933 30470947

289 58347866 34891524 45503561 30473505

290 58348721 34893736 45507801 30476238

291 58353225 34895135 45510633 30479253

292 58357648 34899136 45514434 30479889

293 58361181 34910627 45527818 30480578

294 58367686 34915807 45533174 30482018

295 58399230 34920052 45535522 30482839

296 58400336 34928133 45539842 30493089

297 58402213 34929657 45541506 30495005

298 58402229 34941529 45542560 30499902

299 58407201 34946284 45544721 30501092

300 58408313 34946594 45546391 30501251

301 58411867 34948699 45550424 30501984

302 58419944 34960244 45560574 30502099

303 58421056 34961621 45563470 30505066

304 58430675 34963441 45565288 30505353

305 58432522 34968932 45565316 30508249

306 58436054 34974096 45565356 30510233

307 58442882 34974291 45565533 30513034

308 58444366 34974820 45567210 30513769

309 58454055 34988965 45575462 30514478

310 58454579 34989814 45577330 30515478

311 58457641 34993890 45579193 30518046

312 58460270 34994167 45579856 30519763

313 58461441 34996639 45593670 30522901

314 58469672 35000088 45594782 30523986

315 58474233 35004832 45599165 30524285

316 58474627 35004982 45610923 30528107

317 58479858 35007349 45611398 30530775

318 58482029 35011323 45616307 30531712

319 58491631 35016511 45618161 30535000

320 58491691 35017865 45619361 30535066

321 58500796 35030960 45619793 30537154

322 58501347 35033512 45620617 30537357

323 58503279 35034639 45631272 30537778

324 58504571 35039986 45632290 30538482

325 58508823 35041547 45637118 30540279

326 58510651 35043934 45640503 30542758

327 58515781 35051521 45641516 30548606

328 58517862 35053971 45654602 30554327

329 58527013 35060852 45658212 30556352

330 58527545 35063446 45662707 30557251

331 58528004 35067278 45663828 30559536

332 58530589 35067375 45666483 30560675

333 58531670 35072419 45670323 30563288

334 58540097 35073744 45671876 30565553

335 58551187 35073886 45674375 30568086

336 58560730 35074033 45676120 30570119

337 58567828 35079399 45679348 30570620

338 58569407 35089496 45683577 30571258

339 58575690 35092719 45685972 30577111

340 58581597 35101080 45687018 30578137

341 58584853 35103914 45689978 30578841

342 58591447 35105082 45695062 30579311

343 58594772 35106995 45695378 30581400

344 58601955 35110445 45695869 30584518

345 58610475 35111038 45697051 30594856

346 58618910 35113721 45703072 30596085

347 58621788 35121517 45707322 30596739

348 58628249 35130856 45711859 30597721

349 58630335 35137550 45719067 30598708

350 58646744 35137614 45719513 30600198

351 58658094 35147300 45723249 30603049

352 58668422 35152164 45725425 30606712

353 58672876 35153276 45728966 30607443

354 58683267 35154800 45731748 30608541

355 58683829 35156283 45731753 30618083

356 58686198 35162097 45732647 30621104

357 58695616 35164256 45733178 30621268

358 58700559 35165689 45738436 30623890

359 58701198 35171231 45738614 30625143

360 58701658 35171720 45741871 30625902

361 58706661 35172310 45745915 30627509

362 58706773 35173498 45747010 30628677

363 58709945 35173541 45756765 30629019

364 58715454 35178729 45759715 30630758

365 58721952 35179687 45761213 30632024

366 58723952 35180584 45762302 30632410

367 58731134 35180775 45764443 30632432

368 58732975 35182323 45764753 30636816

369 58734828 35186741 45764933 30639881

370 58736673 35188958 45764951 30642709

371 58740076 35190122 45765447 30644131

372 58740666 35191558 45766279 30645901

373 58744402 35200784 45766965 30647798

374 58746671 35203553 45767318 30650266

375 58747125 35205067 45772979 30654442

376 58754096 35209639 45773544 30654932

377 58754185 35211796 45775012 30655656

378 58759022 35214106 45782788 30657111

379 58767032 35216203 45783222 30657761

380 58769115 35217274 45785022 30660656

381 58779150 35219849 45786118 30662174

382 58779722 35221752 45791185 30662572

383 58793012 35226257 45796303 30663936

384 58793298 35227137 45804868 30665052

385 58796466 35230317 45808749 30666831

386 58797382 35233334 45808904 30667257

387 58800596 35235912 45811091 30667924

388 58801509 35239501 45813446 30670380

389 58804698 35240835 45814507 30674969

390 58813194 35242328 45820894 30677360

391 58820602 35243259 45823496 30684590

392 58831051 35243349 45824519 30686192

393 58834378 35244156 45826789 30686888

394 58837820 35244390 45828236 30688176

395 58840877 35246099 45828435 30689510

396 58843010 35247765 45828712 30691638

397 58848479 35251300 45829846 30692059

398 58850676 35252854 45830061 30699173

399 58853142 35254887 45833373 30699995

400 58857454 35256139 45834079 30700894

401 58864563 35260621 45838821 30701168

402 58869625 35264626 45840225 30701618

403 58873288 35267215 45841810 30705028

404 58873358 35274779 45856290 30711709

405 58878155 35279860 45864107 30714084

406 58878381 35282741 45880607 30715975

407 58879883 35283362 45886543 30718911

408 58881084 35286668 45888666 30723535

409 58883113 35293658 45891175 30729949

410 58886543 35293823 45892972 30730703

411 58889220 35295964 45895209 30734624

412 58893366 35301041 45900997 30735892

413 58893800 35304433 45904956 30740349

414 58894081 35305066 45907334 30741960

415 58897869 35305296 45909419 30744149

416 58898669 35306956 45910050 30744703

417 58911277 35307126 45913617 30745561

418 58913944 35307676 45916723 30745701

419 58919021 35310675 45919712 30746502

420 58921127 35311824 45919767 30751072

421 58924081 35313819 45922846 30752649

422 58926798 35314600 45922962 30753705

423 58927352 35316835 45923757 30756489

424 58934988 35318099 45925053 30756894

425 58939539 35319738 45929489 30759419

426 58941043 35321691 45931522 30760804

427 58943072 35322138 45931928 30765902

428 58955574 35323473 45939315 30766620

429 58962343 35329792 45941883 30768261

430 58968972 35332529 45943033 30770579

431 58976698 35333516 45951842 30773195

432 58983493 35334569 45958976 30774910

433 58984781 35338976 45961957 30775357

434 58990500 35339125 45967881 30776824

435 58997376 35340293 45968742 30780374

436 58999984 35340476 45972317 30784747

437 59001921 35341450 45972511 30784815

438 59006351 35343776 45972593 30785798

439 59010316 35346530 45976489 30787552

440 59014963 35354550 45976673 30788131

441 59015141 35362596 45982444 30798987

442 59015225 35365095 45991801 30799714

443 59018641 35366886 45994284 30803672

444 59022355 35367997 45995112 30804200

445 59025547 35372594 45996198 30804361

446 59028582 35372991 45996491 30804720

447 59029571 35377054 45997551 30804983

448 59033998 35378879 46001664 30806266

449 59037473 35379200 46002774 30807251

450 59042366 35379564 46003416 30807642

451 59045279 35380353 46006545 30807644

452 59046345 35383298 46007485 30808971

453 59061155 35384608 46009193 30812065

454 59062938 35392367 46009786 30812211

455 59071951 35393877 46014453 30814120

456 59079342 35396506 46016298 30823307

457 59090117 35403861 46018254 30834169

458 59097608 35406995 46018268 30839776

459 59097851 35409311 46022870 30839797

460 59101118 35410636 46025134 30840059

461 59106122 35411746 46025742 30848277

462 59115450 35415372 46028651 30850373

463 59124630 35415846 46029579 30851258

464 59127744 35422846 46031368 30851846

465 59127797 35423168 46032175 30852575

466 59129984 35425903 46032622 30852922

467 59132100 35426182 46037107 30854116

468 59135910 35429830 46042997 30857246

469 59136708 35430548 46049589 30859769

470 59143344 35432462 46054442 30860047

471 59144030 35434494 46058748 30860432

472 59146569 35439154 46065524 30863046

473 59147351 35439849 46065846 30863522

474 59147507 35443932 46069859 30864467

475 59153139 35444598 46070375 30866069

476 59153470 35450698 46074542 30868284

477 59153684 35451218 46075193 30869138

478 59157706 35451482 46076936 30870210

479 59159500 35452349 46079774 30870551

480 59159554 35455971 46080473 30871211

481 59164585 35458228 46080635 30873807

482 59164644 35458959 46086877 30873929

483 59165724 35462632 46087248 30874381

484 59165882 35465643 46087415 30876232

485 59169056 35467467 46089002 30876375

486 59175619 35467843 46092612 30880726

487 59177513 35468935 46092845 30881726

488 59183332 35469045 46102643 30881785

489 59184088 35469622 46104848 30886011

490 59185857 35471844 46105125 30888727

491 59200356 35483304 46106923 30888824

492 59206300 35489809 46114386 30891297

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

50,0 51,5 53,0 54,5 56,0 57,5 59,0 60,5 62,0 63,5 65,0 66,5 68,0 69,5 71,0 72,5 74,0 75,5 77,0 78,5 80,0

Freq

uen

cy

Cost in M€

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

30,0 31,2 32,4 33,6 34,8 36,0 37,2 38,4 39,6 40,8 42,0 43,2 44,4 45,6 46,8 48,0 49,2 50,4 51,6 52,8 54,0

Fre

qu

en

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Massive service deployment, long term costs

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

42,0 43,0 44,0 45,0 46,0 47,0 48,0 49,0 50,0 51,0 52,0 53,0 54,0 55,0 56,0 57,0 58,0 59,0 60,0 61,0 62,0

Freq

uen

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Coverage only deployment, today's costs

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

28,0 28,8 29,5 30,3 31,0 31,8 32,5 33,3 34,0 34,8 35,5 36,3 37,0 37,8 38,5 39,3 40,0 40,8 41,5 42,3 43,0

Freq

uen

cy

Cost in M€

Monte Carlo simulation resultsCase: Coverage only deployment, long term costs

30

37,2

40,8

44,4

54

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

27 37 47 57 67 77

Freq

uen

cy

TDC for the massive deployment (M€)

Today TDC

Future TDC

28

30

32

37

430

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

27 37 47 57 67 77

Freq

uen

cy

TDC for the minimum deployment (M€)

Today TDC

Future TDC

65694135,28

56270403,28

50643362,95

40514690,3641756427,74

32332695,7429099426,16

23279540,9323937707,54 23937707,5421543936,78

17235149,43

0 M€

10 M€

20 M€

30 M€

40 M€

50 M€

60 M€

70 M€

Today cost Prototype Volume Price erosion

Future TDC

Pole cost

Infrastructure cost

48410102,5844799222,58

40319300,32

32255440,25

24472395,04

20861515,0418775363,53

15020290,83

23937707,54 23937707,5421543936,78

17235149,43

0 M€

10 M€

20 M€

30 M€

40 M€

50 M€

60 M€

70 M€

Today cost Prototype Volume Price erosion

Future TDC

Pole cost

Infrastructure cost

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Drone station

Telematics center

EXT camera

Weather sensor

Information display

Concrete base

EV charger

Sound sensor

CRU chassis

Pole base

Smart lights

Utility box chassis

CRU camera

RTK positioning

Surface reconstruction

Digging

Common Utility Box HW

Cabling

Protective tubes

Pole shaft

28 GHz 5G BS

Cost item contribution for mixed deployment

Today TDC

Future TDC

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Drone station

EXT camera

Information display

EV charger

CRU chassis

Sound sensor

Telematics center

Weather sensor

CRU camera

Pole base

RTK positioning

Smart lights

Utility box chassis

28 GHz 5G BS

Concrete base

Surface reconstruction

Digging

Common Utility Box HW

Cabling

Protective tubes

Pole shaft

Cost item contribution for minimum deployment

Today TDCFuture TDC

Fig. 4. Probability distribution of Today TDC and Future TDC for the minimum deployment (left figure) and the massive deployment (right figure)

V. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

We run a probabilistic sensitivity analysis allowing forvariation in certain variables, as shown by the probabilitydistributions in Table V. We select the Beta-PERT distribu-tion, where PERT stands for Program Evaluation and ReviewTechnique, because it is typically used to identify project risks,given it ability to cover variable skewness. Like the triangulardistribution, the Beta-PERT distribution emphasizes the ”mostlikely” value over the minimum and maximum estimates.

TABLE VVARIABLE DISTRIBUTIONS

Deployment parametersα βPERT (0.6; 0.7; 0.8)28GHz small cell coverage βPERT (75; 100; 200)Weather station coverage βPERT (200; 500; 800)

Cost evolution parametersPrototype improvement (p) βPERT (0.2; 0.4; 0.6)Volume sale discounts (v) βPERT (0.05; 0.1; 0.15)Price erosion (e) βPERT (0.1; 0.2; 0.3)

Figure 4 shows the obtained empirical probability distri-bution of Today TDC and Future TDC resulting from thesensitivity analysis, which included ten thousand iterations.We observe how the Future TDC could vary between [2.8 -4.3] Me/km2 for the minimum deployment and between [3 -5.4] Me/km2 for the massive deployment.

An additional result from the sensitivity analysis can beobserved in Figure 3, where error bars show the change iscost contribution due to probability distributions.

VI. CONCLUSION

In this paper, we model the total deployment cost (TDC) fora 5G smart light pole network, including capital and opera-tional expenses. The model includes four pole configurations, agrid-based deployment structure, and it accounts for prototypeimprovement, volume sale discounts, and price erosion.

We estimate a TDC of 4.84 Me/km2 for a minimumdeployment providing uniform coverage of basic services. Wealso estimate a TDC of 6.57 Me/km2 for a massive deploy-ment providing heterogeneous coverage of advanced services.

These values can potentially decrease to 3.23 Me/km2 and4.05Me/km2 when cost evolution is considered. After con-ducting a sensitivity analysis, we observe that the Future TDCcould vary between [2.8 - 4.3] Me/km2 for the minimumdeployment and between [3 - 5.4] Me/km2 for the massivedeployment. Overall, the massive deployment requires aninvestment that is 28.5% higher (or 20% in the future) whilepotentially providing advanced services. Hence, it may beworth investing in pole configurations capable of providingadvanced smart city services only if these services increase therevenue creation of the network by at least this same fraction.

We study the cost reduction potential caused by the costevolution of key cost components. When comparing the polecosts versus the infrastructure costs, we observe that thepole costs have a larger cost reduction potential, due to thebenefits of prototype improvement. In more detail, looking atthe individual pole components, we observe than the smallcell base station and the RTK positioning not only have asignificant contribution to the TDC but also a significant costreduction potential. Hence, we recommend cities to promptlystart civil works, enabling a fiber-based backhaul for presentand future poles, and to select upgrade-able pole designs,which can accept new hardware components as soon as theirprices become affordable.

VII. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

The model assumes a fiber-based backhaul because green-field deployments facilitate civil works. Thus, poles can beconnected to fiber regardless of their current configuration,allowing for future updates. Future work aims to includebrownfield deployments accounting for wireless-based meshbackhaul with mmW antennae.

Future work will relate this cost model with revenue models,thus searching for pole configurations and deployment struc-tures than ensure the sustainability of a 5G smart light poleoperator.

APPENDIX APOLE COST DATA

The cost data are collected from industry experts and fromquotations from project partners and field trial. Due to non-

IEEE CONFERERNCES, SMART CITIES AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CTTE-FITCE) 2019 6

disclosure agreements, we are not allowed to show the exactcosts for each task. Data is presented in Table VI. Long termestimated cost is estimated via the Cost Evolution Moduleusing parameters defined in Table IV.

TABLE VIPOLE COST DATA

Smart light pole components costsComponent Today’s cost Long term estimated cost

Weather sensor 8500 e 6100 e28 GHz BS 8000 e 3500 eEV charger 4800 e 3500 eRTK positioning 4100 e 1800 ePole shaft 3900 e 2800 eInformation display 3200 e 1400 eCRU camera 2800 e 2000 eUtility box 2400 e 1200 eDrone station 2000 e 900 eExternal camera 1800 e 1300 eSound sensor 530 e 400 eSmart lights 360 e 250 eCRU chassis 260 e 200 ePole base 200 e 150 eSUM 42800 e 25500 e

APPENDIX BINFRASTRUCTURE COST DATA

The infrastructure cost data are mainly extracted fromconstruction company offers concerning a 50 000 square metercampus area. Table VII shows the average infrastructure costper a single pole regardless of its configuration, provided a 50meter inter-pole distance.

Electricity and telematics centers, which are mandatory forcontrolling the power and data flow, are covered under separateconcepts. Note that there roughly is one telematics center forevery 100 poles. The considered concrete base can be up tothree meters in height whereas just 30 to 90 cm is above theground and the rest is underground. The diameter is usuallyaround 50 cm. Regarding surface reconstruction, it considersthe reconstruction of pavement and lawn after the digging andconstruction work.

Long term estimated cost is estimated via the Cost EvolutionModule using parameters defined in Table IV.

TABLE VIIINFRASTRUCTURE COST DATA

Infrastructure work components costsComponent Today’s cost Long term estimated cost

Cabling 2300 e 1700 eProtective tubes 2800 e 2000 eDigging 1700 e 1250 eSurface reconstruction 1300 e 950 eConcrete base 100 e 60 eTelematics center 35 e 25 eSUM 8235 e 5985 e

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors want to thank the cities of Espoo and Turkuas well as the Telia Towers Company and Nokia for valuablediscussions. This work is done in the LuxTurrim5G projectfunded by Business Finland and the participating companies.

REFERENCES

[1] Telecom Industry Consortia. “5G Manifesto for timelydeployment of 5G in Europe”. In: (2016), pp. 1–7. URL:http://telecoms.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2016/07 / 5GManifestofortimelydeploymentof5GinEurope .pdf%20http://goo.gl/SHK0oP.

[2] J Salmelin et al. Building key enablers for a Digital SmartCity. Tech. rep. LuxTurrim5G project, 2017.

[3] Jaume Benseny et al. “The mitigating role of regulationon the concentric patterns of broadband diffusion. Thecase of Finland”. In: Telematics and Informatics 41 (Aug.2019), pp. 139–155. ISSN: 0736-5853. DOI: 10.1016/J.TELE.2019 .04 .008. URL: https : / /www.sciencedirect .com/science/article/pii/S0736585319302151.

[4] Michail Katsigiannis and Timo Smura. “A cost modelfor radio access data networks”. In: Info 17.1 (Jan. 2015),pp. 39–53. ISSN: 14636697. DOI: 10.1108/info-09-2014-0036. URL: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/10.1108/info-09-2014-0036.

[5] Edward J. Oughton and Zoraida Frias. “The cost,coverage and rollout implications of 5G infrastructurein Britain”. In: Telecommunications Policy 42.8 (Sept.2018), pp. 636–652. ISSN: 0308-5961. DOI: 10.1016/J.TELPOL.2017.07.009. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596117302781.

[6] Juan Rendon Schneir et al. “A business case for 5Gmobile broadband in a dense urban area”. In: Telecom-munications Policy (2019).

[7] Giuseppe Cacciatore et al. “Cost analysis of smartlighting solutions for smart cities”. In: IEEE Interna-tional Conference on Communications May (2017). ISSN:15503607. DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2017.7996886.

[8] Sherif Adeshina Busari et al. “5G millimeter-wave mo-bile broadband: Performance and challenges”. In: IEEECommunications Magazine 56.6 (2018), pp. 137–143.