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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES
Volume 2, No 4, 2012
© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380
Submitted on April 2012 published on May 2012 924
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using
Remote Sensing Techniques Narayan Chopra
Sr. Astt. Prof., C.G.O. Gp „A‟,
Department of Geography, National Defence Academy,
Khadakwasla, Pune – 411023
ABSTRACT
Of late, growing population pressure and human activities are increasing the demand on the
limited land resources, both for agricultural and other land uses. To meet this unprecedented
demand of land for various pursuits, reliable and comprehensive information on the spatial
distribution of land use/land cover categories and their status under the present usage is a
prerequisite for planning, utilisation and management of land resources of the region.
Precisely, for this very reason the present study, through visual interpretation, aims to obtain
the information on the status of land resources in the region south of the River Son,
Sonbhadra District, U.P. Remote Sensing data in the form of FCC on 1:50,000 of 1RS-1A
(LISS-II) for the entire study area for the period of Feb. 1991 (consisting of 14 scenes) have
been used in the study. Maps on various themes, viz, Land Use/Land Cover, Geomorphic
Units, Soils, Ground Water Potential, and Environmental Degradation have been generated
using aforementioned satellite data coupled with ground truth. All these maps were critically
evaluated and the problem areas were identified and land use plan has been suggested for the
overall development of the study area. The present study highlights the great merit of
recording land use pattern on maps are that each parcel of land can be precisely located and
the aerial relationships of different uses analysed in a way that is not possible with a variety
of other methods, viz. statistical data, etc., often collected for quite different purposes.
Keywords: Land Use Planning, Land Resource Management, Natural Resource
Management, Sustainable Resource Management, Sustainable Land Use, Alternative Land
Use, Remote Sensing Techniques.
1. Introduction
Land is the most important natural resource which embodies soil, water, associated flora and
fauna involving the total ecosystem and on which all man‟s activities are based. Owing to
ever increasing population pressure on land for meeting the growing demand for food, fuel
and fiber proper management of this vital natural resource is of paramount significance for
sustenance. Inappropriate land use leads to inefficient exploitation of natural resources,
degradation and destruction of the land resource, poverty and other social problems. The
sustainable development of land resources calls for optimal utilization of the land based on
their potential and limitations. In a country like India, with growing population pressure, low
man-land ratio and increasing land degradation, the need for optimum utilization of land
assumes much greater significance. This calls for land use planning, in order to realise the
short and long term benefits and setting of priorities. Land use planning is a highly complex
process influenced by basic needs of the people, government policy and resources condition
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 925
of the area. Land-use planning has been defined as "the systematic assessment of land and
water potential, alternative patterns of land use and other physical, social and economic
conditions, for the purpose of selecting and adopting land-use options which are most
beneficial to land users without degrading the resources or the environment, together with the
selection of measures most likely to encourage such land uses" (FAO, 1999). International
Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (1977) has emphasised the land use
planning in the following words: “The land use planning may be concerned with putting
environmental resources to new kinds of productive use. The need for land use planning is
frequently brought about, however, by changing needs and pressures; involving competing
uses for the same land. The function of land use planning is to guide decisions on land use in
such a way that the resources of the environment are put to the most beneficial use for man,
whilst at the same time conserving those resources for the future”. It emphasizes the appraisal
processes for selecting the most appropriate, sustainable land-use from among the ones
considered relevant within the physical, economic and social context of an area under
consideration (e.g. FAO, 1993-a, -b; 1995; 1997, FAO/UNEP, 1995; 1997; 1999). Thus,
planning for development of natural resources without endangering the environment is a
crucial issue, which the world is facing today (Kachhwaha, 1985; Sharma, et.al., 1989;
Khorram and John, 1991).
This issue of sustainability of land use is based on the evaluation of estimated future stability
of a range of selected factors (physical, biological, economic and social) that either
individually, or in combination, exerts a significant influence on the suitability of a defined
land use within a given local context (FAO, 1993-b). The integrated natural resource
management requires an assessment of the appropriateness of existing forms of land use and,
if considered desirable or necessary, the introduction of improved or more beneficial forms of
land use. One of the basic requirements for land use planning is the availability of timely,
accurate and up to date information on land use at the shortest possible time. Conventionally,
land use surveys are undertaken by conjunctive use of cadastral and topographical maps
accompanied by questionnaires to collect the data on various aspects of land utilization. But
usually this process is found to be time consuming (Sharma, et.al., 1984) and thus the data
and maps become outdated by the time they are published and circulated (Gautam & Narayan,
1983) due to very dynamic nature of changes in utilization pattern (Saxena et.al., 1983).
Remote Sensing is the most efficient tool in the bag of geoscientists for geological,
geomorphological and soil resource mapping with respect to their nature, extent, spatial
distribution, potential and limitations for optimal utilization of natural resources on
sustainable basis. Many studies conducted in India as well as abroad have proved this (Cipra
et.al., 1971 ; Lindberg & Synder, 1972 ; Nunally, 1974;Langlois et al., 1976; Westin &
Frazee, 1976; Karale et al., 1978; Stoner et.al., 1980 ; Stoner & Bacumgardner, 1981 ;
Dwivedi et.al., 1981 ; Raghavswamy, 1982; Gautam & Narayan, 1983; Sinha A.K., 1986 ;
Sehgal et al., 1988; Chatterjee et.al., 1990 ; Govardhan, V., 1991; Singh & Dwivedi, 1986;
Sharma, et.al., 1989; Roy, et.al., 1991; Ahuja et al., 1992; Rao et. al., 1997 ). In the present
study an attempt has been made to inventorize the land resources using remote sensing data
& finally a land use plan for the study area has been suggested to achieve maximum returns
in terms of sustainable production.
1.1 Study Area
The area of study which is a part of Sonbhadra district in Uttar Pradesh lies south of the river
Son and extends between Lat. 23052'55" to 24
037' N and Long. 82
040' to 83
027'20" E. It is
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 926
covered in 14 topographical sheets of Survey of India on 1:50,000 scale 63 P/2, P/3, P/4, P/7,
P/8, 63 L/10, L/11, L/12, L/14, L/15, L/16; 64 M/1, M/5 and 64 I/13. It covers about 4205
km2 of area.
Sonbhadra district in Uttar Pradesh in general and its southern part in particular are backward
in development. Majority of population in the southern part which forms the study area,
depend on agriculture and daily wages for their livelihood. And, agriculture, unlike in plains
is not easy and profitable because of unfavourable terrain conditions and scarcity of water.
The farming output is not sufficient to meet the food energy requirements of the villagers
(Singh et al., 1991). Moreover unscientific agriculture practices have resulted in degradation
of the existing land resources of the area (Pandey, 1990). Since the function of land use
planning is to guide decisions on land use in such a way that the resources of the environment
are put to sustainable use, the present study has been undertaken with an aim not only to
evaluate the potential of land resources of the region but to suggest alternative use for
sustainability in the present environmental set up.
2. Materials & Methods
2.1 Data Sets
In the present study, data of February, 1991 in the form of Geocoded False Colour
Composites (FCC‟s) of IRS-1A (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) of LISS-II with standard
colour combination of blue, green and red for green (Band 2), red (Band 3) and infra-red
(Band-4) spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 36.25 meters is used.
Figure 1: Study area map
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 927
Along with data of Feb. 1991, multi-temporal data of April 1990, September 1991 and
November 1991, for a part of the study area (63 P/7), for the purpose of standardising the
interpretation key has also been used. Secondary data in the form of Survey of India (SOI)
topographical maps on 1:50,000 scale (of as many no.‟s as FCC‟s on similar scale) covering
the entire study area were used to prepare base maps.
2.2 Methodology
Visual interpretation, of 1RS-1A (LISS-II) standard False Colour Composites (FCCs) for the
period of Feb. 1991 on 1:50,000 scale for the entire study area (consisting of 14 scenes) have
been undertaken for evaluation of land resources of the area. Secondary data in the form of
Survey of India (SOI) topographical maps on 1:50,000 scale (of as many no.‟s as FCC‟s on
similar scale) covering the entire study area were used to prepare base maps.
Using remotely sensed imagery of IRS IA data of LISS II on 1: 50, 000 scale and base map of
the same scale, various thematic maps such as Geomorphological, Lineaments, Land Use &
Land Cover, Soil map of the study area have been constructed through visual interpretation
and digitized in Arc Info (8.1) software. The identification and delineation of various units
have been based on the variation in tone, texture, shape, association, pattern and differential
erosional characteristics along with sufficient ground truth and local knowledge to finalize
these maps. Adequate field checks have been conducted to derive information on landforms
and to establish the relationship between the image elements and landform characteristics.
Using the landform map as a base, information on soil depth and qualitative erosion status of
each geomorphic unit has been collected following the standard soil survey procedures
(AISLUS, 1970) and Land Degradation map of the study area showing the extent & level of
degradation has been formulated.
By Integrating the Geomorphological, Land Use & Land Cover, lineaments,
Hydrogeomorphology, Soil, Land degradation map and ground truth data, composite land
units map have been arrived at showing different land units with varying capability. Sample
strips covering various mapping units were selected under different lithology and
physiographic units, soil types to study the existing pattern of land use & the environmental
degradation prevalent in the area so as to draw inferences about their predicted behavior in
meeting the various planning goals. After, post-field interpretation and finalization, an action
plan for the study area has been suggested for land use planning of the study area.
3. Result & Discussion
The optimal land use planning calls for identifying the activities or action plan for natural
resources development based on potential and limitations of available resources while taking
into account socio-economic conditions and aspirations of the people. The details of thematic
maps which were used as input for generating action plan are as under:
3.1 General Land Use/Land Cover:
In order to show data at a glance, General Land Use/Land Cover map on 1: 50,000 was
prepared by clubbing related categories (Figure.2). The various categories, their extent of
coverage in terms of area and percentage is as described below:
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 928
Forests
a) Very Dense to Dense Forest: This category has been formed by clubbing Very Dense
Forest (with > 65% Canopy Cover) and Dense Forest (with 40-65% canopy cover)
together. The total area under this category has been estimated as 1382 km2
computing to
32.87% of the total study area.
b) Open Forest with Blanks: This land use category has been formed by putting both the
classes of Open Forest & Open forest with blanks, together. The total area under this category
of land use has been computed as 512 km2
accounting for 12.18% of the total geographical
area of study.
c) Degraded Forest/Scrub: Degraded Forest is estimated to encompass an area of 170 km2
forming about 4.04% of the total study area.
Agricultural Land with Mixtures: It is the land primarily used for farming and for
production of food, fiber and other commercial & horticultural crops. The agricultural land
use in the study area is complex with varieties of mixtures (Chopra & Prudhvi Raju, 2009).
The agricultural land were identified and separated into seven distinct units based on the
extent of various types of mixtures. All the seven categories of Agricultural land have been
put together under one unit in this map i.e., Agricultural Land with mixtures. Thus, the total
extent of land being used for agriculture and is estimated to encompass an area of 1485 km2
forming about 35.31% of the total area under study.
Rest of the categories viz.
Wasteland: It occupies 170 km2
i.e. 4.04 percent of the total study area.
Tanks/Ponds: It is a natural or manmade enclosed water body. Many tanks/ponds are found
scattered all over the study area. They cover an area of 8 km2
accounting for only 0.19% of
the gross area.
Major Rivers/Reservoir: Main channels of major rivers namely Son, Rihand and Kanhar
flowing through the study area along with part of G.B. Pant Sagar Reservoir, are included in
this category. This category is estimated to cover an area of 409 km2
computing to 9.72% of
the geographical area of study.
Mines/Quarries: Mining is a major activity of the region with open cast coal mining at
Singrauli. Many small scale rock quarries (i.e., stone crusher units) are also found around
Dala and Obra region. Mining areas occupy an area of 10 km2
i.e., 0.24% of the total study
area.
Plantations: It is an area predominantly under trees planted adopting certain management
techniques but outside the notified forest boundary. The area under this category is computed
as 23 km2
which form 0.5% of the gross area.
Built-up Area: This type covers human habitation with buildings, transport, communication
utilities in association with water, vegetation and vacant lands occurring within the precincts
of this zone. Only large urban areas like Renukoot, Shaktinagar and Obra have been
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 929
delineated/demarcated in the study accounting for 31 km2
i.e., nearly 0.73% of the
geographical area of study.
Figure 2: Landuse/ Land cover map
Ash Ponds: These are associated with power plants situated along the bank of G.B.Pant
Sagar reservoir and are built for dumping burnt coal ash. They are estimated to cover an area
of 5 km2
accounting to nearly 0.12% of the total geographical area of study.
3.2 Geomorphic map
Visual interpretation of satellite data in conjunction with drainage, slope and lithology reveals
following distinct Geomorphic units (Figure 3). Ridges/Hills/Rock Outcrops, covering an
area of 2004 km2 comprising to 47.6% of the total study area, Colluvial Plain occupies an
area of 338 km2 accounting to 8.04% of the gross area. Wash Plain having total area of 443
km2, which approximately comes to about 10.54% of the total area of study. Stream-built
Alluvial Plain occupies an area of 116 km2
or 2.76 percent of the study area. Terrace Plain,
confined to the Son valley covers only 54 km2 which is 1.28% of the total geographical area.
Dissected Terrace Plain occupies very limited area of about 35 km2
which forms only 0.83%
of the gross area. (Buried) Pediment Plain/Pediplain occupies an area of 496 km2 accounting
nearly 11.8% of the total geographical area of study. Rolling Plain with Rock Outcrops
covers a very limited area and is about 27 km2
which is 0.64% of the gross area. Inter-
Valley fill plain with low Hills/Ridges is estimated to cover an area of 261 km2 forming 6.2%
of the total study area. Valley Fill covers an area of 22 km2
or 0.52% of the total area of
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 930
study. Major Rivers/Reservoir together is estimated to cover an area of 409 km2
accounting to
nearly 9.73% of the gross area.
Figure 3: Geomorphic map
3.3 Soil Map
Soil classification was undertaken with an objective to organise and group soils into defined
units to understand their relationship with landscape as per USDA soil taxonomy 1996 up to
family level on the basis of soil characteristics. The various soil taxonomic units encountered
in the study area (Figure. 4) are:
Lithic Ustorthents: These are associated with Hills/Ridges/Rock outcrops and occur in
recently exposed or as thin regolith over hard rocks. They are most extensively found in the
study area and occupy an area of 2004 km2 which amounts for nearly 47.66% of total
geographical area.
Typic Ustorthents: These soils are not so extensive and are found in association with
colluvial plain areas, are estimated to occupy an area of 318 km2
accounting to 7.56% of the
total study area.
Typic Ustropepts: They are mostly associated with Wash Plains and occupy an area of 443
km2
accounting to nearly 10.54% of the total study area.
Typic Ustifluvents: These are extensively found along stream-built alluvial plain and cover
an area of 116 km2
which approximately amounts to 2.76% of the gross area.
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 931
Aquic Ustropepts: They are found to be associated with terrace plain and are slightly eroded,
are estimated to occupy an area of 89 km2
amounting to nearly 2.11% of the gross area.
Figure 4: Soil map
Arenic Haplustalfs: These are found to be associated with (Buried) Pediment
Plain/Pediplain and are estimated to occupy an area of 516 km2 about 12.27% of the total
study area.
Lithic Rhodustalfs : They are associated with Rolling Plains with rock outcrops, Inter-
Valley fill plain with hills/ridges and Valley fill areas and happen to cover an area of 310 km2
accounting to nearly 7.37% of the gross area.
The soil composition in the study area appears to have been mainly influenced by the
topographic variations. The hill slopes representing rough broken terrain are characterised by
shallow, coarse textured and skeletal soils influenced by erosion and favouring transportation
of fines to the lower reaches. The pediplains have moderately deep medium textured soils.
The valleys and flood plains have developed deep profiles. Most of the mapping units the soil
pattern conforms to the physiography.
3.4 Ground water potential map
Thematic maps on geology, hydro-geomorphology, lineaments were integrated &
counterchecked with the well inventory and field investigations to formulate the ground water
potential map depicting seven different ground water potential zones (Figure. 5). There is
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 932
broad correlation of different geomorphic units, their lithology and corresponding ground
water potential zones.
Figure 5: Groundwater potential map
The integrated map comprising ground water potential zones indicate that Stream-built
Alluvial Plain, Terrace Plain are very good to good comprising 192 km2 & 4.57 % of the area,
Wash Plain, (Buried) Pediment Plain/Pediplain and Inter-Valley fill plain with low
Hills/Ridges fair to moderate accounting for 1200 km2
& 28.54 % of the area and Hills and
Ridges, Colluvial Plain, Dissected Terrace Plain & Rolling Plain with rock outcrops are poor
to very poor covering 2404 km2
& 57.16 % of the area. Thus, the major part of the study area
has poor ground water potential, Northern part being more critically poised than its Southern
counterpart.
3.5 Land Class & Capability
The grouping of soils into capability classes and sub-classes is made on the basis of their
capability to produce crops and pasture biomass without adversely affecting the productivity
over a long period of time. There are eight land capability classes. The land capability classes
I to IV are arable and Classes V to VIII are non-arable. Those soils having highest capability
and least limitations are grouped in class-I and those having least capability and some
limitations are grouped in class - VIII. The study area could be classified in to eight classes of
land designated by numerals from I to VIII. The first four classes are suitable for agriculture
accounting for 1083 km2 occupying 25.75% of the study area in which the limitation on their
use and necessity of conservation measures requires a careful management increase from I to
IV. The remaining four classes, V to VIII, occupy 2122 km2 accounting for 74.25% of the
study area are not to be used for agriculture, but may have uses for pasture, range, woodland,
grazing and wildlife purposes.
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 933
4. Action plan
As discussed earlier the information on soils, current land use/land cover, ground water
potential were integrated taking landform as a reference. Based on soil and land
characteristics, their problems and potentials, a master plan has been framed to overcome the
problems and to generate a land use plan of the area. The action plan for natural resource
development consisting of alternate land use practices like agriculture plantation, agro-
horticulture, agro-forestry, intensive agriculture, afforestation, fodder and fuel and dryland
horticulture were suggested after considering the current situations.
Sufficient care was taken not to disturb the existing land use in a large scale so that the
suggested land use is technically feasible, economically viable and socially acceptable for the
local farming community.
4.1 Description of alternate land use practices
4.1.1.1 Forest & Wildlife Conservation: This constitutes ecologically stable areas and
comprises of Dense to Very Dense Forests. Forest & Wildlife conservation is suggested in
1382 km2 accounting for 32.87% of the study area.
4.1.1.2 Afforestation: The pressure on forests ecosystem of the study area is tremendous
resulting in poor crown cover (Pandey, 1990; Singh et al., 1991). Afforestation with suitable
species of economic importance is suggested in open forests with blanks having spatial extent
of 512 km2 amounting to 12.18% of the study area.
4.1.1.3 Fodder and Fuel wood Plantations: The analysis of demand and supply of fodder
and fuel wood resources shows deficit of both the resources in the study area (Pandey, 1990;
Singh et al., 1991). The area of degraded forests land where there is a gravelly soil on varying
slope with poor ground water potential the above system was recommended to meet the
demand of fodder and fuel wood constituting 170 km2, i.e., 4.05% of the total geographical
area of study.
4.1.2.1 Intensive agriculture: This is also called multiple cropping system where more than
one crop in one or more seasons in a year is advocated, enabling higher cropping intensity in
a given area. This class mostly confined to valleys fills, alluvial tracts and colluvial plain
areas with moderate to good ground water conditions. Simple land management methods &
tapping of ground water by deep bores is suggested to enhance productivity in 194 km2 which
forms 4.62% of the gross area.
4.1.2.2 Agro-horticulture: It is also known food-cum-fruit system in which short duration
arable crops are raised in the interspaces of horticulture crops like fruits, vegetables, spices,
flowers to enhance sustainability where production of annual crops is inefficient. The fruit
trees like tamarind, ber, mango, guava and shesham or teak plantations with pulses if suitably
integrated would add significantly to overall production including food, fuel and fodder are
suggested in 174 km2 which accounts for 4.14 % of total geographical area.
4.1.2.3 Agro-forestry: It is an integrated self-sustained land management system, which
involves introduction of woody plants (trees and shrubs) with agricultural crops on the same
unit of land. Different tree species like, Acacia nilotica, Acacia albida, Azadirachta indica,
Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora etc., are recommended which utilize underground water
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 934
efficiently as their root system is well developed. An area of about 327 km2 accounting for
7.78 % of the gross area of study was suggested for this category.
4.1.2.4 Dryland horticulture: It is a system where in horticulture plantations, which can
sustain under long dry spells are planted in large tracts in the rainfed areas. This class covers
an area of about 790 km2 amounting to 18.80% of total geographical area.
4.1.3.1 Plantations: Plantations fall on government lands and in some cases are undertaken
by NCL for stabilizing the over-burden dumps. These areas are transferred as it is from land
use maps on to action plan maps. It is suggested to adopt better management practices
especially over the O.B. dumps for the improvement of plantations & reduce sediment flow
to the reservoir during rainy season. It is estimated to cover 23 km2
accounting for 0.55 % of
the gross area.
4.1.4.1 Natural Regeneration: The degraded lands in the study area have a spatial extent of
170 km2 accounting for 4.04 % of the total geographical area of study. Natural revitalization
along with site specific management in some cases is suggested to arrest further deterioration.
Figure 6: Action plan
4.1.5.1 Concrete Wall Enclosures: These are suggested in areas in and around ash ponds.
These are situated along the bank of G.B.Pant Sagar reservoir and are built for dumping burnt
coal ash generated from the thermal power plants disposed through pipelines into them. The
ash finds its way into the reservoir and then into Son River system (Majumdar and Sarkar,
1994; Gautam, 1995; Singh et al., 1997). Concrete Wall Enclosures are suggested to check
sedimentation from ash ponds estimated to cover an area of 5 km2
accounting to nearly 0.12%
of the total geographical area of study.
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 935
4.1.6.1 Desiltation: Many tanks/ponds are found scattered all over the study area, but only a
few major tanks are shown in the map. They cover an area of 8 km2
accounting for only
0.19% of the gross area. Desiltation of Tank bed is suggested in order to maintain the surface-
ground water interaction mechanism over a long period of time.
4.1.7.1 Mines/Quarries: Mining is a major activity of the region with open cast coal mining
at Singrauli. Many small scale rock quarries (i.e., stone crusher units) are also found around
Dala and Obra region. It is suggested to monitor the rock quarries in particular owing to their
ignorance towards the environment. However, Open cast coal mining should be continued as
it has given fillip to industrial activities in the otherwise backward region. Moreover, NCL
has shown sensibility towards environment by taking appropriate measures to prevent
deterioration. Mining areas occupy an area of 10 km2
i.e., 0.24% of the total study area.
4.1.8.1 Built-Up Area: It covers human habitation with buildings, transport, communication
utilities in association with water, vegetation and vacant lands occurring within the precincts
of this zone. Only large urban areas like Renukoot, Shaktinagar and Obra have been
delineated/demarcated in the study accounting for 31 km2
i.e., nearly 0.73% of the
geographical area of study. Regular monitoring of Built-up area is suggested so as to avoid its
encroachment on the rural agricultural land, as land resources of the study area are limited
and strained in the present circumstances.
5. Conclusion
The study revealed that satellite remote sensing technique has been found to be most essential
tool for natural resource appraisal of the study area. The visual interpretation of the FCC
supplemented with sufficient ground truth is found to be most efficient & effective way of
delineating, demarcating, characterizing & classification of the landscape units.
Based on the interaction among the basic resources of land, water and vegetation which form
the major components of primary production system, useful inferences are drawn about the
predicted behavior of these units in meeting the various planning goals. Natural resource
development plan, i.e., Action Plan, thus prepared is spatially shown in Figure. 6 suggesting
alternate land use practices for the study area.
6. References 1. Ahuja R.L., Manchanda M.L., Sangwan B.S., Goyal V.P. and Agrawal R.P., (1992),
Utilization of Remotely Sensed data for Soil resource mapping and its Interpretation
for land use planning of Bhiwani District, Haryana, Journal of Indian Society of
Remote Sensing, 20(2 & 3), pp 105-120.
2. All India Soil & Land Use Survey (AISLUS), (1970), Soil Survey Manual, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, Publication, New Delhi.
3. Chatterjee S., Pandey L.M., Subramanian S.K., Shaha S.K. and Thampi C.J., (1990),
Soil Physiography relationship in Mahanadi Delta (Part) Using Landsat Imagery,
Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 18(4), pp 15-23.
Land use planning of southern part of Sonbhadra District, U.P., using Remote Sensing Techniques
Narayan Chopra
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 936
4. Chopra Narayan & Prudhvi Raju K.N., (2009), Visual Interpretation with Remote
Sensing Data of Coarse Resolution: Some Points to Ponder, Indian Journal of
Landscape Systems and Ecological Studies, 33 (1), pp 35-38.
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