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Land Reform, Land Use and Rural Environment: A Case of Vietnam
Ha Thuc VienNong Lam University- HCMC, Vietnam
Tel: (848)-37245411; Fax: (848)-37245411E-mail: [email protected]
Presentation for the International Conference on Sustainability Science – Asia, 23rd – 24th November 2009, AIT, Bangkok, Thailand
I would like to acknowledge my special thank to ICSS for providing me stipend to participate this conference
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Theory of land use change Theory of land use change
• Land use change describes the structure of the change in uses of land from one type to another.
• Land use changes are considered as a result of land use – society interactions.
• According to Coccossis (1991), Population, resources, technology and institutions are identified as four sets of factors that influence on land use.
• Institutionally, land tenure is considered one of the key factors that defines patterns and changes in land-use systems.
• Land use changes may have both positive and negative influences on natural resources and environment.
General background of Vietnam
• Current population: 85 million, 73% of them living in the rural area and their livelihoods relying on agriculture and natural resources
• Since 1986, Vietnam’s economy: has been reformed towards market oriented system, economic growth rate: 6.7% - 8.5% per year
• Economy shifts from agriculture base to industrial and service structure
• Agriculturally, extensive and subsistence agriculture has been gradually replayed by intensive and commercial one
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Land Reform in Vietnam
“Product contract” initiated in 1981: subcontracting land owned by cooperatives to farmers and they undertaken some tasks of production while the cooperative controlled largely the finial products.
The 1988 Land Law: Land owned by cooperatives was subjected to allocate to individual households for a 10 – 15 year term.
More radical reform was adopted under the 1993 Land Law. This law sets a framework for land allocation and titling to individual households for stable and long-term use of lands with five land use rights.
Land use change following land Land use change following land allocation and titling reformallocation and titling reform
• Land use and cropping patterns largely determined by agro-climate factors, but also changes to respond land tenure environment and market liberalization.
• Increasing intensive uses of land resources and expanding cultivated land into marginal areas.
• Shifting cropping patterns towards certain tradable crops, such as rice, coffee, rubber, cashew nut, pepper and aquaculture, etc.
• More land devoted to industrial and commercial crops
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Land use change following land Land use change following land allocation and titling reformallocation and titling reform
Year
Total
Distribution Annual crops Perennial crops
Total Cereal grains
Other annual crops
Total Industrial crops
Fruit trees
1995 (ha) 10,028.3 8,893.0 7058.3 598.9 1135.3 758.5 296.0
2007 (ha) 13,495.2 10,862.7 8270.2 845.8 2632.5 1796.6 775.5
Comparison (ha) 3,466.9 1969.7 1211.9 246.9 1497.2 1038.1 479.5Comparison (%) 34.57 22.15 17.17 41.23 131.88 136.86 161.99
Table 1: Land Use Change between 1995 and 2007Unit: 1000ha
(Source: Calculation from data provided Vietnam General Department of Statistics, 2009)
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Land accumulation, land fragmentation and Land accumulation, land fragmentation and land loss land loss
No. Regions 2000 2007 +/- %Total 57,069 116,222 59,153 103.65
1 Red River Region 1,646 14,733 13,087 795.082 Northeastern Region 2,793 4,646 1,853 66.343 Northwestern Region 282 541 259 91.844 Central Region 7,206 15,169 7,963 110.515 Central High Land 3,589 9,240 5,651 157.456 Southeastern Region
9,586 16,870 7,284 75.997 Mekong Delta 31,967 55,023 23,056 72.12
Table 2: Large Farm Development between 2000 and 2007Unit: Farm
(Source: Calculation from data provided Vietnam General Department of Statistics, 2009)
• Land accumulation and large farm development (373,200 ha to 663,500 ha between 2000 – 2007)
• Increasing land loss (8% to 19% between 2000 and 2007)• 23.8% of households own less than 0.2 ha of cultivable land • Land fragmentation: each household own 7-8 plots, 10% < 100m2
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Crop yield and productivity trendsCrop yield and productivity trends
Crop
Output of crops (tones) Output 07 – 95 Yield 07-95
1995 2007 +/- (ton) +/- % +/-%Paddy rice 21.9 35.8675 13.9675 63.78 15.62Maize 0.8 4.1075 3.3075 413.44 83.46Total cereals 22.7 39.975 17.275 76.1 -----Tea 0.17 0.7049 0.5349 314.65 109.38Coffee 0.136 0.9612 0.8252 606.76 41.25Pepper 0.0075 0.00902 0.00152 20.27 430.80Cashew nut 0.046 0.3019 0.2559 556.3 818.00Rubber 0.097 0.601 0.504 519.59 74.06
Table 3: Trends in yields and outputs of major cropsUnit: million tones
(Source: Calculation from data provided Vietnam General Department of Statistics, 2009)
Land use change and Environment
• Shifting from subsistence to commercial and high value crops
• Intensified uses of land resources for short-term benefits by increasing application of chemical fertilizer, pesticides, high yield varieties, deep ploughing techniques soil and water contamination and soil degradation and depletion, biodiversity loss, deforestation
• Few long – term investment can be observed (Neef, et al., 2000).
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Study VillagesStudy Villages
Three villages located in the buffer zone of Cat Tien National Park in the Southern upland of Vietnam, are the homeland of three distinctive ethnic groups.
Land allocation and titling started in 1993 and not yet completed
The study villages
The buffer zone
Cat Tien National
Park
Ho Chi Minh City
Ha Noi
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Land use change following land reformLand use change following land reform
Types of land use 1997 (ha) 2004 (ha) -/+ (ha)1. Agricultural land 1.48 1.80 0.32 - Wet rice land 1.09 1.06 -0.03 - Other annual crop land 0.2 0.06 -0.14 - Industrial crop land 0.17 0.64 0.47 - Fish pond 0.02 0.04 0.022. Forest land 0.49 0.49 0Total land 1.97 2.29 0.32
(Source: A household survey 2004, 2005, 2009)
Table 4: Household Land Use from the Sample
• Expanding landholding
• Shifting land from annual crops (dry rice, cassava, sweet potato) to commercial crops (fruit trees, cashew nut coffee, pepper etc., ) fish pond, livestock production.
• Intensification and diversification of land use become main trends
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Effect Mechanism
Perception HHs with HHs without LCT
Number (71) % Number (48) %
Satisfied 65 92 0 0
Not satisfied 6 8 48 100
Having more rights* 65 92 unobservable unobservable
[1] *“More rights” here refers to those who have land titles (LTCs).
1. Tenure Security Effect of Land Reform
Table 5: Local perception on land titling and tenure security
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Effect Mechanism
Forms of credit Amount (mil. VND) Percentage of households (%)
1. Private credit in 1997 2.86 76
2. Total credit in 2004 5.71 86
- Land-collateral credit 3.47 45
- Private credit 2.24 53
Table 5: Household Access to Credit
Source: A household survey 2004, 2005,2009
2. Improving farmers’ institutional credit access
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Effect Mechanism
3. Effect on agricultural investment and land use dynamics Land use strongly determined by upland agro-ecological
systems, but Tenure security and access to cheap credit investment
intensification (2- 5 times) Increasing crop diversification and shifting from traditional
and subsistence crops to high-value, commercial and industrial crops, inland aquaculture
Household’s initial endowments, access to productive assets, market liberalization, infrastructure improvement and population growth shifts in land use patterns and intensification and diversification of land uses
Shifts in household livelihoods
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Establishing national park ending shifting cultivation and excluding local access to land land use intensification
Land use intensification due to land reform, market liberalization, technology innovation, population growth over application of agro-chemical fertilizers, pesticides, HYVs, less use of manure land degradation, losing local varieties, loss of biodiversity, reducing land productivity.
Low local awareness on degradation of natural resources and environment
Favouring in short-term benefit behaviours while no long-term investment adopted
High risk due agriculture intensification and market fluctuation
Land reform, conservation, national park, Land reform, conservation, national park, and land use change and environmentand land use change and environment
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Conclusions Land reform together with other sectoral reforms (market,
rural finance system, extension etc.), population growth, and technology innovation have significantly influenced land use towards intensification, diversification, high-value and industrial crops, land accumulation and land loss, increasing agriculture outputs.
Level of intensification is also very much dependent on farmers’ initial endowments and access to production resources.
Farmer favor in short-term benefit behavior while not take into account long-term investments degradation of natural resources and environment.
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Extending land use rights term, improving rural credit system and production services to support households’ agriculture production.
Strengthening farmer’s capability towards sustainable agriculture practices by providing them sufficient technique and knowledge for integrating both agriculture development and the environment protection.
Towards community-based natural resource conservation.
Policy ImplicationsPolicy Implications
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Thank You for Your Attention.Thank You for Your Attention.
Looking forwards training and research Looking forwards training and research collaboration with you in land and resource collaboration with you in land and resource management for sustainable developmentmanagement for sustainable development
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