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Land Reform Experience, from the Experience of
Swedesurvey Cooperation with Transition Countries
Tommy Österberg
Technical Director
Swedesurvey
Land Redistribution
• Land allocation– distribution of state
owned (controlled) land
• Readjustment– Development of
undeveloped land
– Division of common land
– Redistribution within existing land resources (land consolidation)
• Access control– acquisition control,
influence of prices, suitable manager
• State land acquisition -Land Bank
• Strengthening the rights of tenants
• Influence on land prices
Latvia
• Land Book (Min of Justice)
• Cadastral register (State Land Service)
• 600 000 private properties 1993-1999 through restitution and privatisation
• Built in pre-war legislation and traditions
• Real Property: Land with objects, building and tree stands, apartments
• Restitution in two stages:– Land use rights to
claimants through Land Commissions
– Land ownership rights to former owners paying with vouchers. Validity of claims to be verified by Land Commissions
• Real Property Market working (100 000 transaction per year)
Hungary
• Department of Land and Mapping
• Real property is land and other independent property
• Independent property is buildings, apartments etc separated from the rights to the land.
• Compensation for loss of property through vouchers
• Auctions of 2 million ha, in total 6,5 million ha reallocated.
• Small average farms (5-6 ha), non-agriculture people owns significant part, land prices and rents gone down.
Uzbekistan
• Recently merged into one organisation (Goscomzemgeodescadastre)
• Real property is– land plots (no ownership)– permanent constructions– permanent trees– underground constructions
• Conversion of kolchos to shirkat farms (also collective )
• Program for conversion of shirkat farms to farms (10-50 ha, use rights 50 years and rights to sell above a quota)
• Dekhan farms for household farming (lifelong, inheritable right)
• Land allocation through application
• Need to improve security of tenure in the present system
Kyrgyzstan
• GosRegister responsible for registration
• Urban land privatised and to large extent registered
• Rural land privatisation started
• Privatisation through application of urban land
• Privatisation of rural land through fragmentation of collective farms just started
• Land market in urban areas but not in rural
Vietnam• Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environment• Real property land,
constructions• Ownership to constructions,
leasehold rights for land• Rural land allocated, not
urban• Considerable informal land
market in urban areas
China
• Individual land use rights introduced in beginning of 1980ies
• Increased productivity but weak property rights
• Reallocation, overexploitation, low investments, abuse of power by village authorities
• 1999 land law revision, written certificates for 30-year leases
• 2002 new land law, strengthening rights, two-third majority in village for reallocation, women’s rights