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Land Formation and Usage
Land Formation and Usage
Layers of the EarthLayers of the EarthMany geologists believe that as the Earth
cooled the heavier, denser materials sank to the center and the lighter materials rose to the top.
Many geologists believe that as the Earth cooled the heavier, denser materials sank to the center and the lighter materials rose to the top.
Four Layers of the EarthFour Layers of the Earth
1: crust is made of the lightest materials
- consists of numerous plates
Chemical makeup of the crust:
1: crust is made of the lightest materials
- consists of numerous plates
Chemical makeup of the crust:Oxygen 46.6%
Silicon 27.7
Aluminum 8.1
Iron 5.0
Calcium 3.6
Sodium 2.8
Potassium 2.6
Magnesium 2.1
All Others 1.5
KNOW !
Four Layers of the EarthFour Layers of the Earth
2. mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow (consistency of flowing asphalt) - lava
3&4. Outer and Inner Cores – made of heavy metals such as Iron and Nickel (speculated)
2. mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow (consistency of flowing asphalt) - lava
3&4. Outer and Inner Cores – made of heavy metals such as Iron and Nickel (speculated)
Layers of the EarthLayers of the Earth
Geologic ProcessesGeologic Processes
Shifting of the Crust: Pg 110 and 111
- crust is broken up into large plates- location of the boundaries is the site of
geologic activity such as earthquakes (when the plates shift – greater shift = larger earthquake)
Shifting of the Crust: Pg 110 and 111
- crust is broken up into large plates- location of the boundaries is the site of
geologic activity such as earthquakes (when the plates shift – greater shift = larger earthquake)
Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries
1. Divergent: move away from each other – create a ridge or trench that may allow magma from the mantle to flow upward
1. Divergent: move away from each other – create a ridge or trench that may allow magma from the mantle to flow upward
Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries
2. Convergent: plates ram into one another- may push each other up and form mountains- one plate may be forced under the other in a process called subduction – plate being forced under will eventually hit the mantle and begin to melt the excess magma may rise through the crust of the overriding plate and form volcanoes
2. Convergent: plates ram into one another- may push each other up and form mountains- one plate may be forced under the other in a process called subduction – plate being forced under will eventually hit the mantle and begin to melt the excess magma may rise through the crust of the overriding plate and form volcanoes
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
3. Transform Plates: plates slide past one another = earthquakes
produce seismic waves – energy of the vibrations of the shifting plates moving through the land
3. Transform Plates: plates slide past one another = earthquakes
produce seismic waves – energy of the vibrations of the shifting plates moving through the land
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
Transform PlatesTransform Plates
EarthquakesEarthquakes
begins far below the surface at the focus which is directly beneath the epicenter – the point at the top of the earth’s crust above the focus
– severity is measured on the Richter scale – each point on the scale is 30 times more powerful than the point below it
begins far below the surface at the focus which is directly beneath the epicenter – the point at the top of the earth’s crust above the focus
– severity is measured on the Richter scale – each point on the scale is 30 times more powerful than the point below it
Measured on a SeismographMeasured on a Seismograph
Secondary Effects of Earthquakes
Secondary Effects of Earthquakes
1. property damage2. deaths 3. landslides – massive erosion
4. tsunamis5. pollution from destruction of
property, etc
1. property damage2. deaths 3. landslides – massive erosion
4. tsunamis5. pollution from destruction of
property, etc
Volcano FormationVolcano Formation1. Subduction2. Thin spots in crust3. Hot spots in mantle
Volcano VideoRing of Fire Video – 10 min
Impact of Volcanoes on the Climate (8:00 – 13:00)
1. Subduction2. Thin spots in crust3. Hot spots in mantle
Volcano VideoRing of Fire Video – 10 min
Impact of Volcanoes on the Climate (8:00 – 13:00)
Types of RockTypes of Rock1.Igneous – from the cooling of magma
(lava)
Ex: obsidian, granite, pumice
1.Igneous – from the cooling of magma (lava)
Ex: obsidian, granite, pumice
Igneous RockIgneous Rock
Types of RockTypes of Rock2.Sedimentary – form by the compaction of
smaller bits of eroded rock or deposited materialEx: limestone, diatomecious earth
2.Sedimentary – form by the compaction of smaller bits of eroded rock or deposited materialEx: limestone, diatomecious earth
Sedimentary RockSedimentary Rock
Sedimentary RockSedimentary Rock
Types of RockTypes of Rock3. Metamorphic – rock that is changed
because it is in a new environment usually due to subduction – becomes exposed to heat and pressure and rearranges the way the rock is organized
Ex: Limestone Marble
3. Metamorphic – rock that is changed because it is in a new environment usually due to subduction – becomes exposed to heat and pressure and rearranges the way the rock is organized
Ex: Limestone Marble
Metamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock
Land UsesLand Uses
World Land Use:
33%: Rock, ice, tundra, desert, roads, and urban areas
26%: Forests
26%: Permanent Pastures
12%: Cropland
3%: Wetlands and Lakes
World Land Use:
33%: Rock, ice, tundra, desert, roads, and urban areas
26%: Forests
26%: Permanent Pastures
12%: Cropland
3%: Wetlands and Lakes
Uses of LandUses of Land
- living- agriculture- grazing- logging- preservation- recreation
- living- agriculture- grazing- logging- preservation- recreation
Managing Public and Private Lands in USAManaging Public and Private Lands in USA
35% is owned by the federal government
Overseen by:
U.S. Department of the Interior:
- Bureau of Land Management
- Fish and Wildlife Services- National Park Services
U.S. Department of Agriculture
- U.S. Forest Service
35% is owned by the federal government
Overseen by:
U.S. Department of the Interior:
- Bureau of Land Management
- Fish and Wildlife Services- National Park Services
U.S. Department of Agriculture
- U.S. Forest Service
Issues of Land UseIssues of Land UseOveruse, pollution, preservation of
biodiversity Overgrazing erosion,
desertificationOver harvesting of timber erosion,
loss of habitat for native speciesMining acid mine drainage,
destruction of habitatTourism disruption of native
habitats, traffic, pollution
Overuse, pollution, preservation of biodiversity
Overgrazing erosion, desertification
Over harvesting of timber erosion, loss of habitat for native species
Mining acid mine drainage, destruction of habitat
Tourism disruption of native habitats, traffic, pollution
Land Management Techniques in USLand Management Techniques in US
- Land Use Planning and Zoning: what types of development can go where
- Taxing: changing areas can raise the taxes on that land and thus prevent or encourage development
- Federal Designations:
- prescribes what can and cannot be done in specific areas
- Land Use Planning and Zoning: what types of development can go where
- Taxing: changing areas can raise the taxes on that land and thus prevent or encourage development
- Federal Designations:
- prescribes what can and cannot be done in specific areas
Federal DesignationsFederal Designations
1. Wilderness areas: lands set aside to preserve their primeval character and prevents permanent improvements or human habitation
- these areas may be managed to prevent overuse issuesEx: Build outhouse and camping sites to limit damage done by people visiting the areas
1. Wilderness areas: lands set aside to preserve their primeval character and prevents permanent improvements or human habitation
- these areas may be managed to prevent overuse issuesEx: Build outhouse and camping sites to limit damage done by people visiting the areas
Federal DesignationsFederal Designations
2. National Parks: Yellowstone – first NP
- preserve lands to teach people about the natural environment, management of natural resources and knowledge of national historyProblems: OVERUSE
2. National Parks: Yellowstone – first NP
- preserve lands to teach people about the natural environment, management of natural resources and knowledge of national historyProblems: OVERUSE
National ParksNational ParksGlacier national ParkGlacier national Park
National ParksNational ParksYellowstoneYellowstone
National ParksNational ParksGrand TetonGrand Teton
National ParksNational ParksBad LandsBad Lands
Federal DesignationsFederal Designations
3. Wildlife Refuges: to preserve lands and waters for the conservation of fishes, wildlife, and plants of the US
- allows for hunting, fishing and observation as long as they fit with fish and wildlife management techniques
3. Wildlife Refuges: to preserve lands and waters for the conservation of fishes, wildlife, and plants of the US
- allows for hunting, fishing and observation as long as they fit with fish and wildlife management techniques
Federal DesignationsFederal Designations
4. National Forests: intended for multiple uses – hunting, fishing, logging, water use, outdoor recreation – all activities are regulated to maintain the health of the area
4. National Forests: intended for multiple uses – hunting, fishing, logging, water use, outdoor recreation – all activities are regulated to maintain the health of the area
SoilSoil
Components of SoilComponents of Soil
1. Mineral Particles (about 45%)from weathering of rock (parent rock)Influences on Erosion:
Type of rockSize of particlesTopography – steep areas erode fasterClimate – freeze/thaw cycles crack rockAcid Deposition
1. Mineral Particles (about 45%)from weathering of rock (parent rock)Influences on Erosion:
Type of rockSize of particlesTopography – steep areas erode fasterClimate – freeze/thaw cycles crack rockAcid Deposition
determines the basic chemical nature of the soil
Ex: soil eroded from limestone (CaCO3) will be high in calcium and have a basic pH Soil eroded from granite will be higher in aluminum or sodium and have a neutral or acidic pH can take 200 to 1000 years to
produce 1 inch of soil depends on lichens, plants,
weather
determines the basic chemical nature of the soil
Ex: soil eroded from limestone (CaCO3) will be high in calcium and have a basic pH Soil eroded from granite will be higher in aluminum or sodium and have a neutral or acidic pH can take 200 to 1000 years to
produce 1 inch of soil depends on lichens, plants,
weather
Fundamental unit is silicate (SiO44-)
- negative charge is occupied by cations ( H+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Fe2+)
Fundamental unit is silicate (SiO44-)
- negative charge is occupied by cations ( H+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Fe2+)
determines plant communities based on minerals available
EX: Aluminum rich soils = acidicMagnesium and Iron Silicate soils = Ca2+, NO3
- and PO43- deficient
determines plant communities based on minerals available
EX: Aluminum rich soils = acidicMagnesium and Iron Silicate soils = Ca2+, NO3
- and PO43- deficient
mineral content determines POROSITY of soil
amount of space between soil particles
Filled with water and Air – air is necessary for the respiration of plant roots and animals in the soil
large particles = very porous = drains well, does not hold water EX: Sandy soils
medium particles = silt small particles = not porous = drains
poorly – holds water EX: clay
mineral content determines POROSITY of soil
amount of space between soil particles
Filled with water and Air – air is necessary for the respiration of plant roots and animals in the soil
large particles = very porous = drains well, does not hold water EX: Sandy soils
medium particles = silt small particles = not porous = drains
poorly – holds water EX: clay
Size of particles Sand > Silt > Clay – page 333
Soil texture is based on the amount of sand, silt and clay
Loamy soil = 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
Size of particles Sand > Silt > Clay – page 333
Soil texture is based on the amount of sand, silt and clay
Loamy soil = 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
water moving through soil by percolation is called leachate and is a solution of nutrients and minerals
if soil is too porous then the nutrients and minerals can leach too quickly and the soil become nutrient poor
leaching of nutrients into lower soil levels is called illuviation
water moving through soil by percolation is called leachate and is a solution of nutrients and minerals
if soil is too porous then the nutrients and minerals can leach too quickly and the soil become nutrient poor
leaching of nutrients into lower soil levels is called illuviation
2) Organic Matter (about 5%) dead and decaying materials – return
nutrients to soil for plant uptake broken down by bacteria, fungi and
animals (worms, insects such as beetle larva, beetles, ants, termites)
helps retain water and nutrients increases air space particularly beneficial for helping soils
of low porosity broken down or partially broken down
materials are called humus (hew-mus)
2) Organic Matter (about 5%) dead and decaying materials – return
nutrients to soil for plant uptake broken down by bacteria, fungi and
animals (worms, insects such as beetle larva, beetles, ants, termites)
helps retain water and nutrients increases air space particularly beneficial for helping soils
of low porosity broken down or partially broken down
materials are called humus (hew-mus)
3) Water (about 25%)4) Air (about 25%)5) Other: Plants, animals,
bacteria, fungi, mycorrhizae, protozoans
3) Water (about 25%)4) Air (about 25%)5) Other: Plants, animals,
bacteria, fungi, mycorrhizae, protozoans
Can alter the soil by: adding organic materials breaking down and decompose
materials aerate soil – tunnels – earthworms – their
poop is called Castings Worm Farming disrupt soil integrity and increase erosion –
burrows and holes (larger animals) Page 331
Can alter the soil by: adding organic materials breaking down and decompose
materials aerate soil – tunnels – earthworms – their
poop is called Castings Worm Farming disrupt soil integrity and increase erosion –
burrows and holes (larger animals) Page 331
Changes in Soil: continued weathering of parent
material – adds more sediment erosion of soil – loss of materials deposition of organic materials acid rain – changes pH – alters
nutrient uptake by plants
Changes in Soil: continued weathering of parent
material – adds more sediment erosion of soil – loss of materials deposition of organic materials acid rain – changes pH – alters
nutrient uptake by plants
Soil Horizons Soil Horizons Layers of Soil from Surface Down:- denoted by the letters O, A, B, C, and
E. - Not all soils will have these horizons,
with some immature soils having none. Most have at least three of these (A, B and C).
Layers of Soil from Surface Down:- denoted by the letters O, A, B, C, and
E. - Not all soils will have these horizons,
with some immature soils having none. Most have at least three of these (A, B and C).
1) O-horizon: top horizon - may not be present - comprised of organic matter - normally found in forest soils, where dead leaves and other detritus can build up on a yearly basis.
1) O-horizon: top horizon - may not be present - comprised of organic matter - normally found in forest soils, where dead leaves and other detritus can build up on a yearly basis.
2) A horizon: where the organic material is mixed in with the inorganic material-usually darker in color- generally be fertile for plant life
2) A horizon: where the organic material is mixed in with the inorganic material-usually darker in color- generally be fertile for plant life
3) E horizon: below the A in forest communities- a result of water becoming acidic as it passes through the O and A horizons and then leaching minerals out of the soil
3) E horizon: below the A in forest communities- a result of water becoming acidic as it passes through the O and A horizons and then leaching minerals out of the soil
4) B horizon: where the minerals and clay grains accumulate - can be very thick and tightly pored, resulting in hardpan that can very effectively impede the flow of water through it.
5) C horizon: contains the parent inorganic material for the soil.
4) B horizon: where the minerals and clay grains accumulate - can be very thick and tightly pored, resulting in hardpan that can very effectively impede the flow of water through it.
5) C horizon: contains the parent inorganic material for the soil.
Types of Soil Types of Soil 1. Spodosols: colder climates, lots of
precipitation, good drainage, evergreen forests, layer of acidic litter (Acid Duff) in O-horizon, no A horizon, low fertility
1. Spodosols: colder climates, lots of precipitation, good drainage, evergreen forests, layer of acidic litter (Acid Duff) in O-horizon, no A horizon, low fertility
2. Mollisols: found in grassland areas - have a relatively rich, dark-colored A horizon zone as a result of the organic matter from the being added from the grass.
- fertile nature of these soils makes them excellent media for growing grain crops. The Great Plains
2. Mollisols: found in grassland areas - have a relatively rich, dark-colored A horizon zone as a result of the organic matter from the being added from the grass.
- fertile nature of these soils makes them excellent media for growing grain crops. The Great Plains
3. Aridisols – dry for very long periods of time- deserts, hot dry climates, layer of pebbles on surface, thin A horizon- high calcium carbonate concentration, with layers of clay, silica, salt, and gypsum in the subsurface regions
3. Aridisols – dry for very long periods of time- deserts, hot dry climates, layer of pebbles on surface, thin A horizon- high calcium carbonate concentration, with layers of clay, silica, salt, and gypsum in the subsurface regions
4) Oxisols - heavily oxidized soils found in tropical and subtropical rainforest- soils have undergone heavy amounts of weathering and are very low in fertility because water has leached most of the other minerals out of the soil-very thin layer of organic material on the surface – rapid decomposition and nutrient uptake by plants due to temperature and rainfall
4) Oxisols - heavily oxidized soils found in tropical and subtropical rainforest- soils have undergone heavy amounts of weathering and are very low in fertility because water has leached most of the other minerals out of the soil-very thin layer of organic material on the surface – rapid decomposition and nutrient uptake by plants due to temperature and rainfall
5) Alfisol – temperate deciduous forests – hot summer, cold winter- leaves and detritus litter O-horizon- A-horizon rich with humic materials – decomposition is slower due to colder
seasons
5) Alfisol – temperate deciduous forests – hot summer, cold winter- leaves and detritus litter O-horizon- A-horizon rich with humic materials – decomposition is slower due to colder
seasons
Soil Chemistry, ConservationAgricultural
Practices
Soil Chemistry, ConservationAgricultural
Practices
Soil ChemistrySoil Chemistry
Soil particles are negatively charged
bind to positive ions repel negative ions high
leachability of nitrates and phosphates
Soil particles are negatively charged
bind to positive ions repel negative ions high
leachability of nitrates and phosphates
Cation Exchange Capacity
Cation Exchange Capacity
- plants may not be able to absorb the positive ions if they are strongly attracted to the soil particles
- in order to obtain the cations, plants release CO2 from cellular respiration
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid) HCO3- +
H+
- plants may not be able to absorb the positive ions if they are strongly attracted to the soil particles
- in order to obtain the cations, plants release CO2 from cellular respiration
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid) HCO3- +
H+
Makes soil acidic
Cation Exchange (cont.)Cation Exchange (cont.)
The resulting H+ bind to the soil particles and cause the cations to be released into the water solution and can then be absorbed by the plant.
The resulting H+ bind to the soil particles and cause the cations to be released into the water solution and can then be absorbed by the plant.
Soil Erosion and Degradation
Soil Erosion and Degradation
Erosion: movement of soil components from one place to another
Natural: wind, rain, snow, ice Most soil erosion is caused by
moving water: Sheet erosion – wide flow Rill erosion – fast flowing little
rivulets Gully erosion – rivulets joining
together cutting deeper and wider channels (gullies)
Erosion: movement of soil components from one place to another
Natural: wind, rain, snow, ice Most soil erosion is caused by
moving water: Sheet erosion – wide flow Rill erosion – fast flowing little
rivulets Gully erosion – rivulets joining
together cutting deeper and wider channels (gullies)
Wind ErosionWind Erosion
Wind ErosionWind Erosion
Erosion GulliesErosion Gullies
Erosion GulliesErosion Gullies
Erosion in a PastureErosion in a Pasture
Increasing Rate of Erosion
Increasing Rate of Erosion
lack of plants – roots hold soil in place
flooding
lack of plants – roots hold soil in place
flooding
Human ImpactHuman Impact
- removal of plants- construction- overgrazing by cows- logging- land overuse – “off roading”, poor hiking techniques
- removal of plants- construction- overgrazing by cows- logging- land overuse – “off roading”, poor hiking techniques
Impact of Soil ErosionImpact of Soil Erosion
- loss of soil and nutrients for plant growth
- sediment clogs ditches, boat channels, reservoirs, and lakes.
- Sediment laden water is cloudy, tastes bad and it can kill aquatic life
- loss of soil and nutrients for plant growth
- sediment clogs ditches, boat channels, reservoirs, and lakes.
- Sediment laden water is cloudy, tastes bad and it can kill aquatic life
Soil Erosion in the U.S.Soil Erosion in the U.S.
About 1/3 of nation's original prime topsoil has been washed or blown into streams, lakes and oceans – mostly as the result of over cultivation, overgrazing and deforestation.
Soil on cultivated land is eroding 16 times faster than it can form. Erosion rate is even faster in heavily farmed areas (Great Plains)
About 1/3 of nation's original prime topsoil has been washed or blown into streams, lakes and oceans – mostly as the result of over cultivation, overgrazing and deforestation.
Soil on cultivated land is eroding 16 times faster than it can form. Erosion rate is even faster in heavily farmed areas (Great Plains)
Desertification Desertification
process whereby productive potential or arid or semiarid land falls by 10% or more – and results primarily from human activities.
process whereby productive potential or arid or semiarid land falls by 10% or more – and results primarily from human activities.
Practices that leave topsoil vulnerable to
desertification
Practices that leave topsoil vulnerable to
desertification
1. overgrazing2. deforestation without reforestation3. surface mining without land
reclamation4. irrigation techniques5. salinization6. farming on land that has unsuitable
terrain or soil7. soil compaction by farm machinery
and cattle hooves
1. overgrazing2. deforestation without reforestation3. surface mining without land
reclamation4. irrigation techniques5. salinization6. farming on land that has unsuitable
terrain or soil7. soil compaction by farm machinery
and cattle hooves
Slowing DesertificationSlowing Desertification
Plant trees, grasses to anchor soil and hold water
Plant trees, grasses to anchor soil and hold water
Solutions: Soil ConservationSolutions: Soil Conservation
involves reducing soil erosion and restoring soil fertility
keep the soil covered with vegetation
involves reducing soil erosion and restoring soil fertility
keep the soil covered with vegetation
Conventional-tillage farming
Conventional-tillage farming
• land is plowed and the soil broken up and smoothed to make a planting surface.
• land is usually plowed in the fall, left bare during the winter and early spring
• exposes soil to the climate which increases run-off and wind erosion
• land is plowed and the soil broken up and smoothed to make a planting surface.
• land is usually plowed in the fall, left bare during the winter and early spring
• exposes soil to the climate which increases run-off and wind erosion
Conventional TillingConventional Tilling
Conservation-tillage farming (minimum-tillage or no-till
farming)
Conservation-tillage farming (minimum-tillage or no-till
farming) special tillers break up and loosen
the subsurface soil without turning over the topsoil, previous crop residues and any cover vegetation
special tillers break up and loosen the subsurface soil without turning over the topsoil, previous crop residues and any cover vegetation
special planting machines inject seeds, fertilizers and weed killers into slits made in the unplowed soil.
Main Benefit: Preserves soil cover which lowers erosion
special planting machines inject seeds, fertilizers and weed killers into slits made in the unplowed soil.
Main Benefit: Preserves soil cover which lowers erosion
Added Benefits of No-Till FarmingAdded Benefits of No-Till Farming
saves fuel cuts costs holds more water in the soil Prevents compaction of soil
saves fuel cuts costs holds more water in the soil Prevents compaction of soil
Conservation or No-till Farming
Conservation or No-till Farming
Video Video
TerracingTerracing
reduces erosion on steep slopes (converted into a series of broad nearly-level terraces that run across the land contour
Retains water and reduces erosion by controlling runoff
Good choice for mountainous areas
reduces erosion on steep slopes (converted into a series of broad nearly-level terraces that run across the land contour
Retains water and reduces erosion by controlling runoff
Good choice for mountainous areas
TerracingTerracing
Contour FarmingContour Farming
on gently sloping land plowing and planting crops in rows
across rather than up and down the sloped contour of the land.
on gently sloping land plowing and planting crops in rows
across rather than up and down the sloped contour of the land.
Contour FarmingContour Farming
Strip CroppingStrip Cropping
A row crop (corn) alternates with another crop (a grass or grass-legume mixture).
The cover crop traps soil that erodes from the row crop.
They catch and reduce water runoff and help prevent the spread of pests and plant diseases. Soybeans and alfalfa help restore soil fertility.
A row crop (corn) alternates with another crop (a grass or grass-legume mixture).
The cover crop traps soil that erodes from the row crop.
They catch and reduce water runoff and help prevent the spread of pests and plant diseases. Soybeans and alfalfa help restore soil fertility.
Strip CroppingStrip Cropping
Alley Cropping (agroforestry)
Alley Cropping (agroforestry)
is a form of intercropping several crops are planted together in
strips or alleys between trees or shrubs that provide fruit or fuel wood.
The trees provide shade (helps to retain moisture).
Trimmings from the trees and shrubs provide mulch (green manure) for the crops.
is a form of intercropping several crops are planted together in
strips or alleys between trees or shrubs that provide fruit or fuel wood.
The trees provide shade (helps to retain moisture).
Trimmings from the trees and shrubs provide mulch (green manure) for the crops.
Alley CroppingAlley Cropping
Gully ReclamationGully Reclamation restore sloping bare land on which
water runoff quickly creates gullies plant fast growing plants, shrubs,
vines and trees to stabilize soil cover the soil with netting, fibers
or hydromulch to hold soil in place until plants can be established
restore sloping bare land on which water runoff quickly creates gullies
plant fast growing plants, shrubs, vines and trees to stabilize soil
cover the soil with netting, fibers or hydromulch to hold soil in place until plants can be established
Erosion ControlErosion Control
Erosion NettingErosion Netting
HydromulchHydromulch
Windbreaks (shelterbelts)Windbreaks (shelterbelts)
reduce wind erosion long rows of trees
reduce wind erosion long rows of trees
WindbreaksWindbreaks
PAM – PolyacrylamidePAM – Polyacrylamide
used to sharply reduce erosion of some irrigated fields
can reduce erosion by 70-99% increases cohesiveness of
surface soil particles
used to sharply reduce erosion of some irrigated fields
can reduce erosion by 70-99% increases cohesiveness of
surface soil particles
FertilizersFertilizers
– partially restore plant nutrients lost by erosion, crop harvesting and leaching.
organic fertilizer – from plant and animal materials
commercial inorganic fertilizer -produced from various minerals
– partially restore plant nutrients lost by erosion, crop harvesting and leaching.
organic fertilizer – from plant and animal materials
commercial inorganic fertilizer -produced from various minerals
Three basic types of organic fertilizer
Three basic types of organic fertilizer
1. Animal Manure Dung and urine of cattle, horses,
poultry and other farm animals improves soil texture, adds organic
nitrogen, stimulates beneficial soil bacteria and fungi
1. Animal Manure Dung and urine of cattle, horses,
poultry and other farm animals improves soil texture, adds organic
nitrogen, stimulates beneficial soil bacteria and fungi
Three basic types of organic fertilizer
Three basic types of organic fertilizer
2. Green Manure fresh or growing green vegetation
plowed into the soil to increase organic matter and humus available to the next crop
weeds, grasses, clover, legumes, alfalfa, soybeans
2. Green Manure fresh or growing green vegetation
plowed into the soil to increase organic matter and humus available to the next crop
weeds, grasses, clover, legumes, alfalfa, soybeans
Three basic types of organic fertilizer
Three basic types of organic fertilizer
3. Compost rich natural fertilizer and soil
conditioner aerates soil improves its ability to retain water
and nutrients helps prevent erosion prevents nutrients from being wasted
in landfills
3. Compost rich natural fertilizer and soil
conditioner aerates soil improves its ability to retain water
and nutrients helps prevent erosion prevents nutrients from being wasted
in landfills
Natural FertilizerNatural Fertilizer
Crop RotationCrop Rotation
Plant corn, tobacco or cotton one year.
following year plant legumes to add nitrogen to the soil (soybeans, oats, rye, barley, sorghum).
Also helps reduce crop losses to insects by presenting them with a changing target.
Video
Plant corn, tobacco or cotton one year.
following year plant legumes to add nitrogen to the soil (soybeans, oats, rye, barley, sorghum).
Also helps reduce crop losses to insects by presenting them with a changing target.
Video
Inorganic FertilizersInorganic Fertilizers
Advantages: Easy to transport, store, apply
Advantages: Easy to transport, store, apply
Inorganic FertilizersInorganic FertilizersDisadvantages Do not add humus to the soil (so organic content
of soil will decrease) and soil will become compacted.
Decreased soil porosity leads to reduced oxygen content and prevent added fertilizer from being taken up efficiently.
Usually supply only two or three of the needed 20 or so nutrients
Cause water pollution especially on sloped land near streams.
Rainwater leaches nitrates into the groundwater.
Disadvantages Do not add humus to the soil (so organic content
of soil will decrease) and soil will become compacted.
Decreased soil porosity leads to reduced oxygen content and prevent added fertilizer from being taken up efficiently.
Usually supply only two or three of the needed 20 or so nutrients
Cause water pollution especially on sloped land near streams.
Rainwater leaches nitrates into the groundwater.
