LAND DEVELOPMENT MAKING LAND USEFUL WITH PROFIT. TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT Residential: Single family, duplex, townhouse, apartments, and condominiums. Residential:

LAND DEVELOPMENT

MAKING LAND USEFUL WITH PROFIT

TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTTYPES OF DEVELOPMENT

Residential: Single family, duplex, townhouse, Residential: Single family, duplex, townhouse, apartments, and condominiums.apartments, and condominiums.

Commercial: Professional office, stores, malls.Commercial: Professional office, stores, malls. Industrial: single developments and industrial Industrial: single developments and industrial

parks.parks. Recreational:Recreational:

1.1. Amusement - land use, local impact, access, liability, Amusement - land use, local impact, access, liability, population supply.population supply.

2.2. Recreation - private clubs and sportingRecreation - private clubs and sporting Parks – state and federalParks – state and federal

3.3. Resorts – complete facilityResorts – complete facility Use or ownership sharedUse or ownership shared

4.4. Residential – incorporate a residential development Residential – incorporate a residential development around recreational site.around recreational site.

CONCEPTS AND ROLES OF THE CONCEPTS AND ROLES OF THE LAND SURVEYORLAND SURVEYOR

Purpose of land development is to make the Purpose of land development is to make the environment more useful and comfortable environment more useful and comfortable

for humanity.for humanity.

Must be done in an organized and Must be done in an organized and planned manner.planned manner.

Most often must be able to create a profit.Most often must be able to create a profit. Must meet political; economic; and Must meet political; economic; and

aesthetics, while maintaining solid aesthetics, while maintaining solid engineering principles.engineering principles.


Land Use Controls: exist to protect public health, Land Use Controls: exist to protect public health, safety and welfare.safety and welfare.

Enabling Acts: passed in 1920’s – federal laws Enabling Acts: passed in 1920’s – federal laws permitting states to pass zoning and subdivision laws.permitting states to pass zoning and subdivision laws.

Zoning Regulations: use of land-use controls to Zoning Regulations: use of land-use controls to protect the rights of the individual property protect the rights of the individual property owner and rights of others with in the communityowner and rights of others with in the community

3 Basic areas: residential, commercial, and industrial3 Basic areas: residential, commercial, and industrial Changed through exceptions and variances can occur Changed through exceptions and variances can occur

– must shoe individual and public both benefit – must shoe individual and public both benefit


Land Subdivision Regulations:Land Subdivision Regulations: State, county, municipal: Provides legal definition of State, county, municipal: Provides legal definition of

a subdivisiona subdivision Who can prepareWho can prepare Monument requirementsMonument requirements Procedures for approval; design standards; Procedures for approval; design standards;

construction requirementsconstruction requirements Designed to protect individual to assure that Designed to protect individual to assure that

access, utilities, drainage, open space, adequate access, utilities, drainage, open space, adequate building space, are all provided.building space, are all provided.

LAND SURVEYOR’S ROLELAND SURVEYOR’S ROLE

The role of the land surveyor varies depending The role of the land surveyor varies depending on state – some on design (Indiana)on state – some on design (Indiana)

At minimum: boundary survey; create At minimum: boundary survey; create subdivision; topographic survey and subdivision; topographic survey and construction stakeout.construction stakeout.

Can include: speaking for developer and limited Can include: speaking for developer and limited designdesign State dependent: horizontal and vertical street State dependent: horizontal and vertical street

alignment; sanitary and storm sewer, etc.alignment; sanitary and storm sewer, etc.

STEPS FOR A LAND STEPS FOR A LAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTDEVELOPMENT PROJECT

1.1. Est. at least 2Est. at least 2ndnd order control traverse near order control traverse near boundary.boundary.

2.2. Complete boundary surveyComplete boundary survey3.3. Est. benchmark system Est. benchmark system 4.4. Prepare topographic mapPrepare topographic map5.5. Determine plan for streets, lots, utilities, etc.Determine plan for streets, lots, utilities, etc.6.6. Develop preliminary drawingDevelop preliminary drawing7.7. Obtain approval of preliminary designObtain approval of preliminary design8.8. Compute direction and distance of lots and Compute direction and distance of lots and

streets, also engineering designstreets, also engineering design

STEPS FOR A LAND STEPS FOR A LAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTDEVELOPMENT PROJECT

9.9. Prepare plat of subdivision; final topo map and Prepare plat of subdivision; final topo map and engineering plansengineering plans

10.10. Set all monumentsSet all monuments

11.11. Obtain final approvalObtain final approval

12.12. Have developer record plat and topo mapHave developer record plat and topo map

APPROVAL BY MUNICIPAL APPROVAL BY MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESAUTHORITIES

1.1. Make sure zoning laws and subdivision Make sure zoning laws and subdivision ordinances are met.ordinances are met.

2.2. Permits must be obtainedPermits must be obtaineda.a. Streets and access entrance permitsStreets and access entrance permitsb.b. Sewage facilities – sanitary and stormSewage facilities – sanitary and stormc.c. Water system - EPAWater system - EPAd.d. Others as neededOthers as needed

3.3. Owner sill want municipality to take over Owner sill want municipality to take over maintenance of streets, sewer, water, etc.maintenance of streets, sewer, water, etc.

Any items not to be dedicated – establish Any items not to be dedicated – establish maintenance methodsmaintenance methods

TWO MAJOR REQUIREMENTS TWO MAJOR REQUIREMENTS FOR APPROVALFOR APPROVAL

1.1. Development must contribute to the value of Development must contribute to the value of adjacent tracts; comply to master plan and adjacent tracts; comply to master plan and add to tax base.add to tax base.

2.2. All street and utility construction information All street and utility construction information provided.provided.

OVERALL, LAND DEVELOPMENT OVERALL, LAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS INCLUDE:PROJECTS INCLUDE:

1.1. Boundary and Topographic SurveysBoundary and Topographic Surveys2.2. Construction SurveysConstruction Surveys3.3. Design and Construction of:Design and Construction of:

a.a. AccessAccessb.b. Flood Control and Drainage FacilitiesFlood Control and Drainage Facilitiesc.c. Potable WaterPotable Waterd.d. Collection and Treatment of solid and waterborne Collection and Treatment of solid and waterborne

wastewastee.e. UtilitiesUtilitiesf.f. Recreation facilitiesRecreation facilities

4.4. Coordination and Communication with Interest Coordination and Communication with Interest GroupsGroups

EACH PROJECT IS DIFFERENTEACH PROJECT IS DIFFERENT

Some of these differences Some of these differences include:include:

1.1. What developer wantsWhat developer wants

2.2. Economic (available funds)Economic (available funds)

3.3. Existing conditions (large factor)Existing conditions (large factor)1.1. Develop project to use existing in best wayDevelop project to use existing in best way

2.2. Never accept existing maps - checkNever accept existing maps - check

INTEREST GROUPS TO BE WORKED INTEREST GROUPS TO BE WORKED WITH:WITH:

1.1. Governing bodies: municipal and county Governing bodies: municipal and county (planning commission)(planning commission)

2.2. Developer: Range from those who take Developer: Range from those who take pride in quality and a profit to those only pride in quality and a profit to those only interested in profitinterested in profit

Minimize delays and unneeded costsMinimize delays and unneeded costs Don’t let desire for profit overshadow dutyDon’t let desire for profit overshadow duty

3.3. Contractor: Develop a plan that can be Contractor: Develop a plan that can be builtbuilt

4.4. Home Buyer: create safe and pleasant areaHome Buyer: create safe and pleasant area Account for special populationsAccount for special populations

INTEREST GROUPS TO BE WORKED INTEREST GROUPS TO BE WORKED WITH:WITH:

5.5. Public and Community: Increase overall Public and Community: Increase overall valuevalue

Affects: traffic, taxes, schools, etc.Affects: traffic, taxes, schools, etc.

6.6. Environmentals: Concern with protecting and Environmentals: Concern with protecting and preserving natural environmentpreserving natural environment

Environmental Impact Statements – large Environmental Impact Statements – large projectsprojects

7.7. Professionals: Engineers, Architects, etc.Professionals: Engineers, Architects, etc. Work for interest of client and are controlled and Work for interest of client and are controlled and

limited by regulations, codes, ethics, and limited by regulations, codes, ethics, and standards.standards.

PLATTING PROCESSPLATTING PROCESS

1.1. PRE APPLICATIONPRE APPLICATION

2.2. PRELIMINARY PRELIMINARY PLATPLAT

3.3. FINAL PLATFINAL PLAT

RESIDENTIAL PLANNING RESIDENTIAL PLANNING CONCEPTSCONCEPTS

The actual planning of a subdivision is much more The actual planning of a subdivision is much more than just following a set of regulations.than just following a set of regulations.

Development Concepts:Development Concepts: Traditionally individual lots for single family dwellings Traditionally individual lots for single family dwellings

with access streetswith access streets Other needs require dedication and each are zoned Other needs require dedication and each are zoned

for single purposefor single purpose


PUD’s (Planned Unit Developments)PUD’s (Planned Unit Developments) Integrated plan of residents, community shopping, Integrated plan of residents, community shopping,

recreation, open space, schools all mixed into small recreation, open space, schools all mixed into small communitiescommunities

Requires changes in zoning conceptsRequires changes in zoning concepts Generally large scope developmentsGenerally large scope developments

Neighborhood Unit concept: residential Neighborhood Unit concept: residential neighborhood created around a central focusneighborhood created around a central focus

Pattern based on lot arrangementPattern based on lot arrangement Conventional lot and blockConventional lot and block Lots and streets with no open or recreation areasLots and streets with no open or recreation areas Most intense land use, small lotsMost intense land use, small lots


Cluster DevelopmentCluster Development Lot and block system but side and/or back yard are Lot and block system but side and/or back yard are

developed for common parks or open spacesdeveloped for common parks or open spaces Must have home owners association to care for Must have home owners association to care for

commons areascommons areas Pattern Based on Street ArrangementPattern Based on Street Arrangement

Street location can dictate lot patternStreet location can dictate lot pattern Rectangular – most commonRectangular – most common

Lot and block with square cornersLot and block with square corners Pattern is visually monotonous and disregards topoPattern is visually monotonous and disregards topo Easy to design and developEasy to design and develop


Curvilinear: similar to rectangular but streets Curvilinear: similar to rectangular but streets are curved to fit topographyare curved to fit topography Relieved repetition, slows speed, overall Relieved repetition, slows speed, overall

development can meet terraindevelopment can meet terrain Radial: resembles spokes of a wheelRadial: resembles spokes of a wheel

Useful if some central focus is needed or existsUseful if some central focus is needed or exists Can cause problems with triangular lotsCan cause problems with triangular lots

Linear: development along both sides of single Linear: development along both sides of single roadroad


Loops and Cul-De-SacsLoops and Cul-De-Sacs Loop – U shaped, Cul-de-sacLoop – U shaped, Cul-de-sac Used to minimize repetition in rectangular or Used to minimize repetition in rectangular or

curvilinear systemscurvilinear systems Also provides additional accessAlso provides additional access Can also be used to create small cluster communities Can also be used to create small cluster communities

within a developmentwithin a development Coving and Bayhome ConceptCoving and Bayhome Concept

Purpose – developing land at a lower cost while Purpose – developing land at a lower cost while creating superior communitiescreating superior communities

Provides more desired densityProvides more desired density Increased safetyIncreased safety Decreased run offDecreased run off

COVINGCOVING

Coving combines both the bending of streets Coving combines both the bending of streets and setbacks creating more open space; and setbacks creating more open space; generally the ROW is reduced 35%generally the ROW is reduced 35%

The Basics:The Basics:1.1. Winding street pattern reduces or eliminates side Winding street pattern reduces or eliminates side

streets and total number of individual streetsstreets and total number of individual streets

2.2. Lineal feet of streets typically reduced 20-40% while Lineal feet of streets typically reduced 20-40% while maintaining density and four way intersections maintaining density and four way intersections minimizedminimized

3.3. Open space within entire community increasedOpen space within entire community increased

4.4. Pedestrian walkways positioned to follow a Pedestrian walkways positioned to follow a curvilinear path separate from streetscurvilinear path separate from streets

COVINGCOVING

5.5. Road remains at widths recommendedRoad remains at widths recommended6.6. Layout reduces views of home sides or rears Layout reduces views of home sides or rears

and homes rarely face another home front and homes rarely face another home front or rear which gives enhanced privacyor rear which gives enhanced privacy

7.7. Streetscape consists of park like green Streetscape consists of park like green space which meander from one side of the space which meander from one side of the street to the otherstreet to the other

8.8. Average lot size increases by 10-20% with Average lot size increases by 10-20% with extra typically in home frontsextra typically in home fronts

BAYHOMINGBAYHOMING

Bayhoming uses the same concepts as coving but Bayhoming uses the same concepts as coving but with more densitywith more density

Coving is based on single family ownership, while with Coving is based on single family ownership, while with bayhomes the land and all items outside the home are held in bayhomes the land and all items outside the home are held in common ownership with a homeowners associationcommon ownership with a homeowners association

Coving incorporates townhouses in a staggered format Coving incorporates townhouses in a staggered format Requirements:Requirements:

1.1. Bayhomes have no individual lot, this allows for larger Bayhomes have no individual lot, this allows for larger infrastructure reductioninfrastructure reduction

2.2. While coving provides smooth curves with no staggering, While coving provides smooth curves with no staggering, Bayhomes can be greatly staggered creating more panoramic Bayhomes can be greatly staggered creating more panoramic views from within homesviews from within homes

3.3. Parking is in rear with screened walls and landscaping hiding Parking is in rear with screened walls and landscaping hiding vehicles from public collector streetsvehicles from public collector streets

4.4. Bayhomes have large front porchesBayhomes have large front porches5.5. Front of home is toward common areasFront of home is toward common areas

BENEFITS AND CONCEPTS OF BENEFITS AND CONCEPTS OF COVING AND BAYHOMINGCOVING AND BAYHOMING

PRESERVING THE SENSE OF THE COMMUNITYPRESERVING THE SENSE OF THE COMMUNITY PRIORITIZE VIEWPRIORITIZE VIEW REDUCE INFRASTRUCTUREREDUCE INFRASTRUCTURE AFFORDABILITYAFFORDABILITY SAFER STREETSSAFER STREETS FEWER INTERSECTIONSFEWER INTERSECTIONS OPEN SPACESOPEN SPACES MINIMIZE ERROSION AND SEDIMENT POLLUTIONMINIMIZE ERROSION AND SEDIMENT POLLUTION MORE TREE SPACEMORE TREE SPACE NO SQUARE LOTSNO SQUARE LOTS

ADVANTAGES TO MUNICIPALITYADVANTAGES TO MUNICIPALITY

1.1. LESS INFRASTRUCTURE TO MAINTAINLESS INFRASTRUCTURE TO MAINTAIN

2.2. LESS LAW ENFORCEMENT DUE TO INCREASED LESS LAW ENFORCEMENT DUE TO INCREASED SECURITY AND LACK OF INTERSECTIONSSECURITY AND LACK OF INTERSECTIONS

3.3. DUE TO AVAILABLE SPACE, PEOPLE DO NOT DUE TO AVAILABLE SPACE, PEOPLE DO NOT FLEE URBAN SPRAWLFLEE URBAN SPRAWL

DENSITYDENSITY

Population Density – density affecting quality of Population Density – density affecting quality of life.life. To many creates noise, lack of privacy, and increased To many creates noise, lack of privacy, and increased

conflictsconflicts To few can create lack of socialization, excess travel, and To few can create lack of socialization, excess travel, and

high cost of community serviceshigh cost of community services Most commonly expressed as “Dwelling Units/Acre” Most commonly expressed as “Dwelling Units/Acre”

(DC/Ac)(DC/Ac) Gross density – units/acre of total landGross density – units/acre of total land Residential density – units/acres of land including streets, public Residential density – units/acres of land including streets, public

facilities, etc.facilities, etc. Net density – units/acre of land devoted only to residenceNet density – units/acre of land devoted only to residence Can also be a variable using people/acreCan also be a variable using people/acre Typical residential density – below 2 DU/Ac is low with common Typical residential density – below 2 DU/Ac is low with common

design value of 2 – 5 DU/Acdesign value of 2 – 5 DU/Ac

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

3 DU/AC IS DESIRED3 DU/AC IS DESIRED25% LAND AREA IS STREETS AND OPEN 25% LAND AREA IS STREETS AND OPEN

AREAAREATHUS 75% OF 43560 OR 32670 ftTHUS 75% OF 43560 OR 32670 ft² GOES ² GOES

INTO 3 LOTSINTO 3 LOTSTHUS 10890 ft²/ LOT TYPICAL LOT SIZE THUS 10890 ft²/ LOT TYPICAL LOT SIZE

COULD BY 90’x120’COULD BY 90’x120’¾ x 43560 = 32670ft²¾ x 43560 = 32670ft²32670/ 3 = 10890ft²/lot32670/ 3 = 10890ft²/lot

SITE ANALYSIS AND SITE ANALYSIS AND SUITABILITYSUITABILITY

USGS topo’s provide a rough source for thisUSGS topo’s provide a rough source for this Also check SCS and others for mapsAlso check SCS and others for maps Site Suitability: depends on viewpoint of Site Suitability: depends on viewpoint of

personperson Includes: Includes: 1.1. use which provides most profituse which provides most profit2.2. Use that provide maximum enjoyment and Use that provide maximum enjoyment and

highest life qualityhighest life quality3.3. Use that preserves or improves the balance of Use that preserves or improves the balance of

nature and is least disruptive to the nature and is least disruptive to the environmentenvironment

TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE PATTERNSPATTERNS

Affects: streets, drainage, views, earthwork, Affects: streets, drainage, views, earthwork, erosion, environmentalerosion, environmental Gently rolling terrain best - 2-5% slopesGently rolling terrain best - 2-5% slopes 5-10% can also provide good sites with increased cost5-10% can also provide good sites with increased cost Slopes over 20% require special considerationsSlopes over 20% require special considerations Matching the topo is essentialMatching the topo is essential

Soils and geology: soil type and presence of rockSoils and geology: soil type and presence of rock Depth of water tableDepth of water table

Environmental factors: orientation and shape of Environmental factors: orientation and shape of sitessites How to use natural features as a benefitHow to use natural features as a benefit Sun angle, trees, noise, wildlife and aesthetic Sun angle, trees, noise, wildlife and aesthetic

character of sitecharacter of site

SUBDIVISION DESIGN SUBDIVISION DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDSPRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS

Usual standards, develop a checklistUsual standards, develop a checklist Geometric PrinciplesGeometric Principles

Streets, sidewalks, intersections, lots and Streets, sidewalks, intersections, lots and easements all depend on geometric principleseasements all depend on geometric principles

Following them simplifies design and layout and Following them simplifies design and layout and balance and symmetry prevailbalance and symmetry prevail

Follow terrainFollow terrain Front lot lines should be straight or arcs and side Front lot lines should be straight or arcs and side

lines should be either perpendicular or radial to lines should be either perpendicular or radial to street ROWstreet ROW

BLOCK AND LOT STANDARDSBLOCK AND LOT STANDARDS

Blocks: directly relates to streets; not requiredBlocks: directly relates to streets; not required Length, shape, slope and general arrangement Length, shape, slope and general arrangement

normally regulatednormally regulated Max length normally between 1000’ – 1500’Max length normally between 1000’ – 1500’ Shape dependent on terrain and tract shapeShape dependent on terrain and tract shape

Lots: must have satisfactory building site and Lots: must have satisfactory building site and be properly related to topographybe properly related to topography Must have vehicle access to local streetMust have vehicle access to local street Standards can specify minimum width and depthStandards can specify minimum width and depth

Min width 70’ typicalMin width 70’ typical Depth normally approx. 3 times widthDepth normally approx. 3 times width 20’ – 50’ setback at front with 5’ – 10’ side and back20’ – 50’ setback at front with 5’ – 10’ side and back

Avoid double frontageAvoid double frontage

LAND USE: CREATE BALANCELAND USE: CREATE BALANCE1.1. Urban Land InstituteUrban Land Institute

1.1. Large development – 35% non-residentialLarge development – 35% non-residential2.2. Small development – 25% non-residentialSmall development – 25% non-residential

2.2. Streets: ROW dedicated – acceptanceStreets: ROW dedicated – acceptance Collector – 60’ ROW – 70’ ROWCollector – 60’ ROW – 70’ ROW

Minimal individual access – purpose is to move traffic to arterial Minimal individual access – purpose is to move traffic to arterial streetsstreets

Local – 50’ ROW – 60’ ROWLocal – 50’ ROW – 60’ ROW Access to lots, services and collector streetsAccess to lots, services and collector streets Low speed (20 – 30 mph)Low speed (20 – 30 mph) Allow for plantings, pedestrians, and bikewaysAllow for plantings, pedestrians, and bikeways

AlignmentAlignment Cul-de-sac streets normally have max length of 600’ – 1000’ with Cul-de-sac streets normally have max length of 600’ – 1000’ with

minimum radius of 50’ ROW and 40’ pavedminimum radius of 50’ ROW and 40’ paved Jogs (T-intersections) – prefer min of 125’ betweenJogs (T-intersections) – prefer min of 125’ between Reverse Curves – keep to min and use larger curve radiusReverse Curves – keep to min and use larger curve radius Sight distance – hilly area – 100’; local streets – 200’; collector Sight distance – hilly area – 100’; local streets – 200’; collector

streets – 250’streets – 250’

LAND USE: CREATE LAND USE: CREATE BALANCEBALANCE

Vertical curves must have a minimum length equal to 10 – Vertical curves must have a minimum length equal to 10 – 20 times the algebraic difference in grades (%)20 times the algebraic difference in grades (%)

Max grade is normally 15% and minimum is 0.5%Max grade is normally 15% and minimum is 0.5% Minimum radius for circular curves range from -200’ on local Minimum radius for circular curves range from -200’ on local

streets and 300’ for collector streetsstreets and 300’ for collector streets Street alignment should minimize need for storm sewersStreet alignment should minimize need for storm sewers

Follow ridges, parallel or perpendicular to contours, and along Follow ridges, parallel or perpendicular to contours, and along shallow swales.shallow swales.

NamingNaming Street: North – South streetsStreet: North – South streets Avenue: East – West streetsAvenue: East – West streets Drive or Boulevard: Meandering streetsDrive or Boulevard: Meandering streets Road or Way: street that runs other than cardinal directionsRoad or Way: street that runs other than cardinal directions Lane or Place: North – South Cul-de-sac streetsLane or Place: North – South Cul-de-sac streets Circle or Court: East – West Cul-de-sac streetsCircle or Court: East – West Cul-de-sac streets

LAND USE: CREATE LAND USE: CREATE BALANCEBALANCE

3.3. Intersections: Junctions of more than 2 Intersections: Junctions of more than 2 streets, avoidedstreets, avoided

T intersection is preferredT intersection is preferred Offsets between 4way intersections:Offsets between 4way intersections:

150’ min local and 300’ collector150’ min local and 300’ collector Angles: centerline intersect should be close to 90° with Angles: centerline intersect should be close to 90° with

75° being minimum75° being minimum Streets should remain in tangent for 100’ min prior to PCStreets should remain in tangent for 100’ min prior to PC Grade should be relatively flat with max being 0.5% - 4%Grade should be relatively flat with max being 0.5% - 4% Minimum sight distance at intersections = 90’Minimum sight distance at intersections = 90’ Minimum curb radius = 20’ local; 30’ collectorMinimum curb radius = 20’ local; 30’ collector Sidewalk and Bikeway: one or both sides if needed – 4’ Sidewalk and Bikeway: one or both sides if needed – 4’

width minimum, 6’ better.width minimum, 6’ better. Easements: 15’ – 30’ minimumEasements: 15’ – 30’ minimum

DESIGNDESIGN

1.1. RoadwayRoadway1.1. Locate CenterlineLocate Centerline

Direction and distance (PI-PI)Direction and distance (PI-PI)

2.2. Develop Centerline ProfileDevelop Centerline Profile Plot existing ground and special featuresPlot existing ground and special features

1”-5’ or 10’ vertical and 1”-50’ or 100’ horizontal1”-5’ or 10’ vertical and 1”-50’ or 100’ horizontal Design proposed centerline: 0.4%-15% slopesDesign proposed centerline: 0.4%-15% slopes

Stay as close as possible to existing groundStay as close as possible to existing ground Avoid roller coasterAvoid roller coaster Balance cut and fillBalance cut and fill Identify culvert locations and allow clearanceIdentify culvert locations and allow clearance

• 20MPH – 10’ LENGTH / 120MPH – 10’ LENGTH / 1º CHANGEº CHANGE• 30MPH – 20’ LENGTH / 1º CHANGE30MPH – 20’ LENGTH / 1º CHANGE• 40MPH – 35’ LENGTH / 1º CHANGE40MPH – 35’ LENGTH / 1º CHANGE• MIN. VERTICLE CURVE LENGTH 75’-100’MIN. VERTICLE CURVE LENGTH 75’-100’

DESIGNDESIGN

1.1. Pavement: Thickness based on AASHTO and Pavement: Thickness based on AASHTO and Soil design based upon the lowest soil support Soil design based upon the lowest soil support values.values.

Normal: Rigid – PCC – 6”-10” dependent on loadsNormal: Rigid – PCC – 6”-10” dependent on loads Flexible: Bituminous ConcreteFlexible: Bituminous Concrete

• Surface: 2 ½” – 4”Surface: 2 ½” – 4”• Base: 6” – 8”Base: 6” – 8”• Sub-base (Stone): 6” – 12”Sub-base (Stone): 6” – 12”

A-3 (Oil and Chip)A-3 (Oil and Chip) Base 8”-12” granular with asphalt 3 times with chipsBase 8”-12” granular with asphalt 3 times with chips General alleys at mostGeneral alleys at most

DESIGNDESIGN

1.1. Roadway design:Roadway design: Site study by traffic engineer to determine needs on Site study by traffic engineer to determine needs on

site and effect of development on existing systemsite and effect of development on existing system Site access; traffic circulation; traffic flowSite access; traffic circulation; traffic flow

Take care using one way streetsTake care using one way streets Streets often have other uses: bicycles; play and Streets often have other uses: bicycles; play and

minimal on street parkingminimal on street parking Streets have slow design speeds: 20-35 mphStreets have slow design speeds: 20-35 mph Sight distance-critical Sight distance-critical

Stopping distance: d= V Stopping distance: d= V22/30f /30f d= braking distance in feet d= braking distance in feet V=vehicle speed in MPH V=vehicle speed in MPH f=coefficient of friction f=coefficient of friction

TABLETABLE

SPEED BRAKE DISTANCETIME DISTANCE FEET COMP. DESIGN

20MPH 2.5 73.3 33.3 106.6 12525MPH 2.5 91.7 54.8 146.5 15030MPH 2.5 110 85.7 195.7 20035MPH 2.5 128.3 120.1 248.4 250

REACTION STOP DISTANCE

DESIGNDESIGN

Local street design guidelines (local streets)Local street design guidelines (local streets) Curb: Barrier; Mountable; V (depressed)Curb: Barrier; Mountable; V (depressed) Parking: off street parkingParking: off street parking

Space width 9’-11’Space width 9’-11’ Space length 18’-20’Space length 18’-20’ Recreational vehicles (boat/trailer) 10’ x 40’Recreational vehicles (boat/trailer) 10’ x 40’ Make parking areas aesthetically pleasingMake parking areas aesthetically pleasing

DRAINAGE SYSTEMSDRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Retention – No runoffRetention – No runoff Detention – Controlled, limited runoffDetention – Controlled, limited runoff Development will always cause additional runoffDevelopment will always cause additional runoff

Utilize topography to minimize amount to be handlesUtilize topography to minimize amount to be handles Drainage design based on average and 5-50 yr Drainage design based on average and 5-50 yr

rainfallrainfall Charts and info: West of 103°W longitude – NOAA Atlas Charts and info: West of 103°W longitude – NOAA Atlas

2; East of 103°W longitude – USWB TP-40 and/or NWS 2; East of 103°W longitude – USWB TP-40 and/or NWS Hydro 35Hydro 35

Runoff depends on: permeability of soil; slope; Runoff depends on: permeability of soil; slope; topography; climate; and amount of rainfalltopography; climate; and amount of rainfall

DRAINAGE SYSTEMSDRAINAGE SYSTEMS Soil types and Runoff (NRCS)Soil types and Runoff (NRCS)

• Group A: low runoff, high infiltration (sand/gravel) water Group A: low runoff, high infiltration (sand/gravel) water transfer – 0.3”/hrtransfer – 0.3”/hr

• Group B: moderate infiltration, deep well drained soil (fine-Group B: moderate infiltration, deep well drained soil (fine-course texture) water transmission – 0.15”-0.3”/hrcourse texture) water transmission – 0.15”-0.3”/hr

• Group C: low infiltration; layered soil (mod.fine – fine texture) Group C: low infiltration; layered soil (mod.fine – fine texture) water transmission – 0.05”-0.15”/hrwater transmission – 0.05”-0.15”/hr

• Group D: high runoff, very low infiltration, clay soil in pan or Group D: high runoff, very low infiltration, clay soil in pan or layer near surface – water transmission – 0-0.05”/hrlayer near surface – water transmission – 0-0.05”/hr

Surface Roughness affects runoff: Coefficient of Surface Roughness affects runoff: Coefficient of RoughnessRoughness Levels:Levels:

Smooth paved surfaces – 0.011Smooth paved surfaces – 0.011 Cultivated – 0.05 – 0.17Cultivated – 0.05 – 0.17 Grassland: short – 0.15; dense – 0.24; Bermuda – 0.41Grassland: short – 0.15; dense – 0.24; Bermuda – 0.41 Woods: light underbrush – 0.40; heavy underbrush – 0.80Woods: light underbrush – 0.40; heavy underbrush – 0.80

COMPUTE RUNOFF BASED ON COMPUTE RUNOFF BASED ON NRCS METHODSNRCS METHODS

1.1. Determine the watershed area from the topo Determine the watershed area from the topo mapmap

2.2. Establish the storm period and corresponding Establish the storm period and corresponding 24 hour rainfall24 hour rainfall

Storm period – intensity 2yr, 5yr, 10yr, 20yr, 25yr, Storm period – intensity 2yr, 5yr, 10yr, 20yr, 25yr, 50yr, and 100yr50yr, and 100yr

10yr normally used, many use 25yr for safety10yr normally used, many use 25yr for safety

3.3. Calculate initial maximum retention after runoff Calculate initial maximum retention after runoff beginsbegins

4.4. Calculate peak discharge for areaCalculate peak discharge for areaUse “Rational Method” Q=CiA Use “Rational Method” Q=CiA

Q=quantity of runoff in cu.ft/secQ=quantity of runoff in cu.ft/secC=coefficient of runoff (ratio of water runoff C=coefficient of runoff (ratio of water runoff

to water falling)to water falling) i=intensity of rainfall (inches/hour) i=intensity of rainfall (inches/hour)A=drainage area (acres)A=drainage area (acres)

FACTORS AFFECTING SITE FACTORS AFFECTING SITE DRAINAGEDRAINAGE

1.1. LOCATION OF SITE WITH RESPECT TO OFF-SITE LOCATION OF SITE WITH RESPECT TO OFF-SITE STORM WATERSTORM WATER

2.2. GENERAL LOT GRADING PLANS ESTABLISHED GENERAL LOT GRADING PLANS ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE POSITIVE OVERALL PLANTO PROVIDE POSITIVE OVERALL PLAN

3.3. REQUIREMENTS AS TO STORM WATER REQUIREMENTS AS TO STORM WATER RETENTION OR DISCHARGE RATES MUST BE RETENTION OR DISCHARGE RATES MUST BE MET.MET.

4.4. MAXIMUM CARRY DISTANCE – LOCAL MAXIMUM CARRY DISTANCE – LOCAL SUBDIVISION ORDINANCE OR ROAD SUBDIVISION ORDINANCE OR ROAD AUTHORITYAUTHORITY

STORM SEWER AND CULVERT STORM SEWER AND CULVERT DESIGNDESIGN

Must be determined based upon runoff computed and Must be determined based upon runoff computed and peak; slope and pipe characteristicspeak; slope and pipe characteristics ““Manning Formula” Manning Formula”

V=flow velocity (ft/sec)V=flow velocity (ft/sec)R=hydraulic radius (cross sectional area of R=hydraulic radius (cross sectional area of

flowing water/length of flowing water/length of wetted surface of pipe) wetted surface of pipe) – in feet = D/4 – in feet = D/4 (full pipe)(full pipe) S=expected slope S=expected slope (decimal)(decimal) n=roughness factor n=roughness factor (0.015 – 0.025)(0.015 – 0.025)

Slope: min 10” pipe = 0.28%; 12” = 0.22%Slope: min 10” pipe = 0.28%; 12” = 0.22% Best to use 0.4%Best to use 0.4% Want to keep flow at 2-10 ft/secWant to keep flow at 2-10 ft/sec Open channel – compute same wayOpen channel – compute same way

Slope: 2% - 10%Slope: 2% - 10%

RETENTION AND DETENTION RETENTION AND DETENTION FACILITIESFACILITIES

Retention facility has no dischargeRetention facility has no discharge Detention facility has limited dischargeDetention facility has limited discharge

Generally designed to hold runoff until existing stream Generally designed to hold runoff until existing stream can handle additional flowcan handle additional flow

Maximum discharge is limited to peak storm runoff Maximum discharge is limited to peak storm runoff ratesrates

Can be achieved through lakes, ponds, subsurface Can be achieved through lakes, ponds, subsurface basins, dutch (french drains),& sumpsbasins, dutch (french drains),& sumps

SYSTEM DESIGNSYSTEM DESIGN

Two conditions exist either alone or in Two conditions exist either alone or in combination:combination: Site subject to sheet or overland flowSite subject to sheet or overland flow Site subject to channelized flowSite subject to channelized flow

Must realize that in residential development Must realize that in residential development much additional runoff occurs: typical lot +1/2 much additional runoff occurs: typical lot +1/2 ROW = 0.4 Ac.ROW = 0.4 Ac. House roof – 1600 sq ftHouse roof – 1600 sq ft Driveway – 600 sq ftDriveway – 600 sq ft Patio – 400 sq ftPatio – 400 sq ft Roadway – Roadway – 1500 sq ft1500 sq ft

4100 sq ft = 0.094 Ac or approx ¼ area 4100 sq ft = 0.094 Ac or approx ¼ area

SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENTATION AND ERROSION CONTROLERROSION CONTROL

1.1. Select sites with drainage patterns, topo and Select sites with drainage patterns, topo and soils suitable for development soils suitable for development

2.2. Incorporate:Incorporate:1.1. Expose smallest area for least amount of timeExpose smallest area for least amount of time2.2. Retain topsoil to recover graded areas and protect Retain topsoil to recover graded areas and protect

natural vegetationnatural vegetation3.3. Seclude plantings, seeding, mulching and stone Seclude plantings, seeding, mulching and stone

surfacing as neededsurfacing as needed4.4. Use sediment basins and silt trapsUse sediment basins and silt traps5.5. Install permanent vegetation and long term erosion Install permanent vegetation and long term erosion

protectionprotectionIf lake or pond is included – a dead storage area for If lake or pond is included – a dead storage area for

sedimentation should be included upstream of the sedimentation should be included upstream of the lake.lake.

SANITARY SEWERSANITARY SEWER

See pages 498 – 554 in the textSee pages 498 – 554 in the text Traditional collection systems (gravity Traditional collection systems (gravity

flow) normalflow) normal U.S. EPA Program: Small Community U.S. EPA Program: Small Community

Outreach and Education (SCORE) – U.S. Outreach and Education (SCORE) – U.S. EPA Bulletin (1992)EPA Bulletin (1992)

SANITARY SEWERSANITARY SEWER

1 gal = 7.48 cu. ft.1 gal = 7.48 cu. ft. Residence:Residence:

Typical per capita flow is 60-120 gal/day (per person)Typical per capita flow is 60-120 gal/day (per person) Design should include max flows 6-10am and 6-Design should include max flows 6-10am and 6-

10pm with low being 2am-6am10pm with low being 2am-6am Max Daily Flow = 2x Average Daily FlowMax Daily Flow = 2x Average Daily Flow Max Hourly Flow = 3x Average Daily FlowMax Hourly Flow = 3x Average Daily Flow

Apartments:Apartments: 3 bedroom/4 person = 100 gal/day/person3 bedroom/4 person = 100 gal/day/person

Restaurant: 100 gal/day/seatRestaurant: 100 gal/day/seat Hotel: 100 gal/day/bedroomHotel: 100 gal/day/bedroom Service Station: 10 gal/day/car servedService Station: 10 gal/day/car served

INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMSINDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS

Should make sure they do not:Should make sure they do not:1.1. Contaminate drinking water supplyContaminate drinking water supply

2.2. Allow insects, rodents or other disease carriers to Allow insects, rodents or other disease carriers to multiplymultiply

3.3. Be accessible to childrenBe accessible to children

4.4. Pollute or contaminate surface watersPollute or contaminate surface waters

5.5. Create foul odor and appearanceCreate foul odor and appearance

INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMSINDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS

Traditional: Septic & Absorption FieldTraditional: Septic & Absorption Field Conventional Gravel Absorption Field: trench Conventional Gravel Absorption Field: trench

12-36” wide with 14” course aggregate and 12-36” wide with 14” course aggregate and perforated 4” pipe covered with geotextileperforated 4” pipe covered with geotextile Percolation test: timing settlement of water over timePercolation test: timing settlement of water over time Length of absorption field directly related to soils Length of absorption field directly related to soils

absorption ability (perk test)absorption ability (perk test) Sand filters – evaporation and absorption bedSand filters – evaporation and absorption bed

small holding tank – field encased in sandsmall holding tank – field encased in sand New method is to have it expanded over a large area and New method is to have it expanded over a large area and

have plantings over it.have plantings over it.

PUMP STATIONSPUMP STATIONS

Used to transport material under pressure, can Used to transport material under pressure, can not be tappednot be tapped

Collection System:Collection System: Min pipe size = 8”Min pipe size = 8” Place sewer either along ROW or at back linesPlace sewer either along ROW or at back lines Separate from waterlines by 10’ horiz. and vert.Separate from waterlines by 10’ horiz. and vert. Manhole placed at all bends, intersections, changes Manhole placed at all bends, intersections, changes

in slope with no section longer than 400’in slope with no section longer than 400’ Manhole: precast; dropManhole: precast; drop Pump station with force mainPump station with force main Lift stationLift station

POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS

Pg 557-610 TEXT Often last system to be designed Must look at water source (FIRST) Must look at Average and Maximum Daily Demand

and Max. Hourly DemandNormal daily use per capita = 50-150 gallons

Waterlines must maintain a min of 20 lb psi Water storage tank – if large development may be

beneficialFire storage reserve: 1000 gal/min x 2hr = 120,000 galOne day reserve: 150 gal/person/day x 1000 people =

150,000 galThese determine min tank size(23.5’dia x24’tall=75000 gal)

WATERLINE

2 types: Loop System and Branch System Each has gate valves at each intersection of mains and

between main and fire hydrants 4 way valves at all crosses Other valves usually placed between 500’-1000’ intervals

Depth: based on frost penetration. 3.5’ in extreme Southern Illinois, 4’ in Carbondale, 4.5’-5’ in Champaign, and 5.5’-6’ in Chicago

Parts: piping (usually PVC) may require ductile – iron Thrust block: block forms placed to transfer angular force to soil

and needed to keep joints together.

WATERLINE

Valves:Shut off: gate or butterfly type placed in system for repair or

emergency purposesCheck valve: control direction of water flowPressure Reducing Valve: reduce inlet pressure to a controlled outlet

pressureAltitude Control Valve: control flow in and out of tank

Often direct linked to pump stations

Air Release Valve: used to release trapped air at high points in linesBack Flow Preventers: antisiphon valves used to protect safe water

from contaminated systems

Laterals: service lines, normal size is ¾” to 1”

BASIC LEGAL REQUIREMENTS: BASIC LEGAL REQUIREMENTS: STATE OF ILLINOISSTATE OF ILLINOIS

A subdivision is required whenever land owner A subdivision is required whenever land owner divides land into 2 or more tracts with any of divides land into 2 or more tracts with any of them being less than 5 acres or new rights of them being less than 5 acres or new rights of accessaccess

EXCEPT: no subdivision required if:EXCEPT: no subdivision required if:1.1. The division into parcels 5 acres or more which The division into parcels 5 acres or more which

does not involve any new streets or easements of does not involve any new streets or easements of access.access.

2.2. The division of lots or blocks of less than 1 acre in The division of lots or blocks of less than 1 acre in any recorded subdivision which does not involve any recorded subdivision which does not involve any new streets or easements of access.any new streets or easements of access.

3.3. The sale or exchange of parcels of land between The sale or exchange of parcels of land between owners of adjoining and contiguous land.owners of adjoining and contiguous land.


4.4. Conveyance pf parcels for use as a right of way for Conveyance pf parcels for use as a right of way for railroads or other public utility facilities or pipelines railroads or other public utility facilities or pipelines which does not involve any new street or easement which does not involve any new street or easement of accessof access

5.5. Conveyance of land owned by railroad or other Conveyance of land owned by railroad or other public utility which does not involve any new public utility which does not involve any new streets or easements of access.streets or easements of access.

6.6. Conveyance for highway or other public purposes Conveyance for highway or other public purposes or grants relating to the dedication of land for or grants relating to the dedication of land for public use.public use.

7.7. Conveyances made to correct descriptionsConveyances made to correct descriptions


8.8. Sale or exchange of parcels into no more than 2 Sale or exchange of parcels into no more than 2 parts of a parcel that existed on July 17, 1959 and parts of a parcel that existed on July 17, 1959 and not involving any new streets or easements of not involving any new streets or easements of access.access.

9.9. The sale of a single lot of less than 5 acres form a The sale of a single lot of less than 5 acres form a larger tract when survey is made by an IL larger tract when survey is made by an IL Registered Land Surveyor. No more lots may be Registered Land Surveyor. No more lots may be sold off based on tract dimensions and sold off based on tract dimensions and configuration of the larger tract on Oct. 1,1973. As configuration of the larger tract on Oct. 1,1973. As long as it does not invalidate any local long as it does not invalidate any local requirements.requirements.

The developer must have the tract surveyed The developer must have the tract surveyed and a plat of subdivision prepared by a RLSand a plat of subdivision prepared by a RLS

The Plat MUST Show: The Plat MUST Show:

1.1. All public streets, alleys, easementsAll public streets, alleys, easements2.2. All parcels, tracts, blocks, and lotsAll parcels, tracts, blocks, and lots

1.1. Must have a progressive numbering systemMust have a progressive numbering system2.2. Give exact dimensionsGive exact dimensions

3.3. All angular linear data along exterior boundaryAll angular linear data along exterior boundary4.4. Names of all public streets, alleys, etc.Names of all public streets, alleys, etc.5.5. Reference must be made to permanent Reference must be made to permanent

monuments from which future surveys can be monuments from which future surveys can be made.made.

Surveyor MUST establish, in Surveyor MUST establish, in such a way as not to be such a way as not to be

disturbed, good and sufficient disturbed, good and sufficient monumentsmonuments

1.1. Monuments must be set at all corners at each Monuments must be set at all corners at each end of curves, and at all angle pointsend of curves, and at all angle points

2.2. 2 monuments must be 2 monuments must be permanentpermanent (stone or (stone or reinforced concrete) and set at the extremities reinforced concrete) and set at the extremities of the subdivisionof the subdivision

A Topographic Map MUST be A Topographic Map MUST be made of the areamade of the area

1.1. Must show existing and proposed conditionsMust show existing and proposed conditions

2.2. Must be the same scale and size as Must be the same scale and size as subdivision plat so it can be used as an subdivision plat so it can be used as an overlayoverlay

FILING OF PLATSFILING OF PLATS

Plat of Subdivision and topo map must be filed Plat of Subdivision and topo map must be filed at County Recorder’s Office prior to sale of at County Recorder’s Office prior to sale of any lots!!!any lots!!!

Plat must contain the following certifications:Plat must contain the following certifications:

1.1. CERTIFICATE OF SURVEYORCERTIFICATE OF SURVEYORa.a. Legal description with name of subdivisionLegal description with name of subdivisionb.b. Certification as to location within or without Certification as to location within or without

corporate limitscorporate limits


2.2. CERTIFICATE OF OWNERCERTIFICATE OF OWNERa.a. Swear as to ownershipSwear as to ownership

b.b. FEMAFEMA

c.c. Certify that construction will not change drainage of Certify that construction will not change drainage of surface waters in such a way as to damage adjoining surface waters in such a way as to damage adjoining property and that surface water will be deposited into property and that surface water will be deposited into a water course which the owners have a right to use.a water course which the owners have a right to use.

d.d. Dedicate street right of way and easements to public Dedicate street right of way and easements to public useuse

e.e. Waive and release all rights given by virtue of the Waive and release all rights given by virtue of the Homestead Exemption Laws of the state.Homestead Exemption Laws of the state.

f.f. School district in which locatedSchool district in which located


3.3. NOTARY PUBLIC CERTIFICATENOTARY PUBLIC CERTIFICATEa.a. Certifies that owners signed plat before notary and Certifies that owners signed plat before notary and

of their own free will.of their own free will.4.4. CERTIFICATE OF COUNTY CLERKCERTIFICATE OF COUNTY CLERK

a.a. Certifies that tax records have been checked and Certifies that tax records have been checked and property is free of taxesproperty is free of taxes

5.5. CERTIFICATE OF GOVERNMENTAL BODIESCERTIFICATE OF GOVERNMENTAL BODIESa.a. Certifies that subdivision has been approved Certifies that subdivision has been approved b.b. May be more than one (county and city)May be more than one (county and city)

6.6. CERTIFICATE OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERCERTIFICATE OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERa.a. Certifies that drainage will not cause damage to Certifies that drainage will not cause damage to

adjoining propertiesadjoining propertiesb.b. Muse also certify Topo Map (drainage)Muse also certify Topo Map (drainage)

SUBDIVISION ORDINANCESUBDIVISION ORDINANCE

May be county or municipalMay be county or municipal All make state law a part of ordinanceAll make state law a part of ordinance Purpose is to regulate development and make Purpose is to regulate development and make

sure compliance with engineering design sure compliance with engineering design practicespractices

Definitions: all aspects and terms definedDefinitions: all aspects and terms defined Exceptions: any that exist above state lawExceptions: any that exist above state law

SUBDIVISION ORDINANCESUBDIVISION ORDINANCE GENERAL PROCESS:GENERAL PROCESS:1.1. Tentative or Preliminary PlatTentative or Preliminary Plat

1.1. Must provide a number of prints for reviewMust provide a number of prints for review Examined by the Co. Engineer and othersExamined by the Co. Engineer and others

• They note required changes or approvalThey note required changes or approval

2.2. Minimum Scale (1”=100’) & max sheet size given Minimum Scale (1”=100’) & max sheet size given (24x36)(24x36)

3.3. Must include: (typical)Must include: (typical)a.a. Section lines, ¼ sec. lines, adjacent subdivision lines, adjacent Section lines, ¼ sec. lines, adjacent subdivision lines, adjacent

streets and alleys, watercourses and other pertinent featuresstreets and alleys, watercourses and other pertinent featuresb.b. Existing utilities, drainage systems on and adjacentExisting utilities, drainage systems on and adjacentc.c. Names of adjoining subdivisions and other areas must indicate Names of adjoining subdivisions and other areas must indicate

present usagepresent usaged.d. Proposed streets and roads with width, names, alleys, lots, Proposed streets and roads with width, names, alleys, lots,

easements, building setbackseasements, building setbackse.e. Name of subdivision, subdivider, and surveyorName of subdivision, subdivider, and surveyor


2.2. FINAL PLAT – generally a time period exists FINAL PLAT – generally a time period exists between tentative approval and length final between tentative approval and length final must be approved in.must be approved in.

Requirements:Requirements:a.a. Material, size, lettering sizeMaterial, size, lettering sizeb.b. Date of preparation, north sign, rectangular Date of preparation, north sign, rectangular

system, material and scalesystem, material and scale• TitleTitle

c.c. Correct survey of boundary with descriptionCorrect survey of boundary with description• Location, width, names of all roads, streets, alleys and Location, width, names of all roads, streets, alleys and

other land dedicated to publicother land dedicated to public• Lines, dimensions, and names of adjoining or abutting Lines, dimensions, and names of adjoining or abutting

roads streets or alleysroads streets or alleys


d.d. Lot lines shown and lots and blocks numberedLot lines shown and lots and blocks numbered• Building lines and easements shown and dimensionedBuilding lines and easements shown and dimensioned

e.e. Description and location of permanent survey Description and location of permanent survey markersmarkers

• All lot corners, points of curvature, ROW intersections; All lot corners, points of curvature, ROW intersections; changes in ROW and offset points must be monumentedchanges in ROW and offset points must be monumented• Type of monument required (30” x ½”)Type of monument required (30” x ½”)• How monument setHow monument set• Repeat state requirement for permanent (reinforced concrete Repeat state requirement for permanent (reinforced concrete

or stone – 2 at extremities)or stone – 2 at extremities)

f.f. Minimum and/or maximum lot sizes and frontagesMinimum and/or maximum lot sizes and frontages


Design Requirements:Design Requirements:

1.1. Layout shall preserve natural features of site.Layout shall preserve natural features of site.

2.2. Provide proper traffic circulation – prefer long Provide proper traffic circulation – prefer long blocksblocks

1.1. Streets intersect at 90Streets intersect at 90° preferred not less than 65°° preferred not less than 65°

2.2. Dead end streets no longer than 1320’ and have cul-Dead end streets no longer than 1320’ and have cul-de-sac with min radiusde-sac with min radius

3.3. Layout to fit contoursLayout to fit contours

4.4. Streets nor on boundary and no “spite strips”Streets nor on boundary and no “spite strips”

5.5. Streets along State or County Highways shall Streets along State or County Highways shall provide access at intervals not less that ¼ mileprovide access at intervals not less that ¼ mile

SUBDIVISION ORDIANCESUBDIVISION ORDIANCE

6.6. Private roads discouragedPrivate roads discouraged

7.7. Minimum 50’ ROW and road way widths (20’-24’)Minimum 50’ ROW and road way widths (20’-24’)

8.8. Street material and thickness - 8” stone + 3” bit. Street material and thickness - 8” stone + 3” bit. conc. - specs must conform to IDOT and max. conc. - specs must conform to IDOT and max. grades (8%)grades (8%)

9.9. Easements: min. width and locationEasements: min. width and location

10.10. Building setbacks: width and locationBuilding setbacks: width and location

11.11. Drainage requirements (storm, open, or mix)Drainage requirements (storm, open, or mix)

12.12. Signage requirementsSignage requirements

13.13. Water and sanitary sewer facilities described and Water and sanitary sewer facilities described and reqreq


Engineering Requirements:Engineering Requirements:1.1. Profile of streets (existing and proposed)Profile of streets (existing and proposed)2.2. Typical cross section of roadway with surfacingTypical cross section of roadway with surfacing3.3. Drainage structures (surface and Drainage structures (surface and

underground): location, size, type, and gradeunderground): location, size, type, and grade4.4. Locate water courses and bodies of water Locate water courses and bodies of water

(high and low elev.)(high and low elev.)5.5. Sanitary sewer: plan and profile and location Sanitary sewer: plan and profile and location

or source of treatmentor source of treatment6.6. Water system locationWater system location

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSSPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

1.1. Wetlands Determination StudyWetlands Determination Study Based on Section 404 of Clean Water Act and Based on Section 404 of Clean Water Act and

Section of Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899Section of Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 Jurisdiction of Corps of Engineers and EPAJurisdiction of Corps of Engineers and EPA Defined: area containing hydric soil, periodic flood water, Defined: area containing hydric soil, periodic flood water,

or hydrophile plants (hydrophytic plants are plant life or hydrophile plants (hydrophytic plants are plant life growing in water, soil, or on substrate which is periodically growing in water, soil, or on substrate which is periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water content.)deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water content.)

Areas where wetlands occur must have on-site Areas where wetlands occur must have on-site inventory of dominant plant genus and species.inventory of dominant plant genus and species.

50% of dominant plant types50% of dominant plant types


Hydraulic soil – soil that is saturated, flooded, or Hydraulic soil – soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during growing season to ponded long enough during growing season to develop anaerobic conditions (lack of oxygen) in the develop anaerobic conditions (lack of oxygen) in the upper parts.upper parts.


2.2. Off site wetlands inventoryOff site wetlands inventory1.1. Locate development on USGS 7.5min and relate to Locate development on USGS 7.5min and relate to

wetland features that denote possible wetlandswetland features that denote possible wetlands2.2. Study National Wetlands Inventory map to Study National Wetlands Inventory map to

determine potential wetland areas on site.determine potential wetland areas on site.3.3. Study soil survey map (SCS) to determine if hydric Study soil survey map (SCS) to determine if hydric

soil exist.soil exist.4.4. Study aerial photos – potential wetlandsStudy aerial photos – potential wetlands5.5. Review any available wetland studies in areaReview any available wetland studies in area6.6. Make determination based on 1-5 conduct on site Make determination based on 1-5 conduct on site

inspections to make finalinspections to make final decisiondecision

WETLANDSWETLANDS

Often surveyors are 1Often surveyors are 1stst to visit property and to visit property and potential wetland info. Should be included in potential wetland info. Should be included in topo.topo.

No uniform definitionNo uniform definition Differ between regulatory bodiesDiffer between regulatory bodies 1987 Corp of Engineers “Wetlands Delineation 1987 Corp of Engineers “Wetlands Delineation

Manual”Manual” 1989 – “Federal Interagency Manual for Identifying 1989 – “Federal Interagency Manual for Identifying

and Delineating Wetlands”and Delineating Wetlands” Most wetlands in areas of low relief, Most wetlands in areas of low relief,

topographic depressions.topographic depressions. Can also be found in all other areas with Can also be found in all other areas with

groundwater dischargegroundwater discharge

WETLANDSWETLANDS

Formal delineation takes extensive training, but Formal delineation takes extensive training, but wetlands are generally defined by:wetlands are generally defined by: Hydraulic soilsHydraulic soils Hydrophytic vegetation Hydrophytic vegetation Wetland hydrologyWetland hydrology

Wetland Hydrology: presence of waterWetland Hydrology: presence of water Soils saturated at or near surface or inundated for Soils saturated at or near surface or inundated for

sufficient length of time to allow microorganisms to sufficient length of time to allow microorganisms to deplete available oxygen in the soilsdeplete available oxygen in the soils

Water does not have to be on surfaceWater does not have to be on surface

WETLANDSWETLANDS

Indicators:Indicators:1.1. Evidence of floodingEvidence of flooding2.2. Water marks or stains on treesWater marks or stains on trees3.3. Obvious standing water or soil saturationObvious standing water or soil saturation4.4. Blackened or discolored fallen leavesBlackened or discolored fallen leaves

Wetland (Hydrophytic) vegetationWetland (Hydrophytic) vegetation Plants that have adapted to growing in wet Plants that have adapted to growing in wet

conditionsconditions Field guides to wetland plantsField guides to wetland plants Indicators:Indicators:

1.1. Shallow root systemsShallow root systems2.2. Wind thrown and fallen leavesWind thrown and fallen leaves3.3. Buttressed tree trunksButtressed tree trunks4.4. Inflated or floating stems or leavesInflated or floating stems or leaves5.5. Trees with multiple trunks from same baseTrees with multiple trunks from same base

WETLANDSWETLANDS

Wetland (Hydric) soilWetland (Hydric) soil Biological and chemical process occurs that Biological and chemical process occurs that

alters color of soilalters color of soil Normally wet soils are grey or black with Normally wet soils are grey or black with

prominent orange or red iron stainsprominent orange or red iron stains Soil colors – Munsell Soil Color ChartsSoil colors – Munsell Soil Color Charts

Field indicators:Field indicators:1.1. Grey or black colorsGrey or black colors

2.2. Sulfidic odorsSulfidic odors

3.3. Peat or muck accumulationsPeat or muck accumulations


3.3. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT1.1. Based on Comprehensive Environmental Response, Based on Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 makes Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 makes property owners liable for cleanupproperty owners liable for cleanup

2.2. Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986 limits liability if proper investigations were 1986 limits liability if proper investigations were performed as to existence of substances prior to performed as to existence of substances prior to purchasepurchase

3.3. Any indication of potential hazards means owner is Any indication of potential hazards means owner is liableliable

4 BASIC LAWS OF ECOLOGY4 BASIC LAWS OF ECOLOGY

1.1. Everything is connected with everything elseEverything is connected with everything else

2.2. Everything must go somewhereEverything must go somewhere

3.3. Nature knows bestNature knows best

4.4. There is no such thing as a free lunchThere is no such thing as a free lunch

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND IMPACT STATEMENTAND IMPACT STATEMENT

NECESSARY TO:NECESSARY TO:1.1. Predict any change in each environmental Predict any change in each environmental

constituentconstituent

2.2. Identify the scope of any change on each Identify the scope of any change on each environmental descriptorenvironmental descriptor

3.3. Determine the implications or significance of the Determine the implications or significance of the anticipated change on each elementanticipated change on each element

5 COMPONENTS FOR 5 COMPONENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

1.1. Environmental impact of the proposed actionEnvironmental impact of the proposed action2.2. Identify any adverse environmental effects Identify any adverse environmental effects

which cannot be avoidedwhich cannot be avoided3.3. Range of feasible alternatives to achieve the Range of feasible alternatives to achieve the

initial problem objective or alternatives to the initial problem objective or alternatives to the proposed actionproposed action

4.4. Agency required to identify “the relationship Agency required to identify “the relationship productivity”productivity”

5.5. Requires agency to discuss the objections or Requires agency to discuss the objections or issues raised by reviewersissues raised by reviewers

INTENT OF IMPACT INTENT OF IMPACT STATEMENTSSTATEMENTS

1.1. To provide a data base, documentation, and To provide a data base, documentation, and forecasts from which future decisions could be forecasts from which future decisions could be made.made.

To identify the extent of both recognized and To identify the extent of both recognized and potential losses, the implications of the losses, and potential losses, the implications of the losses, and prepare information in such a way so it can e prepare information in such a way so it can e understood by government and publicunderstood by government and public

Many times developers would prepare their EIS into Many times developers would prepare their EIS into volumes with as much technical data as possible to volumes with as much technical data as possible to try to get approvaltry to get approval

2.2. EIS was to be a mechanism for integrated EIS was to be a mechanism for integrated planningplanning

Often is used as a reason to justify decisions by Often is used as a reason to justify decisions by governmental bodiesgovernmental bodies

Tie projects up for so long as to make them impracticalTie projects up for so long as to make them impractical

2 WAYS ECOLOCY CAN BE 2 WAYS ECOLOCY CAN BE USED AS A BASIS FOR USED AS A BASIS FOR

PLANTING DESIGNPLANTING DESIGN

1.1. Essentially to guess what will work.Essentially to guess what will work.

2.2. Plants are selected based on soil/climate, Plants are selected based on soil/climate, appearance and other relevant environmental appearance and other relevant environmental determinantsdeterminants

3 DIVISIONS OF PLANT TYPES3 DIVISIONS OF PLANT TYPES

1.1. CANOPY – those trees that define or CANOPY – those trees that define or limit overhead planelimit overhead plane

2.2. UNDERSTORY – combination of UNDERSTORY – combination of small trees, large shrubs, and small trees, large shrubs, and climbing vines under canopy treesclimbing vines under canopy trees

3.3. GROUND COVER – grasses, ground GROUND COVER – grasses, ground vines, and wildflowersvines, and wildflowers

VEG. SHOULD BE EVALUATED VEG. SHOULD BE EVALUATED BASED ON:BASED ON:

1.1. Aesthetic valueAesthetic value2.2. Disease resistanceDisease resistance3.3. Life span of treesLife span of trees4.4. Wind firmness Wind firmness 5.5. Wildlife valueWildlife value6.6. Comfort indexComfort index7.7. Ability to withstand higher radiated heat Ability to withstand higher radiated heat

from paved surfaces and buildingsfrom paved surfaces and buildings8.8. Future growth with respect to utilitiesFuture growth with respect to utilities

UTILIZING TREES IN WOODED UTILIZING TREES IN WOODED AREAAREA

1.1. These trees have shallow roots: may be These trees have shallow roots: may be best to conserve in clumpsbest to conserve in clumps

2.2. Many mature trees will not survive a Many mature trees will not survive a violent change of habitat.violent change of habitat.

3.3. Changes in ground water (amounts and Changes in ground water (amounts and quality) can cause problemsquality) can cause problems

4.4. Area around trees should not be filled Area around trees should not be filled (disturbs access of air, water, and (disturbs access of air, water, and minerals)minerals)

ROLES OF PLANTS IN ROLES OF PLANTS IN DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

1.1. Wind controlWind control1.1. ObstructionObstruction

2.2. FiltrationFiltration

3.3. DeflectionDeflection

2.2. Erosion controlErosion control

3.3. Energy conservationEnergy conservation

4.4. Wildlife habitatWildlife habitat

PLANTING CAN BE USED:PLANTING CAN BE USED:

1.1. In combination with buildings to In combination with buildings to extend architectural lines or as a extend architectural lines or as a screen to enhance architecturescreen to enhance architecture

2.2. As skylineAs skyline3.3. To define sheltered areas or act as To define sheltered areas or act as

buffer between activity areasbuffer between activity areas4.4. Enhance, blocks, frames, a view for Enhance, blocks, frames, a view for

building sitebuilding site5.5. As educational sourceAs educational source

PRINCIPLES TO CONSIDER PRINCIPLES TO CONSIDER WHEN DEVELOPING PLANTING WHEN DEVELOPING PLANTING

PLAN:PLAN:

1.1. Plan should reflect a predominance of one type of Plan should reflect a predominance of one type of plant or a similar texture, color, or form within a plant or a similar texture, color, or form within a groupinggrouping

2.2. Exercise restraint relative to the number of Exercise restraint relative to the number of different plants used in plandifferent plants used in plan

3.3. Select plants with common soil, climate, and water Select plants with common soil, climate, and water requirementsrequirements

4.4. Maintenance of hedges is time consuming, consider Maintenance of hedges is time consuming, consider growth habit and mature sizegrowth habit and mature size

5.5. Develop plants so they do not rely on the quality of Develop plants so they do not rely on the quality of any particular tree or plantany particular tree or plant

PLANT SELECTION BASED ON PLANT SELECTION BASED ON AT LEAST AT LEAST ONE OF THESE ONE OF THESE

CRITERIA:CRITERIA:

1.1. Plants ability to live and flourish in the Plants ability to live and flourish in the specific environmentspecific environment

2.2. Knowledge as to existing trees on site and Knowledge as to existing trees on site and their healthy growth on adjacent sitestheir healthy growth on adjacent sites

3.3. Plants that require low maintenance Plants that require low maintenance and/or low water amountsand/or low water amounts

4.4. Plants for a specific purpose (shade, Plants for a specific purpose (shade, contrast, color, and size)contrast, color, and size)

CLIMATE AND SITECLIMATE AND SITE

THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE:THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE:

1.1. Develop exterior spaces that utilize Develop exterior spaces that utilize local climate norms and extremes local climate norms and extremes to expand availability of thermanlly to expand availability of thermanlly comfortable outdoor areascomfortable outdoor areas

2.2. Reduce thermal loads on buildingsReduce thermal loads on buildings


FOUR BASIC CLIMATIC ELEMENTSFOUR BASIC CLIMATIC ELEMENTS1.1. Solar radiationSolar radiation – reaches us in the form – reaches us in the form

of direct, diffuse, and reflected radiationof direct, diffuse, and reflected radiation 4 methods of control and modification4 methods of control and modification

1.1. AdmissionAdmission2.2. ObstructionObstruction3.3. FiltrationFiltration4.4. ReflectionReflection

Vegetation: trees can absorb 60-90% of solar Vegetation: trees can absorb 60-90% of solar radiationradiation


2.2. Air temperatureAir temperature – only minimum – only minimum changes can be caused – relative changes can be caused – relative measure of thermal energy in the airmeasure of thermal energy in the air

Control and modification: by controlling Control and modification: by controlling solar radiation and air movementsolar radiation and air movement

Vegetation: air temperature is lowered Vegetation: air temperature is lowered due to evaporation process, but humidity due to evaporation process, but humidity levels increase. (this is often a small levels increase. (this is often a small difference)difference)


3.3. Relative humidity Relative humidity only minimum changes can be only minimum changes can be

caused caused provide shade that does not limit provide shade that does not limit

air movementair movement Humidity can be increased byHumidity can be increased by

including water in areasincluding water in areas


4.4. Air movement Air movement – to utilize the – to utilize the beneficial effects must be aware of how beneficial effects must be aware of how site characteristics affect air motionsite characteristics affect air motion

Vegetation: when used to protect from cold Vegetation: when used to protect from cold winter winds it is a winter winds it is a windbreakwindbreak

Airflow is affected by shape and density of Airflow is affected by shape and density of windbreakwindbreak

Airflow is affected 5-10 times windbreak Airflow is affected 5-10 times windbreak height on windward and up to 30 times height on windward and up to 30 times height on leeward sideheight on leeward side


OUTDOOR WILDLIFE RELATED OUTDOOR WILDLIFE RELATED ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES

2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife Associated Recreationand Wildlife Associated Recreation

1.1. NationallyNationally $108 billion spent on wildlife related $108 billion spent on wildlife related

activitiesactivities

2.2. IllinoisIllinois $1.35 billion spent$1.35 billion spent

DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF OUTDOOR APPLICATION OF OUTDOOR

RECREATIONRECREATION

Recreation is often a delivery of Recreation is often a delivery of opportunities for individuals and society opportunities for individuals and society most often provided by governmentmost often provided by government

Benefits include:Benefits include:1.1. Economic developmentEconomic development2.2. Protection or preservation of the resourceProtection or preservation of the resource3.3. Education and learningEducation and learning4.4. Maintenance or improvement of physical Maintenance or improvement of physical

healthhealth

PROCESS FOR PLANNINGPROCESS FOR PLANNING

1.1. Determine which benefits are demanded from Determine which benefits are demanded from which areaswhich areas

2.2. Determine the extent to which the resource Determine the extent to which the resource base can be used to deliver benefitsbase can be used to deliver benefits

3.3. Must take into account: budgets, technology, Must take into account: budgets, technology, resource capability, current uses of resources, resource capability, current uses of resources, and non-recreational resource demands on and non-recreational resource demands on areaarea

4.4. Determine which management actions are to Determine which management actions are to be usedbe used

FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIESFOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES

1.1. Monitoring the actions taken to Monitoring the actions taken to determine if appropriate benefits are determine if appropriate benefits are being developedbeing developed

2.2. Monitor societies demands to see if Monitor societies demands to see if original demands still existoriginal demands still exist

Wildlife recreation planning manuals and Wildlife recreation planning manuals and handbooks are being developed by handbooks are being developed by Bureau of Land Management and Forest Bureau of Land Management and Forest ServiceService

WHEN DEVELOPING A WHEN DEVELOPING A RECREATIONAL PLAN ONE RECREATIONAL PLAN ONE

SHOULD:SHOULD:

1.1. Estimate demand for possible recreational Estimate demand for possible recreational activitiesactivities

2.2. Conduct capability analysis of land and water in Conduct capability analysis of land and water in plan area to determine potential of existing plan area to determine potential of existing resourcesresources

3.3. Determine what recreational opportunities Determine what recreational opportunities already exist on sitealready exist on site

4.4. Conduct suitability analysis to determine where Conduct suitability analysis to determine where and how recreational activities should be and how recreational activities should be providedprovided

WHEN DEVELOPING A WHEN DEVELOPING A RECREATIONAL PLAN ONE RECREATIONAL PLAN ONE

SHOULD:SHOULD:

5.5. Incorporate recreational activities with Incorporate recreational activities with other resource usesother resource uses

6.6. Develop alternative use plansDevelop alternative use plans

7.7. Choose plan that reflects the most Choose plan that reflects the most desirable use of resourcesdesirable use of resources

8.8. Develop activity and project plans Develop activity and project plans consistent with resource use chosen.consistent with resource use chosen.

PROJECTED DEMAND INCREASE PROJECTED DEMAND INCREASE 1980-MID 2000’S1980-MID 2000’S

1.1. Developed campingDeveloped camping2.2. Primitive campingPrimitive camping3.3. BackpackingBackpacking4.4. HuntingHunting5.5. PicnickingPicnicking6.6. Nature walksNature walks7.7. Off road vehicle useOff road vehicle use8.8. SightseeingSightseeing9.9. FishingFishing

TYPE OF USE DIVDED INTO 6 TYPE OF USE DIVDED INTO 6 RECREATION ACTIVITY RECREATION ACTIVITY

CLASSESCLASSES

1.1. PrimitivePrimitive

2.2. Semi-primitive non motorizedSemi-primitive non motorized

3.3. Semi-primitive motorizedSemi-primitive motorized

4.4. Roaded-naturalRoaded-natural

5.5. Semi-urbanSemi-urban

6.6. urbanurban

CAPABILITY ANALYSISCAPABILITY ANALYSIS

Permits identification of inherent Permits identification of inherent Recreational Opportunity potential of Recreational Opportunity potential of the resources and of inherent the resources and of inherent attractiveness of resource for attractiveness of resource for recreationrecreation

CRITERIA TO IDENTIFY CRITERIA TO IDENTIFY POTENTIALPOTENTIAL

1.1. Remoteness from sights and sounds Remoteness from sights and sounds of man and access by roadof man and access by road

2.2. Size of areaSize of area

3.3. Amount of irreversible evidence of Amount of irreversible evidence of manman

4.4. Amount of apparent renewable Amount of apparent renewable resource modificationresource modification

SIZE OF AREA REQUIREMENTSSIZE OF AREA REQUIREMENTS

Primitive Primitive ≥ 5,000 acres≥ 5,000 acres

Semi-primitive ≥ 2,500 acresSemi-primitive ≥ 2,500 acres

Roaded Natural, Semi-urban, Urban Roaded Natural, Semi-urban, Urban ≥ 1 acre≥ 1 acre

INVESTIGATE THE PRESENT INVESTIGATE THE PRESENT OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

LOOK FOR:LOOK FOR:

1.1. Evidence of useEvidence of use

2.2. Frequency of encounters of usesFrequency of encounters of uses

3.3. User density per acreUser density per acre

4.4. Facility and site managementFacility and site management

5.5. User regulationUser regulation

SUITABLIITY ANALYSIS AND SUITABLIITY ANALYSIS AND CHOOSING AN ALLOCATIONCHOOSING AN ALLOCATION

Use the previous and look at:Use the previous and look at:

1.1. Budget, technology, legislative and Budget, technology, legislative and administrative policy, resource capability, and administrative policy, resource capability, and the use of resources to produce non-recreational the use of resources to produce non-recreational outputsoutputs

2.2. Guidelines for selection capacities within the Guidelines for selection capacities within the acceptable rangeacceptable range

1.1. Low capabilities where landscape is open (little Low capabilities where landscape is open (little vegetative cover and flat topography)vegetative cover and flat topography)

2.2. High capabilities are selected where there are more High capabilities are selected where there are more potentialpotential

RECREATION ATTRACTORS:RECREATION ATTRACTORS:

1.1. Power boating and waterskiingPower boating and waterskiing2.2. SailingSailing3.3. Ocean/lake/river swimmingOcean/lake/river swimming4.4. Surfboarding or scuba divingSurfboarding or scuba diving5.5. FishingFishing6.6. Tent campingTent camping7.7. R.V. campingR.V. camping8.8. GolfingGolfing9.9. Horseback ridingHorseback riding

ECONOMICS OF RECREATION ECONOMICS OF RECREATION AND PLANNINGAND PLANNING

Massachusetts Bay Colony passed the Great Massachusetts Bay Colony passed the Great Pond Act in 1641Pond Act in 1641 Required that everybody of water 10 acres or more Required that everybody of water 10 acres or more

be kept open to public for fishing and huntingbe kept open to public for fishing and hunting Central Park in New York established in 1850’sCentral Park in New York established in 1850’s Late 1800’s saw creation of: Yosemite Valley, Late 1800’s saw creation of: Yosemite Valley,

Yellowstone, Mackinac Island, Niagara FallsYellowstone, Mackinac Island, Niagara Falls Much of this through efforts of Teddy RooseveltMuch of this through efforts of Teddy Roosevelt Recreational planning still deals with 2 basic Recreational planning still deals with 2 basic

elements: man and landelements: man and land

TODAY PLANNERS HAVE 3 TODAY PLANNERS HAVE 3 IMPORTANT TOOLS:IMPORTANT TOOLS:

1.1. Greater public awareness and Greater public awareness and support – no longer ignoredsupport – no longer ignored

2.2. Adequate legislationAdequate legislation

3.3. Ready availability of public monies - Ready availability of public monies - ??

SITE DEVELOPMENT CRITERIASITE DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA

PROCESS:PROCESS:

1.1. Identify and categorize the capability of Identify and categorize the capability of recreational userecreational use

2.2. Identification of recreational uses Identification of recreational uses possiblepossible

3.3. Recreational activities/facilities are Recreational activities/facilities are chosen based upon:chosen based upon:

1.1. Appropriateness to siteAppropriateness to site

2.2. Current demandCurrent demand

SITE DEVELOPMENT CRITERIASITE DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA

4.4. Sutegrate capability/suitability with Sutegrate capability/suitability with recreational activity and facilitiesrecreational activity and facilities

5.5. Select site assessment indicators Select site assessment indicators (unique natural characteristics of (unique natural characteristics of site)site)

6.6. Related site assessment indicators Related site assessment indicators to Recreational Appropriateness to Recreational Appropriateness IndexIndex

THREE USE CATEGORIES:THREE USE CATEGORIES:

1.1. Preservation (limited use) – areas unique Preservation (limited use) – areas unique and fragileand fragile

2.2. Passive Recreation (moderate use) – Passive Recreation (moderate use) – areas more numerous and capable of areas more numerous and capable of withstanding more human interventionwithstanding more human intervention

3.3. Active Recreation (intensive use) – areas Active Recreation (intensive use) – areas resilient to intensive use by large groups resilient to intensive use by large groups for short periods/generally quite for short periods/generally quite accessibleaccessible

3 CATEGORIES OF LOCATIONAL 3 CATEGORIES OF LOCATIONAL SUITABLE ACTIVITIESSUITABLE ACTIVITIES

1.1. WATER BASEDWATER BASED

2.2. WATER ENHANCEDWATER ENHANCED

3.3. NON-WATER RELATEDNON-WATER RELATED

PLANNING SHOULD INCLUDE:PLANNING SHOULD INCLUDE:

1.1. Development of a resource base Development of a resource base inventoryinventory

2.2. Determine suitability of 3 Determine suitability of 3 management objectivesmanagement objectives

3.3. Identify conflicts where overlapping Identify conflicts where overlapping occursoccurs

4.4. Develop balanced management Develop balanced management programprogram

ECONOMICS OF RECREATIONECONOMICS OF RECREATION

1.1. Those activates which cost neither Those activates which cost neither participant or others anything other participant or others anything other than energy and imaginationthan energy and imagination

2.2. Those conceived and undertaken Those conceived and undertaken for the purpose of making moneyfor the purpose of making money

3.3. Public recreation which costs money Public recreation which costs money – generally seen as responsibility of – generally seen as responsibility of the governmentthe government

RECREATIONFACILITY ARE RECREATIONFACILITY ARE APLIT INTO 3 ELEMENTS:APLIT INTO 3 ELEMENTS:

1.1. Cost of land – purchase and or Cost of land – purchase and or removal form tax baseremoval form tax base

2.2. Cost of capital improvementsCost of capital improvements

3.3. Cost of maintenance and operationCost of maintenance and operation

Documents

LAND DEVELOPMENT MAKING LAND USEFUL WITH PROFIT. TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT Residential: Single family, duplex, townhouse, apartments, and condominiums. Residential: